Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/modified clay electrospun nanocomposite nanofibrous mats for microbial protection

This research work is focused on the preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite nanofibrous mats by electrospinning method which was doped with varying concentration of Cloisite 30B and Cu-MMT nanoclays. Mechanical, physical, chemical and antibacterial properties of the nanocomposite nanofibrous mats were determined. Sodium-montmorillonite clay (Na-MMT) was modified with cupric chloride (CuCl₂) through ion exchange method to form copper-montmorillonite (Cu-MMT). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and particle size analysis were performed to characterize the modified clay. The formation of smooth and bead-free nanoclay loaded PVA nanofibres was observed through SEM and FESEM. Both the clays loaded nanofibrous mats showed good antibacterial property against the Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. These enhanced properties of the PVA nanocomposite nanofibrous mats can be used for the microbial protection applications.     

静电纺丝纳米纤维膜基光化学传感器的制备及其在重金属检测中的应用进展

化学传感器特别是光化学传感器已经被广泛研究,并应用于检测目标物如食品中的重金属。静电纺丝纳米纤维膜由于具有高比表面积、高孔隙率、可控性良好和易功能化等特点,可以被用来固定传感器以提高其灵敏度。本文主要综述静电纺丝纳米纤维膜基光化学传感器的制备及其在重金属离子检测中的应用进展。首先,简单介绍光化学传感器及静电纺丝纳米纤维膜基光化学传感器,随后根据其制备方法的差异分为高分子聚合物化学修饰法、高分子聚合物物理共混法、纳米纤维化学修饰方法和纳米纤维物理吸附方法4类,并分别综述其制备得到的静电纺丝纳米纤维膜基光化学传感器应用于重金属检测的进展,这4类方法各有优势,都具有较好的应用前景。本文将为静电纺丝纳米纤维膜基光化学传感器用于目标物的检测提供指导。     

聚乙烯醇/二氧化硅/肉桂醛复合膜的制备及应用

为开发新型食品包装材料,以聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)为基质,添加肉桂醛(cinamaldehyde,CIN)和纳米二氧化硅(n-SiO2)制备复合包装膜(PVA-CIN-Si),研究了该复合膜对樱桃番茄的保鲜效果.采用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM...     

聚乙烯醇环氧化载体制备及在植酸酶固定化中的应用

该文以聚乙烯醇为原料,利用戊二醛为交联剂,聚合得到交联球形聚乙烯醇,并将其与环氧氯丙烷反应用以固载环氧基团,得到可用于酶固定化的载体。讨论了交联聚乙烯醇球环氧基的固载条件和酶的固定化条件。植酸酶经过固定化后,机械性能和化学稳定性都得到提高,可以重复多次对植酸钠进行水解反应。同时对该自由酶和固定化酶进行酶学特性研究。发现自由酶和固定化酶的最适pH值分别为5.5和7.0,最适反应温度分别为55℃和70℃。植酸酶经固定化,提高了酶的操作、温度、pH值和贮藏稳定性。     

Fabrication, functionalization, and application of electrospun biopolymer nanofibers

The use of novel nanostructured materials has attracted considerable interest in the food industry for their utilization as highly functional ingredients, high-performance packaging materials, processing aids, and food quality and safety sensors. Most previous application interest has focused on the development of nanoparticles. However, more recently, the ability to produce non-woven mats composed of nanofibers that can be used in food applications is beginning to be investigated. Electrospinning is a novel fabrication technique that can be used to produce fibers with diameters below 100 nm from (bio-) polymer solutions. These nanofibers have been shown to possess unique properties that distinguish them from non-woven fibers produced by other methods, e.g., melt-blowing. This is because first the process involved results in a high orientation of polymers within the fibers that leads to mechanically superior properties, e.g., increased tensile strengths. Second, during the spinning of the fibers from polymer solutions, the solvent is rapidly evaporated allowing the production of fibers composed of polymer blends that would typically phase separate if spun with other processes. Third, the small dimensions of the fibers lead to very high specific surface areas. Because of this the fiber properties may be greatly influenced by surface properties giving rise to fiber functionalities not found in fibers of larger sizes. For food applications, the fibers may find uses as ingredients if they are composed solely of edible polymers and GRAS ingredients, (e.g., fibers could contain functional ingredients such as nutraceuticals, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and flavors), as active packaging materials or as processing aids (e.g., catalytic reactors, membranes, filters (Lala et al., 2007), and sensors (Manesh et al., 2007; Ren et al., 2006; Sawicka et al., 2005). This review is therefore intended to introduce interested food and agricultural scientists to the concept of nano-fiber manufacturing with a particular emphasis on the use of biopolymers. We will review typical fabrication set-ups, discuss the influence of process conditions on nanofiber properties, and then review previous studies that describe the production of biopolymer-based nanofibers. Finally we briefly discuss emerging methods to further functionalize fibers and discuss potential applications in the area of food science and technology.     

