多相Nb硅化物的断裂韧度和高温力学性能

通过机械合金化和热压烧结制备了4种近理论密度的Nb-xSi-2Fe（x=3,6,10,16）原位复合材料。X射线衍射（XRD）分析表明：制备的复合材料均由铌固溶体（Nbss）相、Nb3S i相、Nb5S i3相和Nb4Fe3Si5相组成。各物相的平均晶粒尺寸为3μm,并且呈等轴状。Nb-Si-Fe复合材料随着S i含量的增加断裂韧度减小,Nb-Si-Fe室温断裂韧度大于11MPam1/2,Nbss相的塑性变形能够减小界面的应力集中延迟裂纹的形核从而改善这些复合材料的断裂韧度。Nb-Si-Fe复合材料在1 300℃时的抗拉强度随S i含量的增加而增加。复合材料在1 300℃时的抗拉强度为112~237 MPa,拉伸延伸率为54%~95%,室温断裂韧度大于11 MPam1/2。     

多相难熔Nb-16Si-2Fe原位复合材料的超塑性

通过机械合金化和热压烧结制备了新型Nb-16Si-2Fe原位复合材料.XRD分析表明:制备的复合材料由铌固溶体(Nbss)相、Nb3Si相、Nb5Si3相和Nb4Fe3Si5相组成.各物相的平均品粒尺寸均为3 um,并且呈等轴状.在高于Nb4Fe3Si5固相线温度91℃,有大量的Nb4Fe3Si5液相存在,该复合材料具有良好的超塑性.在1450℃延伸率达到512%.变形后微观组织和DSC分析表明,Nb4Fe3Si5液相的粘性流动是超塑性变形的主要机制.该复合材料的超塑性现象与镁基.铝基复合材料的液相协调超塑性明显不同.     

电沉积Ni/Si3N4(W)纳米复合材料的力学性能与超塑性研究

采用复合电沉积技术制备了Ni/Si3N4 (w) 纳米复合材料,并对其力学性能和超塑性能进行了研究.室温拉伸和硬度试验表明,适量的加入Si3N4晶须能够提高复合材料的拉伸强度和显微硬度.首次研究了电沉积制备的Ni/Si3N4 (w)复合材料的单向超塑拉伸性能,结果表明,制备的复合材料具有低温超塑性和高应变速率超塑性,在440℃和应变速率为1×10-2s-1时,获得了最大延伸率635%.采用SEM和TEM对超塑前后试件的显微结构进行了表征.超塑成形后晶粒长大并拉长,组织中出现大量的孪晶和位错,表明晶粒被拉长后,形变孪晶成为主要的晶界滑移协调机制.     

Fe对Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Cr-2Al-2Hf合金组织与高温压缩性能影响研究

采用真空非自耗电弧炉制备了不同Fe含量的Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Cr-2Al-2Hf-xFe(x=0,1,2,3,原子分数)4种合金。采用XRD对合金相结构分析表明,制备的合金由Nbss相,Nb_3Si相及Nb_5Si_3相组成。微观组织分析发现,随着Fe元素含量的增加,促进共析反应Nb_3Si→Nbss+Nb_5Si_3的进行,合金相组成由Nbss+Nb_3Si转变为Nbss+Nb_5Si_3。Nb_3Si组织由连续变成分散的块状,体积分数减小,Nbss相由树枝晶状转变为等轴晶状,平均晶粒大小约5μm,体积分数有所增加。采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对合金进行高温压缩实验,发现随着Fe元素含量的增加,压缩温度的升高及应变速率的降低,合金压缩开裂倾向减小,应力峰值降低,变形能力增加。Fe元素的添加令Nb-Si基超高温合金具有更好的高温塑性变形能力,对改善Nb-Si合金的热加工性能具有重要的意义。     

MAR-M247合金高温断裂机制的原位研究

利用原位高温拉伸台在扫描电镜中研究了镍基铸造高温合金MAR-M247在室温、400 ℃与760 ℃拉伸过程中的动态组织演变和断裂机制。原位测试结果表明,在室温到760 ℃范围内,MAR-M247合金的屈服强度与抗拉强度随温度的升高略有下降,拉伸塑性略有提高。室温原位拉伸过程中,并没有出现滑移带;400 ℃与760 ℃的原位拉伸,只在样品断口附近存在少量的滑移带。随拉伸温度的提高,合金的断裂机制并无明显变化,均表现为韧性穿晶断裂。合金的微裂纹主要来源于变形过程中碳化物的破裂,晶内与晶界都存在因碳化物破裂而形成的微裂纹。     

