不同热处理脱脂乳粉对褐色乳酸菌饮料稳定性的影响

比较了不同热处理脱脂乳粉的理化性质,并将其应用于褐色乳酸菌饮料生产,以鲜制脱脂乳为对照,探讨了不同脱脂乳原料以及褐色乳酸菌饮料生产工艺对饮料稳定性的影响.结果表明:不同热处理脱脂乳粉的蛋白质、脂肪、水分含量以及乳酸度均无显著差异(P>0.05);但其乳化性、起泡性及乳清蛋白氮指数存在显著差异(P<0.05),随着乳粉受...     

脱脂肉骨粉在不同贮藏条件下的稳定性

以脱脂肉骨粉为原料,研究其在不同条件下的贮藏性能。结果表明：在相对湿度54.4%、温度20 ℃条件下,脱脂肉骨粉在8 个月贮藏期内未出现脂肪哈喇味和霉变现象,其酸价、硫代巴比妥酸反应物还原（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS）值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值增加缓
慢,说明其贮藏稳定性得到提高。在相对湿度43.2%、温度30 ℃条件下,脱脂肉骨粉的酸价、TBARS值、TVB-N值快速增长,在贮藏后期增长速率提高,组胺含量受温度影响不大。在相对湿度69.9%、温度20 ℃条件下,酸价、TBARS值、TVB-N值迅速增加,组胺含量反而有所降低,但第6个月发生霉变现象,说明脱脂肉骨粉在该条件下贮藏时不宜超过6 个月。     

乳清蛋白对脱脂发酵乳的流变特性及贮存稳定性的影响

研究了乳清蛋白对脱脂发酵乳流变学特性及贮存稳定性的影响，在VAYC-370为发酵剂的情况下，分别以质量分数为10％，20％，30％和40％的乳清蛋白替代脱脂奶粉进行发酵，结果表明，乳清蛋白会降低发酵乳凝胶的硬度、提高发酵乳的内聚性，同时发现乳清蛋白可提高搅拌型发酵乳的贮存稳定性．表明发酵乳凝胶的内聚性与贮存稳定性呈正相关关系。     

全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉在1kHz～10MHz下的介电特征研究

分别研究了各4种不同品种的全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉在1kHz～10MHz波段的介电特性。结果发现:随着频率的增加,全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉的ξ’和ξ″值呈单调递减趋势;全脂乳粉的ξ’和ξ″值都高于脱脂乳粉,相同类型乳粉各品种间的ξ’和ξ″差异不大;全脂乳粉的ξ″值在103～105Hz频率段减小趋势明显,且ξ″值的对数与频率的对数成线性反比关系,而脱脂乳粉无此规律;全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉的穿透深度Dp随频率的提高而减小,两类乳粉的介电特性差异可能与它们各自的脂肪和乳糖含量有关。     

全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉在1kHz～10MHz下的介电特征研究

分别研究了各4种不同品种的全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉在1kHz～10MHz波段的介电特性。结果发现:随着频率的增加,全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉的ξ’和ξ″值呈单调递减趋势;全脂乳粉的ξ’和ξ″值都高于脱脂乳粉,相同类型乳粉各品种间的ξ’和ξ″差异不大;全脂乳粉的ξ″值在103～105Hz频率段减小趋势明显,且ξ″值的对数与频率的对数成线性反比关系,而脱脂乳粉无此规律;全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉的穿透深度Dp随频率的提高而减小,两类乳粉的介电特性差异可能与它们各自的脂肪和乳糖含量有关。      

脱盐乳清粉及脱脂乳粉理化指标的跟踪检测

通过比较法国及芬兰生产的脱盐乳清粉在粒径、密度、灰分、水分、蛋白、维生素B1、维生素B2、泛酸等10项理化指标上的差异,发现法国生产的脱盐乳清粉在维生素指标上优于芬兰生产的脱盐乳清粉。然后又测定了法国某公司生产的不同批次脱盐乳清粉的理化指标,由单因素方差分析发现不同生产批次或某些批次间在5％的水平上存在显著性差异．并由统计学分析初步得出其理化指标的规格。本研究同时对美国及法国脱脂乳粉的理化指标进行了跟踪检测,经比较发现5％的显著水平上,二者理化指标差异不大。     

不同脱脂条件下米渣蛋白的结构及功能性质

采用碱法、脂肪酶法、乙醇浸泡法模拟工厂米渣蛋白脱脂工艺,制备脱脂米渣蛋白,比较不同脱脂方式对米渣蛋白结构及功能性质的影响,为选择合适的脱脂方式提供理论依据。结果表明:3种脱脂方式的脱脂率分别为醇法95.66%、酶法81.29%、碱法77.35%;脱脂会在一定程度上改变米渣蛋白的蛋白组成及三级结构,但对蛋白的一级和二级结构没有显著影响;另外,通过表面微观结构分析发现,脱脂会影响米渣蛋白的重聚集行为。脱脂工艺对米渣蛋白的组分及结构特性的改变会显著影响其功能性质。其中,酶法脱脂可以明显改善米渣蛋白的功能性质。     

