7075铝合金微滴打印沉积制造中热力耦合3D动态仿真分析研究（英文）

翘曲、分层、开裂是7075铝合金微熔滴沉积制造过程中常见的缺陷,其原因主要是沉积制造过程中存在较大的温度梯度和热应力集中。为了探究热变形、翘曲和开裂的形成机理,采用有限单元法和单元生死技术,通过APDL(ANSYS)编程,建立了气动按需熔滴沉积成形温度和热应力计算模型,分析了7075铝合金微熔滴逐点、逐层沉积三维制件过程中温度和热应力的动态演变规律。并使用7075铝合金微滴,在相同初始边界条件和工艺参数下进行了沉积试验,模拟结果与7075铝合金制件微熔滴沉积试验结果基本吻合,较好地反映了实际成形过程中零件的温度和热应力场变化规律,为减少或消除铝合金微熔滴沉积制造过程的缺陷提供了理论依据,从而促进了该技术在高熔点合金零件制备中的应用。     

基于单元生死技术的微熔滴沉积成形温度场模拟与试验研究

采用有限单元法和单元生死技术,建立了气动按需熔滴沉积成形温度场计算模型,模拟了7075铝合金薄壁件微熔滴沉积过程温度场的演变规律。结果表明:薄壁件成形温度场随熔滴沉积位置的移动而呈现周向动态变化,不同位置熔滴单元节点的热循环曲线存在不同个数的温度峰值和谷值;随着沉积层高度的增加,1～10层相邻搭接层间熔滴的冷却速率降低,熔滴所在沉积层中的高温区域逐渐扩大,使零件在成形方向上呈现变化的温度梯度,并导致1～10层相邻层间熔滴结合处的晶粒尺寸发生变化。模拟结果与7075铝合金薄壁件微熔滴沉积试验结果基本吻合,较好反映了实际成形过程中零件的温度场变化规律。     

基于单元生死技术的微熔滴沉积成形温度场模拟与试验研究

采用有限单元法和单元生死技术,建立了气动按需熔滴沉积成形温度场计算模型,模拟了7075铝合金薄壁件微熔滴沉积过程温度场的演变规律.结果表明:薄壁件成形温度场随熔滴沉积位置的移动而呈现周向动态变化,不同位置熔滴单元节点的热循环曲线存在不同个数的温度峰值和谷值;随着沉积层高度的增加,1～10层相邻搭接层间熔滴的冷却速率降低,熔滴所在沉积层中的高温区域逐渐扩大,使零件在成形方向上呈现变化的温度梯度,并导致1～10层相邻层间熔滴结合处的晶粒尺寸发生变化.模拟结果与7075铝合金薄壁件微熔滴沉积试验结果基本吻合,较好反映了实际成形过程中零件的温度场变化规律.     

铝合金微熔滴沉积成形过程中缺陷形成机理研究

针对铝合金微熔滴沉积成形过程中存在的缺陷问题,沉积制备了7075高强铝合金试样,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析测试手段对其内部缺陷形貌进行观察,进而研究不同类型缺陷的形成机理。结果表明:铝合金微熔滴沉积成形件内部缺陷主要有孔洞和裂纹。其中孔洞缺陷包括间隙孔洞和凝固收缩孔洞;裂纹包括熔合线裂纹和细微热裂纹,其形成与延展和成形件内部残余热应力集中效应、熔滴重熔效果以及晶粒生长状况等因素有关。在此基础上提出减少或消除各类缺陷的方法,从而促进了该技术在高熔点合金零件制备中的应用。     

预热对Al2O3陶瓷激光熔覆层温度梯度影响的模拟

针对铝合金微熔滴沉积成形过程中存在的缺陷问题,沉积制备了7075高强铝合金试样,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析测试手段对其内部缺陷形貌进行观察,进而研究不同类型缺陷的形成机理.结果表明:铝合金微熔滴沉积成形件内部缺陷主要有孔洞和裂纹.其中孔洞缺陷包括间隙孔洞和凝固收缩孔洞;裂纹包括熔合线裂纹和细微热裂纹,其形成与延展和成形件内部残余热应力集中效应、熔滴重熔效果以及晶粒生长状况等因素有关.在此基础上提出减少或消除各类缺陷的方法,从而促进了该技术在高熔点合金零件制备中的应用.     