Ti对Nb-Si合金组织及力学性能影响

以Nb-18Si合金为研究对象,采用真空非自耗电弧炉制备Nb-18Si-xTi(x=0,16,20,24)合金,研究了Ti对Nb-Si合金组织及力学性能影响。结果表明,Ti元素能增大Nb-18Si-xTi合金中Nbss相的尺寸,减少其体积分数,使合金成分接近过共晶成分区,形成粗大连续的Nb_3Si相。Ti可促进Nbss+Nb_5Si_3共晶组织形成,为共析转变提供了形核衬底,从而促进了电弧熔炼态合金中Nb_3Si相发生共析转变,形成Nbss+α-Nb_5Si_3共析组织。Ti添加降低了Nb-Si合金的显微硬度,同时由于生成初生Nb_3Si相,Nb-Si合金的室温压缩强度提高。     

电弧熔炼Nb-Ti-Si合金的组织和室温力学性能

采用真空自耗电弧熔炼技术制备了Nb-Ti-Si-Cr-Hf-Al-B-Y超高温合金,并测定了其室温断裂韧度及拉伸性能。采用XRD,SEM,EDS等方法对母合金锭不同部位的相组成、微观组织、成分分布以及试样的断口形貌进行了分析。结果表明,母合金锭不同部位的组织均由初生(Nb,X)5Si3(X代表Ti、Hf和Cr元素)以及Nbss/(Nb,X)5Si3共晶团(Nbss表示铌基固溶体)组成。初生(Nb,X)5Si3以横截面为规则的多边形块状不连续分布在基体上,而Nbss/(Nb,X)5Si3共晶团则呈典型的层片状或花瓣状形貌。母合金锭的成分分布特点为Si含量由锭边缘向中央呈增加的趋势,Nb、Ti含量则由锭边缘向中央呈减少的趋势;Cr、Al倾向于固溶在Nbss中,而Hf则倾向于固溶在(Nb,X)5Si3中。经过多元合金化的Nb-Ti-Si基合金的室温断裂韧度为10.72MPa·m1/2,抗拉强度为297.12MPa,室温断裂韧度及拉伸试样的失效模式均为脆性准解理断裂。     

供应态2B70铝合金超塑性试验研究

试验研究了供应态2B70铝合金经普通退火处理后在不同变形工艺下的超塑性变化规律.结果表明:采用3.3×10-4 s-1的初始应变速率,在360℃～490℃的拉伸温度范围内2B70铝合金具有一定的超塑性.450℃为合金的最佳超塑性拉伸温度,3.3×10-4 s-1为最佳初始应变速率,在最佳超塑性条件下合金的最大伸长率达到193.3%,流动应力为13.94 MPa.在超塑性拉伸过程中,由于不断发生动态回复及再结晶,晶粒趋于明显细化和等轴化.合金的超塑性变形是以晶界滑移为主的变形机制,在较低拉伸温度及较高初始应变速率下晶界滑移痕迹较少,表现出明显的晶间断裂特征.     

电弧熔炼Nb-Ti-Cr-Si基超高温合金的组织和室温力学性能

采用真空自耗电弧熔炼法制备了Nb-Ti-Cr-Si基超高温合金合金锭,测试了其室温力学性能。结果表明:合金锭各位置处的成分除Cr元素外分布比较均匀,Cr元素从锭边缘到中心部分呈现减少的趋势。合金的显微组织主要由初生Nbss,呈片层状或花瓣状的Nbss/(Nb,X)5Si3共晶组织及细小的Nbss/Cr2Nb共晶团组成,但在合金锭顶部中央处还出现了少量的块状(Nb,X)3Si。随着离锭边缘距离的增加,初生Nbss枝晶杆由细变粗,Nbss/(Nb,X)5Si3共晶组织的定向效果逐渐消失,但Nbss/Cr2Nb共晶团体积分数有减小的趋势。经过多元合金化的Nb-Ti-Cr-Si基合金室温的抗拉强度为378.7MPa,室温断裂韧性为13.4MPa·m1/2。室温拉伸和断裂韧性试样的失效模式均为脆性准解理断裂。     

新型铌基高温合金热处理组织性能研究

研究了热处理对一种HRS定向凝固技术制备Nb/Nb5Si3原位复合材料组织和性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电子探针(EPMA)等分析手段对热处理过程中组织演变进行了分析:铸态合金主要由Nbss、γ-(Nb,Ti)_5Si_3、β-(Nb,Ti)_5Si_3以及初生碳化物组成;热处理后,铸态组织中部分β-(Nb,Ti)_5Si_3向α-(Nb,Ti)_5Si_3转变以及二次碳化物析出,同时硅化物相逐渐溶解或破碎成小块并发生球化;1150℃时效可促进(Nb,Ti)_5Si_3向(Ti,Nb)5Si3转变。热处理后,合金压缩以及室温拉伸强度提高,而1000℃拉伸强度变化不明显;温度对断裂方式有明显影响,低温下为脆性解理断裂,高温下为韧性断裂。     

Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of an Nb-Silicide in situ composite