Swelling of polyvinyl alcohol, melamine and urethane treated southern pine wood

Anti-swelling properties of southern pine wood treated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or melamine or urethane were evaluated by measuring the tangential swelling and water uptake using AWPA standards methods. The water-repellency efficiency (WRE) of melamine and PVA treated wafers exhibited values 80% superior to untreated wafers. This study confirms that waterborne solution containing 3% of melamine or 3% of PVA can be used to reduce the swelling of southern pine.     

Transesterification by lipase entrapped in electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers and its application to a flow-through reactor

We entrapped lipase in electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers of approximately 1 mum in diameter and evaluated the transesterification activity by converting (s)-glycidol to glycidyl n-butyrate with vinyl n-butyrate. The initial transesterification rate of the entrapped lipase was 5.2-fold faster than that of non-treated lipase. The fibrous membrane could be used as a component of a flow-through reactor for continuous transesterification.     

Encapsulation of vanillin/cyclodextrin inclusion complex in electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanowebs: Prolonged shelf-life and high temperature stability of vanillin

We produced functional nanowebs, containing vanillin, having prolonged shelf-life and high temperature stability facilitated by cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexation. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanowebs incorporating vanillin/cyclodextrin inclusion complex (vanillin/CD-IC) were produced via electrospinning technique. The vanillin/CD-IC was prepared with three types of CDs; α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD to find out the most favourable CD type for the stabilization of vanillin. PVA/vanillin/CD-IC nanofibres, having fibre diameters around ∼200 nm, were successfully electrospun from aqueous mixture of PVA and vanillin/CD-IC. Our results indicated that vanillin with enhanced durability and high temperature stability was achieved for PVA/vanillin/CD-IC nanowebs due to complexation of vanillin with CD, whereas the PVA nanofibres without CD-IC could not effectively preserve the vanillin. Additionally, we observed that PVA/vanillin/γ-CD-IC nanoweb was more effective for the stabilization and slow release of vanillin suggesting that the strength of interaction between vanillin and the γ-CD cavity is stronger when compared to α-CD and β-CD.     

大型输送设备在应用中的若干问题及解决方法

介绍了大型埋刮板输送机、斗式提升机和皮带输送机在应用中出现的故障和原因.要求设计合理,优选材质,配套可靠的传动、驱动装置和保护装置,提高制造、检测和安装水平,调整和降低制造、运输和组装的误差,从而保证输送设备的可靠运行.     

Synthesis of soluble N‐functionalized polysaccharide derivatives using phenyl carbonate precursor and their application as catalysts

Soluble N‐functionalized basic and cationic polysaccharides have been synthesized using polysaccharide phenyl carbonate as a precursor. The products and intermediates were thoroughly characterized by conventional methods. The quaternization of amino intermediates in various conditions was studied. Moreover, the potential of basic polymers as green and selective catalysts in Knoevenagel reaction was investigated. In all cases, only one isomer was obtained.     

Diversity of 4-chloroacetoacetate ethyl ester-reducing enzymes in yeasts and their application to chiral alcohol synthesis

Enzymes which reduce 4-chloroacetoacetate ethyl ester (CAAE) to (R)- or (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ethyl ester (CHBE) were investigated. Several microorganisms which can reduce CAAE with high yields were discovered. An NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase, ARI, and an NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase, S1, were isolated from Sporobolomyces salmonicolor and Candida magnoliae, respectively, and enzymatic synthesis of chiral CHBE was performed through the reduction of CAAE. When ARI-overproducing Escherichia coli transformant cells or C. magnoliae cells were incubated in an organic solvent-water diphasic system. CAAE was stoichiometrically converted to (R)- or (S)-CHBE (> 92% enantiomeric excess), respectively. Multiple CAAE-reducing enzymes were present in S. salmonicolor, C. magnoliae and bakers' yeast. Comparison of the primary structures of these CAAE-reducing enzymes with other protein sequences showed that CAAE-reducing enzymes are widely distributed in various protein families, and various physiological roles of these enzymes in the cell were speculated.     