金属件熔融堆积3D打印过程热应力场数值模拟

针对熔融堆积3D打印过程中由于热应力场变化导致成形金属件出现翘曲变形的问题,建立了单层铋锡合金件熔融堆积3D打印成形过程的数值分析模型,研究了不同成形路径和堆积速度下热应力场的分布和变化规律,及其对制件翘曲变形的影响。研究结果表明:采用沿短边的成形路径以及提高堆积速度,可以显著降低成形过程中的热应力及其波动性变化,从而减小制件翘曲变形量。在与模拟过程相同的参数条件下,利用自行搭建的金属件熔融堆积3D打印成形实验平台进行了单层铋锡合金试样成形试验对比研究,试验结果与模拟结果基本吻合。     

金属微喷熔滴沉积成型工艺数值模拟

采用半隐式压力关联算法,通过引进VOF函数和分段线性界面结构（PLIC）构建自由曲面,建立了微喷金属熔滴流动和传热数值模型,模拟了7075铝合金熔滴成形过程中撞击速度、熔滴间距、基板温度和熔滴尺寸等工艺参数对成形形貌的影响规律,并对模拟结果进行了实验验证。结果表明：确定合理的撞击速度和熔滴间距是获得好成形精度和质量的关键,熔滴直径为100μm,间距为200μm的7075铝合金熔滴在初始温度为350K的不锈钢基板上以1.5m/s的初速度沉积成形时,可获得较好的成形效果。模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,较好反映了实际成形过程中熔滴撞击、铺展和固化行为,为该工艺的实际应用提供了参考依据。     

金属微喷熔滴沉积成形工艺数值模拟与验证

采用半隐式压力关联算法,通过引进VOF函数和分段线性界面结构(PLIC)构建自由曲面,建立了微喷金属熔滴流动和传热数值模型,模拟了7075铝合金熔滴成形过程中撞击速度、熔滴间距、基板温度和熔滴尺寸等工艺参数对成形形貌的影响规律,并对模拟结果进行了实验验证。结果表明:确定合理的撞击速度和熔滴间距是获得好成形精度和质量的关键,熔滴直径为100μm,间距为200μm的7075铝合金熔滴在初始温度为350 K的不锈钢基板上以1.5 m/s的初速度沉积成形时,可获得较好的成形效果。模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,较好反映了实际成形过程中熔滴撞击、铺展和固化行为,为该工艺的实际应用提供了参考依据。     

等离子无模成形叶轮的应力场分析与校核

等离子熔积无模成形是急速加热快速凝固的短流程制造技术,如何避免制件的热裂纹是该技术的关键,而热裂纹的产生取决于成形过程温度场与应力场的分布特征.用有限元法对预热和水冷两种温控方案进行了模拟仿真,对比分析可知,较预热成形,水冷成形零件表面质量良好、热裂倾向低.随后依水冷条件按跳跃路径计算了叶轮成形过程的热应力场.结果表明,该方案所得零件的温度场较均匀,热应力和热裂倾向显著降低,工艺合理,有利提高成形性.     

7075铝合金挡风梁热冲压成形减薄预测模型

以7075铝合金挡风梁在热成形过程中的减薄率为研究对象,通过热拉伸试验,研究了 7075铝合金在变形温度为440～480℃、应变速率为0.001～0.1 s-1条件下的真实应力-应变曲线,并将其引入数值模拟模型,分析了板料初始温度(440～500℃)、压边力(20～50kN)、摩擦因数(0.1～0.7)对7075铝合金...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.