酪蛋白在酸性条件下稳定性的研究

在酸性条件下,分析研究丝素蛋白及丝胶蛋白的不同添加顺序及添加量及其他工艺条件对酪蛋白稳定性的影响,通过研究发现:在牛乳溶液中添加0.04%(g/mL)的丝素蛋白后用混合酸调制pH至4.0,所得产品酸甜可口,质地均匀一致,色呈乳白色,蛋白质含量大于1.0%,属于酸性乳饮料。     

黄原胶对酸性乳饮料稳定性影响的研究

研究了不同来源黄原胶对羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)稳定的酸性乳饮料稳定性的影响,结果表明,其结果依赖于黄原胶的来源。实验中选取了10种不同来源黄原胶进行研究,结果显示,供试的中国某厂来源的黄原胶使产品更不稳定,而供试的某合资厂来源及大部分法国来源的黄原胶使产品更加稳定。     

Influence of skimmed milk concentrate replacement by dry dairy products in a low fat set‐type yoghurt model system. I: Use of whey protein concentrates,milk protein concentrates and skimmed milk powder

Ten commercial samples of dry dairy products used for protein fortification in a low fat yoghurt model system at industrial scale were studied. The products employed were whey protein concentratres, milk protein concentrates, skimmed milk concentrates and skimmed milk powder which originated from different countries. The gross chemical composition of these dried products were determined, including polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and isoelectric focusing of the proteins, and minerals such as Na, Ca, K and Mg. Yoghurts were formulated using a skim milk concentrated as a milk base enriched with different dry dairy products up to a 43 g kg⁻¹ protein content. Replacement percentage of skim milk concentrated by dry dairy products in the mix was between 1.49 and 3.77%. Yoghurts enriched with milk protein concentrates did not show significantly different viscosity (35.12 Pa s) and syneresis index (591.4 g kg⁻¹) than the two control yoghurts obtained only from skimmed milk concentrates (35.6 Pa s and 565.7 g kg⁻¹) and skimmed milk powder (32.77 Pa s and 551.5 g kg⁻¹), respectively. Yoghurt fortified with the whey protein concentrates, however, was less firm (22.59 Pa s) and had less syneresis index (216 g kg⁻¹) than control yoghurts. Therefore, whey protein concentrates may be useful for drinking yoghurt production. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

乳粉离心沉淀率的检测

目的建立一种快速测定乳粉离心沉淀率的方法,以利于快速、准确测定样本的离心沉淀率,以期为间接评价乳粉质量提供科学依据。方法不同乳粉样品经溶解、静置、水浴、灭菌后,将待测样品离心后,得到沉淀物质量,从而计算乳粉的离心沉淀率。结果实验针对离心速度、离心温度、离心角度和离心管大小等条件研究考察,通过数据分析,得出实验优化条件。通过对425个品质良好的全脂乳粉和脱脂乳粉样品的检测,其离心沉淀率均低于1.2%,当乳粉离心沉淀率低于1.2%时,能够间接判定乳粉质量的优劣。结论该方法简便易操作,且操作实验过程中不涉及其他药品,实验对操作者专业技能要求较低,能够满足不同生产规模企业的需要。     

近红外快速检测奶粉乳清粉成分研究

采用Perten8620近红外奶粉分析仪检测奶粉的近红外光谱特性，建立了奶粉近红外检测的校准模型。结果表明，近红外检测技术无需称重和化学试剂，可在1min以内快速检测奶粉和乳清粉的蛋白、脂肪、水分等指标，其准确性和精度可以达到在国际允许的误差范围内。根据近红外技术可能在短时间内收集大量样品的光谱图，开发了新检测项目的校准曲线。     

Characterisation of pressure‐treated skimmed milk powder dispersions: application of NMR spectroscopy

Skimmed milk powder (SMP) (bovine) and skimmed milk powder/sucrose dispersions before, during and after high‐pressure treatment have been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (principally P‐31). The P‐31 spectra of samples at 293 K before and after pressure (400–600 MPa) treatment were not significantly different from one another, whether or not sucrose was present. This indicates that physicochemical changes relating to phosphorus‐containing components occurring during a pressure cycle are either reversible or result in re‐immobilisation, while protein components may be rearranged. The P‐31 NMR spectra of these dispersions at 293 K under pressure (100–300 MPa) showed that pressure caused a considerable increase in the free inorganic phosphate concentration and that the increase was proportional to the magnitude of pressure. Decompression to ambient caused an exact reversal of this trend. These findings are discussed in terms of characterisation and properties of pressure‐treated SMP dispersions by other methods and techniques. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