An Nb-Silicide in situ composite with a nominal composition of Nb-16Si-10Ti-10Mo-5Hf (at. %) was fabricated by mechanical alloying followed by hot-pressing sintering. The microstructure consisted of an Nb solid solution, Nb₅Si₃ and a small amount of Nb₃Si. This in-situ composite exhibited good balance of strength between ambient temperature and high temperatures; the ultimate tensile strength was 413 and 496 MPa at room temperature and 1200 °C, respectively. The tensile fracture behavior was dominated by cleavage of the Nbss and Nb₅Si₃ at 1200 °C and lower temperatures. However, the fracture behavior was governed by ductile rupture of Nbss at 1300 °C and higher temperature, which was ascribed to both the increased ductility of Nbss and the decreased interface strength. At 1400 °C and higher temperature, the material exhibited extensive plasticity or superplasticity; the dominant deformation mechanism was grain boundary sliding at 1400 °C and higher temperature.     

Tensile properties of a refractory metal base in situ composite consisting of an Nb solid solution and hexagonal Nb5Si3

Tensile properties and fracture behavior of an Nb_SS/Nb₅Si₃ in situ composite in which the silicide has a hexagonal structure has been investigated. Excellent tensile strength of 460 MPa is obtained at 1470 K. The fracture is attributed to cleavage of the Nb₅Si₃, Nb_SS/Nb₅Si₃ interface separation and ductile rupture of Nb_SS.     

Hot deformation behaviors of arc melted and heat treated NbSi based ultrahigh temperature alloys

The difference in hot deformation behaviors of arc melted (AM) and heat treated (HT) NbSi based ultrahigh temperature alloys has been investigated at temperatures of 1250 and 1410 °C respectively and a strain rate of 0.001 s⁻¹. AM alloy exhibits a higher peak stress than HT alloy. The evolution of deformed microstructure signified by the change in silicide shape and size, has been obviously restrained in HT alloy compared to the AM one. During deformation at 1250 °C, continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) of Nbss has been promoted in AM alloy compared with HT alloy, while CDRX process of Nb₅Si₃ shows little difference in both alloys. At a higher deformation temperature of 1410 °C, CDRX process of both Nbss and Nb₅Si₃ is slower in AM alloy than in HT alloy. Smaller Nbss grains have formed in AM alloy than in HT alloy after a height reduction of 60%, leading to a larger stress reduction during flow softening in the former.     

HRTEM observation of silicides and Laves phase precipitates in Nb-Ti-Si based alloys

The morphologies, crystallographic characteristics and formation processes of silicides and Laves phase precipitates in Nb-Ti-Si based alloys have been systematically investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observation. Silicide precipitate of δNb₁₁Si₄ usually exhibits homogeneous distribution with acicular and tetrapod morphologies, possessing uniform orientation relationships (ORs) with Nbss. The occurrence of these morphologies might be caused by the symmetry decrease during the phase transformation of Nbss ⟶ δNb₁₁Si₄ + Nbss₁. In some cases, the δNb₁₁Si₄ precipitates also adopt heterogeneous distribution with plate morphology and identical ORs as tetrapod precipitates with Nbss. The Laves phase precipitate, Cr₂Nb, possesses C15 structure and contains high densities of stacking faults (SFs). It always forms along defects or Nbss/γNb₅Si₃ interfaces. The coupling precipitation behaviors and precipitation reactions of δNb₁₁Si₄, Cr₂Nb and γNb₅Si₃ in the Nb-Ti-Si based alloys have been discussed.     

Ti48Zr20Nb12Cu5Be15 非晶复合材料的内耗行为

对Ti₄₈Zr₂₀Nb₁₂Cu₅Be₁₅非晶复合材料的室温力学性能以及随温度变化的动态力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,该非晶复合材料的室温拉伸强度约为1350 MPa,断裂应变约为0.13。随着温度的升高,该非晶复合材料的整体状态由弹性转变为粘弹性。在准点缺陷模型框架下,引入了诸如损耗因子、相关系数等相关物理参数,全面分析了该非晶复合材料动态力学行为,并且模型的理论曲线与实验数据拟合程度较好。因此,准点缺陷模型可以很好地描述不同温度下的Ti₄₈Zr₂₀Nb₁₂Cu₅Be₁₅非晶复合材料的动态力学行为。     

Effects of Ni,Co, B,and Ge on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Nb-Ti-Si ternary alloys

Nb-Si in situ composites with a nominal composition of Nb-22Ti-12Si-X (at.%, X represents Ni, Co, B, or Ge) are prepared using non-consumable arc melting technology. The effects of the alloying elements on the microstructures and mechanical properties are investigated. The Nb-22Ti-12Si ternary alloy consists of Nbss and Nb₃Si. A new phase of Ti₂Ni or Ti₂Co is introduced into the ternary system after adding Ni or Co. The addition of 6% Ge promotes the formation of Nb₅Si₃ and creates significantly finer microstructures. The values of the high temperature strength and room temperature fracture toughness of Nb-22Ti-12Si-6Ge are 566.33MPa and 12.81 MPa·m^1/2, respectively, which are approximately 88.2% and 18.5% higher than those of Nb-22Ti-12Si (300.98 MPa and 10.81 MPa·m^1/2). The addition of 3% B changed the morphological features and induced the appearance of large fine rosettes, which is favorable for restraining the crack propagation, and it also leads to a 22.3% increase in room temperature fracture toughness compared with the Nb-22Ti-12Si ternary alloy.     