羊毛角蛋白粗溶液的制备及在羊毛改性处理中的应用

以焦亚硫酸钠为还原剂制备角蛋白粗溶液,为使制备的角蛋白粗溶液中含有较多大分子量的角蛋白,使其更有利于在羊毛纤维表面成膜,以温度、时间、pH值、还原剂的用量设计正交试验,确定了最佳的提取工艺条件.利用角蛋白粗溶液处理羊毛纤维,有效的减少了羊毛表面的定向摩擦效应,并且对羊毛没有损伤.     

Effect of bilayer coating composed of polyvinyl alcohol,chitosan, and sodium alginate on salted duck eggs

The composite bilayer film based on polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, and chitosan were developed in this study, and the effects of the related coating on internal-quality changes of salted duck eggs (SDEs) during storage were determined. The results showed that the overall properties of the bilayer film were better than those of monolayer films, including storage stability. Coatings could significantly (p < 0.05) reduce quality deterioration of SDEs such as water loss, oil exudation, and gritty. The bilayer coating was more effective in inhibiting the increase of egg yolk pH and total bacterial counts than monolayer coatings. After storage for 60 days, water content of bilayer coated SEDs was 19.7% higher than that of the control SDEs, oil exudation was 38% higher, and gritty texture was 27.9% higher. Moreover, bilayer coating could prolong the shelf life of SDEs to more than 60 days at 25°C and 50% relative humidity according to the results of total bacterial count experiment, while the shelf life of control SDEs was less than 45 days. This study indicated the potential application of bilayer composite coating for preservation of SDEs.     

羊毛角蛋白粗溶液的制备及在毛织物防毡缩整理上的应用

以巯基乙酸为还原剂制备角蛋白粗溶液,为了使制备的角蛋白粗溶液中含有较多的大分子量的角蛋白,使其更有利于在羊毛纤维表面成膜,以温度、时间、pH值、还原剂的用量设计正交试验,分析反应因素对角蛋白分子量及羊毛分解率的影响.利用制备的角蛋白粗溶液处理羊毛织物,有效地减少了羊毛表面的定向摩擦效应和织物的毡缩性,并且对羊毛没有损伤.     

聚乙烯醇—鱼明胶—龙葵花青素复合膜的制备、结构表征及性能分析

目的：筛选出结构与性能最优的聚乙烯醇—鱼明胶—龙葵花青素（PVA/FG-SNA）复合包装膜。方法：通过正交试验优化PVA-FG膜的制备工艺,采用厚度、水分含量、水蒸气透过率（WVP）、拉伸强度（TS）、断裂伸长率（EB）、傅立叶红外光谱分析（FTIR）、X衍射分析（XRD）、扫描电镜分析（SEM）、热重分析（TG）探究不同质量分数SNA对PVA-FG膜性能和微观结构的影响,并监测PVA/FG-SNA复合膜的pH颜色响应和NH₃灵敏度。结果：当PVA-FG复配质量比为60∶40、加热温度为95 ℃、加热时间为1.5 h时,PVA-FG膜的水溶性为（36.03±2.63）%,WVP为2.91×10^-4 g·mm/（m²·h·Pa）;随着SNA质量分数的增加,PVA-FG膜的厚度、水分含量、WVP和EB随之增加。当SNA质量分数为0.2%时,复合膜的厚度为（0.07±0.01） mm,水分含量为（11.09±0.25）%,WVP为5.45×10^-4 g·mm/（m²·h·Pa）,TS为（21.12±1.07） MPa,EB为（373.77±8.59）%,且复合膜的各组分之间相容性较好。此外,PVA/FG-0.2% SNA膜在NH₃气氛条件下的颜色响应良好,可作为pH指示膜。结论：PVA-FG复合基膜的疏水性能和机械性能与SNA质量分数呈负相关,SNA可显著增强膜的pH和NH₃敏感性。     