奶粉加速破坏性实验中质量参数的确定

在35℃和45℃的恒湿贮存条件下，考察了全脂和脱脂奶粉的脂肪氧化以及参与美拉德反应的蛋白质变性情况。全脂奶粉由于脂肪含量高，45℃下的硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)在10d以后便开始递增，明显早于30d才变化的反映美拉德反应的荧光强度，说明首先导致全脂奶粉品质变化的原因是脂肪氧化。在35℃和45℃下。脱脂奶粉荧光强度的增加都先于全脂奶粉，并且增加的幅度都很大，通过运用SDS-PAGE对蛋白质结构进行分析对照，荧光强度可以实时反映蛋白质的变性程度。     

低热脱脂奶粉的生产现状

综述了我国脱脂奶粉的的市场和生产现状,提出了向低热脱脂奶粉发展的方向,论述了加工条件对脱脂奶粉蛋白变性程度的影响以及国际上对奶粉热分级的规定和乳粉加工中乳清蛋白热变性及聚合物产生机理的研究进展。     

Impact of source and level of calcium fortification on the heat stability of reconstituted skim milk powder

Calcium enrichment of food and dairy products has gained interest with the increased awareness about the importance of higher calcium intake. Calcium plays many important roles in the human body. Dairy products are an excellent source of dietary calcium, which can be further fortified with calcium salts to achieve higher calcium intake per serving. However, the addition of calcium salts can destabilize food systems unless conditions are carefully controlled. The effect of calcium fortification on the heat stability of reconstituted skim milk was evaluated, using reconstituted skim milks with 2 protein levels: 1.75 and 3.5% (wt/wt) prepared using low and high heat powders. Calcium carbonate, phosphate, lactate, and citrate were used for fortification at 0.15, 0.18, and 0.24% (wt/wt). Each sample was analyzed for solubility, heat stability, and pH. The addition of phosphate and lactate salts lowered the pH of milk, citrate did not have any major effect, and carbonate for the 1.75% protein samples increased the pH. In general, changes in solubility and heat stability were associated with changes in pH. Calcium addition decreased the solubility and heat stability. However, interestingly, the presence of carbonate salt greatly increased the heat stability for 1.75% protein samples. This is due to the neutralizing effect of calcium carbonate when it goes into solution. The results suggested that the heat stability of milk can be affected by the type of calcium salt used. This may be applied to the development of milk-based calcium enriched beverages.     

Comparative study on the characteristics and oxidation stability of commercial milk powder during storage

The quality of milk powder can decrease during storage. In this study, the characteristics of 12 kinds of commercial milk powder from China were investigated. Changes in various indicators were tracked to comprehensively estimate the oxidation stability of different commercial milk powders. The components of the commercial milk powder were different. The percentages of milk fat, protein, and carbohydrates ranged from 9.8 to 28.5 g/100 g, 15.0 to 24.0 g/100 g, and 32.0 to 67.5 g/100 g, respectively. The water activities ranged from 0.2394 to 0.5286. The diameters of the milk fat globules in different commercial milk powder ranged from 13.99 to 41.09 nm. At the same time, the peroxide value of the control sample was low (≤0.14 mEq/kg). After 3 mo of storage, the peroxide values of some of the commercial milk powder increased significantly. The changes in the thiobarbituric acid values during storage did not follow a common trend. The contents of free fat in the different control samples were 0.21 to 1.67 g/100 g, and these values did not increase during storage. After 3 mo of storage, the hydroxymethyl furfural values and b color values of the different commercial milk powder reached their highest levels. The concentrations of typical oxidized flavor compounds in different commercial milk powder increased greatly with prolonged storage time. The level of hexanal was the highest, and the contents in all the samples ranged from 28.56 to 4,071.28 μg/kg after 6 mo of storage and from 5.91 to 6,281.37 μg/kg after 12 mo of storage. Free radicals were found in some of the stored milk powder, and these were shown as single peaks or multiple peaks. The ratios of the peak areas and masses reached 12.42 × 10⁶ to 14.26 × 10⁸. However, the presence of free radicals in the commercial milk powder was not consistent. The water activities and diameters of the fat globules in the commercial milk powder were highly correlated with their oxidation stabilities during storage.     

充氮包装对全脂羊奶粉贮藏期间脂肪氧化稳定性的影响

采用加速氧化的方法研究充氮包装对全脂羊奶粉贮藏期间脂肪氧化稳定性的影响。通过测定全脂羊奶粉的酸值、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、色度值等指标评价全脂羊奶粉贮藏期间脂肪的分解氧化状况。结果表明:充氮包装的全脂羊奶粉贮藏期间酸值、TBA值和色度值变化趋势较慢,分别于第6周后、第3周后、第7周后显著低于普通包装的全脂羊奶粉(p<0.05);充氮包装的全脂羊奶粉的过氧化值于第7周达到最高值13.54mmol/kg脂肪,变化速率显著小于普通包装的全脂羊奶粉(p<0.01)。说明充氮包装可延缓酸值、过氧化值、TBA值和色度值的变化速率,显著提高全脂羊奶粉脂肪的氧化稳定性。