Comparative studies on densification behavior,microstructure, mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of Mo-12Si-10B and Mo3Si-free Mo-26Nb-12Si-10B alloys

Two bulk Mo-Si-B based alloys (Mo-12Si-10B and Mo-26Nb-12Si-10B (at.%), abbreviated as 0Nb and 26Nb alloy respectively) were fabricated by mechanical alloying and then hot pressing. Comparative studies were carried out on the densification behavior, microstructure, room-temperature fracture toughness, elevated temperature compression and oxidation resistance of these two alloys. The results showed that alloy 0Nb was composed of (Mo), Mo₃Si and Mo₅SiB₂, while alloy 26Nb was free of Mo₃Si and had higher (Mo) content and a little γNb₅Si₃. Compared to the alloy 0Nb, alloy 26Nb presented better compactibility, higher room-temperature fracture toughness (8.84 ± 0.17 vs. 6.77 ± 0.20 MPa·m^1/2) and elevated temperature compression strength (851.7 ± 11.7 vs. 644.2 ± 10.2 MPa) but worse oxidation resistance.     

Effect of tin addition on Nb–Si-based in situ composites. Part II: Oxidation behaviour

This paper reports the effects of adding from 2 to 8 at.% tin on the oxidation behaviour of Nb/Nb₅Si₃ composites at 815 °C and at higher temperatures (1100 and 1200 °C). The role of tin in the elimination of pesting and in the oxidation process at high temperatures was established. The consumption of elements with a higher affinity for oxygen than Sn induces the accumulation of tin at the oxide/internal oxidation zone boundary. Low melting point phases (NbSn₂ and/or pure Sn) form at 815 °C, whereas a layer of M₅Si₃ and Nb₅SiSn₂ forms at 1100 and 1200 °C. Once these products are formed, they generate an oxygen diffusion barrier and allow the elimination of pesting. However, for long oxidation processes at 1100 °C, the oxidation rate of Nb/Nb₅Si₃ composites containing tin should be higher than that for tin-free composites. Moreover, some oxidation results have suggested that the presence of A15-(Nb,Ti)₃(Sn,Ti) in the microstructure of composites with at.%Sn > 2 can severely impact the low temperature fracture toughness of these composites.     

高温热处理对Nb-Ti-Cr-Si基超高温合金显微组织的影响

为了研究高温均匀化及时效热处理对Nb-Ti-Cr-Si基超高温合金显微组织的影响,对样品进行均匀化处理,于1200-1500°C保温24h,随后于1000°C保温24h进行时效。结果表明,热处理后的组织主要由Nbss、（Nb,X）5Si3和Cr2Nb组成。随着均匀化处理温度的升高,电弧熔炼态的树枝状Nbss转变为等轴状,原先花瓣状的Nbss/（Nb,X）5Si3共晶组织消失,转变为分布于Nbss基体上的小块状（Nb,X）5Si3组织。Cr2Nb的形貌随均匀化处理温度的升高而发生明显变化。当均匀化处理温度达到1300°C以上,原先粗大的Cr2Nb发生溶解,在随后的冷却过程中在Nbss基体上沉淀析出细小、密集的针状Cr2Nb。经高温均匀化和时效复合处理后,Nbss基体上析出更为细小、密集的沉淀相Cr2Nb,使得Nbss、（Nb,X）5Si3和Cr2Nb相中Ti、Hf和Al元素的含量差别缩小。     

Characterization of microstructures and oxidation behaviour of Nb–20Si–20Cr–5Al alloy

Static oxidation in air was performed on Nb–20Cr–20Si–5Al alloy at high temperatures ranging from 700 to 1400 °C. Pesting occurred at 700 °C while internal oxidation took place at 1300 and 1400 °C where Al₂O₃ initiated at the interface between NbCr₂ and Nb₉Cr₃Si₂ phases. Phases present were Nb₅Si₃, NbCr₂, Nb solid solution and Nb₉Cr₃Si₂ depending on the temperature. The aluminium content on each of the phases was analyzed. Al content in Nb₉Si₂Cr₃ has been found to be as high as 5–6 atomic percent. SEM, EDS and XRD techniques were utilized in order to characterize the specimens.