Complexation of microcystins and nodularin by cyclodextrins in aqueous solution, a potential removal strategy

Cyanotoxins are potent toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria during algal blooms, which threaten drinking water supplies. These compounds can poison and kill animals and humans. The host-guest interactions of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CD) with problematic cyanotoxins, including microcystins (MCs) and nodularin (NOD), were investigated to demonstrate the potential application of CDs for the removal of these toxins from drinking water or applications related to their separation or purification. MCs and NOD have a hydrophobic Adda chain, which contains diene and benzene functional groups. The complexation of these cyanotoxins with CDs was monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The (1)H NMR spectra for MCs are unchanged upon addition of α-CD (smallest host). However, addition of larger hosts, β-CD and γ-CD, leads to significant changes in chemical shifts of the benzene and diene resonances on the 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethal-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (Adda) chain of MCs and NOD. Solution pH, natural organic matter, and salinity do not appreciably influence the host-guest complexation under our experimental conditions. The experimental binding constants for MCs and NOD with γ-CD are relatively strong, ranging from 1155 to 507 M(-1). The observed changes in chemical shifts for specific protons and competitive binding experiments demonstrate a 1:1 inclusion complex between γ-CD and MCs or NOD, with the Adda chains threading through the CD ring, resulting in an inclusion complex. Our results suggest that CD-type substrates are useful hosts for the complexation of MCs and NOD. CDs can be readily attached to a number of polymeric or solid supports and their functionality tailored to strengthen specific host-guest interactions. With further development of such materials, CD host-guest chemistry may find direct application in the removal and/or separation science of these compounds.     

The separation of aliphatic amines in dilute aqueous solution by gas chromatography and application of this technique to the quantitative analysis of tri- and dimethylamine in fish

Gas chromatography on an alkaline Dowfax 9N9 column has been found to be suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of alkylamines in dilute aqueous solution. The method has been applied to the analysis of trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine (DMA) in fish and has been used to throw further light on uncertainties concerning the use of the “picrate” procedure for TMA determination.     

Effect of light,pH, metal ions and antioxidants on the colour stability of norbixin in aqueous solution

Norbixin, a carotenoid extracted from the seeds of the annatto (Bixa orellana) plant, can be used in aqueous food applications, where other carotenoids are too hydrophobic to solubilise in a water environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of pH, antioxidants and transition metal ions with and without hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) on the stability of norbixin in aqueous solutions as well as determining the interaction between these factors and light. The stability of norbixin in buffered aqueous solution stored in light or in the dark was evaluated using absorbance spectrophotometry. Light, reduced pH and metal ions both with and without H₂O₂ increased the bleaching of norbixin, whereas chelators and the natural antioxidants, ascorbic acid and tocopherol, reduced the bleaching of norbixin. Light significantly increased the loss of norbixin alone and in combination with the other factors.     

Speciation of Se and DOC in soil solution and their relation to Se bioavailability

A 0.01 M CaCl(2) extraction is often used to asses the bioavailability of plant nutrients in soils. However, almost no correlation was found between selenium (Se) in the soil extraction and Se content in grass. The recently developed anion Donnan membrane technique was used to analyze chemical speciation of Se in the 0.01 M CaCl(2) extractions of grassland soils and fractionation of DOC (dissolved organic carbon). The results show that most of Se (67-86%) in the extractions (15 samples) are colloidal-sized Se. Only 13-34% of extractable Se are selenate, selenite and small organic Se (<1 nm). Colloidal Se is, most likely, Se bound to or incorporated in colloidal-sized organic matter. The dominant form of small Se compounds (selenate, selenite/small organic compounds) depends on soil. A total of 47-85% of DOC is colloidal-sized and 15-53% are small organic molecules (<1 nm). In combination with soluble S (sulfur) and/or P (phosphor), concentration of small DOC can explain most of the variability of Se content in grass. The results indicate that mineralization of organic Se is the most important factor that controls Se availability in soils. Competition with sulfate and phosphate needs to be taken into account. Further research is needed to verify if concentration of small DOC is a good indicator of mineralization of soil organic matter.