烤烟表面颜色的量化及其与胡萝卜素类物质的关系

为揭示我国不同产区烤烟颜色特征差异的成因,采用L*a*b*均匀颜色空间的颜色表征方法对我国11个省60个产烟县的C3F烟叶进行了测量分析,并研究了烤烟颜色的色空间分布指标与类胡萝卜素含量的关系。结果表明:①我国不同产区烤烟颜色的色空间指标明度L*、红度a*、黄度b*、色饱和度c*及类胡萝卜素类物质差异明显,东南烟区烟叶的明度、黄度和色饱和度较低,红度较高,类胡萝卜素含量较低,叶黄素比例较高;长江中上游和西南烟区烟叶的明度、黄度和色饱和度较高,红度相对较低,类胡萝卜素含量较高;北方烟区烟叶的明度相对较高,色饱和度相对较低,类胡萝卜素含量较低。②烤烟类胡萝卜素类物质与颜色色空间分布指标关系密切,随类胡萝卜素含量的提高,红度、黄度、色饱和度等指标均呈现出显著上升趋势,明黄度比值呈显著下降趋势。     

烤烟烟叶颜色值和外观颜色变化分析

为探究烟叶表面颜色呈色特性,以三明烟区主栽品种CB-1和云烟87为试验材料,采用田间挂牌标记试验方法,测定两个品种每个叶位烤后烟颜色值L*、a*、b*、C*和颜色特性,分析了不同叶位烟叶颜色值、外观颜色档次和均匀度变化。结果表明,不同品种不同叶位烟叶颜色值有相似的变化趋势;不同叶位烟叶颜色值聚类结果与不同部位烟叶颜色变化相吻合;随着叶位上升,明度的均匀度由均匀或尚匀转变为不匀,红度的均匀度变化与此相反,黄度的均匀度先由尚匀转变为均匀再转变为尚匀,视觉判定的均匀度为先上升后降低的趋势,与黄度的均匀度变化较为一致;建立了烟叶颜色值与叶位上升关系方程,L*线性递减,a*线性递增,b*和C*呈抛物线型变化,在7~10叶位达到最高值。这为烟叶外观颜色变化提供了一种客观量化判定方法。     

湖北烤烟非挥发性有机酸含量及其与海拔高度的关系分析

分析了湖北烤烟非挥发性有机酸含量特征及其与海拔高度的关系。结果表明,（1）湖北烤烟非挥发性有机酸总量平均为139．62mg／g,等级间表现为：X2F〉C3F〉B2F,糖酸比总体较为适宜。（2）聚类分析将海拔高度与烟叶非挥发性有机酸含量、糖酸比共8项指标分为3类。B2F和C3F等级烟叶在海拔高度为950-1150m左右,X2F等级烟叶在海拔高度为1050～1300m左右时,非挥发性有机酸总量相对较高、糖酸比较为适宜。     

山东烤烟烟叶颜色量化分析及与多酚和类胡萝卜素含量的关系

为明确山东烤烟烟叶颜色特征及与显色物质的关系,采集烤后烟叶样品对烟叶颜色进行了量化分析,并探讨了烟叶颜色特征值与多酚和类胡萝卜素含量的关系.结果表明,山东不同产区烟叶颜色光谱特征存在明显的地域性差异,沂水和费县烟叶的光谱反射率较高,烟叶明度L*较高,临朐烟叶红度a*明显高于其他产区.山东不同产区烟叶多酚和类胡萝卜素含量均存在较大差异.沂水和费县烟叶的多酚含量较高,而类胡萝卜素含量较低;临朐烟叶多酚含量较低,但具有较高的类胡萝卜素含量.相关分析表明,新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸和绿原酸含量与颜色特征值L*呈显著或极显著正相关,而与a*呈负相关关系;叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素含量与颜色特征值L*呈显著或极显著负相关,而与a*呈极显著正相关.     

计算机视觉用于猪肉新鲜度检测的颜色特征优化选取

在以计算机视觉为基础,并利用神经网络预测猪肉通脊新鲜度时,选择合适的颜色特征参数和神经网络模型是提高其预测准确性的关键之一。文中提出了一种猪肉新鲜度等级预测时颜色特征参数和神经网络优化选取的方法,利用图像处理的方法提取通脊表面的颜色特征参数,组合成RGB-HIS、RGB-L*a*b*、rgb-HIS、rgb-L*a*b*及HIS-L*a*b*五类特征参数组合,并利用BP(back propagation,BP)和SVM(support vector machine,SVM)神经网络构造各类新鲜度等级预测模型。结果表明:SVM和BP的平均预测准确率分别为91.11%和84.44%,且rgb-HIS特征参数组合的BP与SVM预测模型的预测准确率最高,分别为88.89%和95.56%。因此,提取通脊表面r、g、b、H、I、S均值作为颜色特征向量,且选择SVM神经网络来构造新鲜度预测模型可显著提高预测结果的准确性。     

基于电子鼻的星座图聚类分析法在烟叶分类中的应用

为探索区分不同产地或不同等级烤烟烟叶的有效方法,利用电子鼻检测了广东、福建、重庆和四川4个产地,C2F、B2F和X2F 3个等级以及不同品种的24个烟叶样品,并对电子鼻采集的数据进行星座图聚类分析。结果表明:电子鼻结合星座图聚类分析方法可以有效区分广东、福建、重庆和四川4个产地16个不同的烟叶样品,4个产地烟叶的综合值依次为:重庆 >广东 >四川 >福建;同时可以有效区分四川产地红花大金元品种3个等级的12个烟叶样品,3个等级烟叶的综合值依次为C2F >B2F >X2F。为人工烟叶分级鉴定提供了一种辅助方法。      

初烤烟叶主脉不同区段色度及Fisher最优分割法分析

  目的  分析初烤烟叶主脉不同区段色度值的变化,为烟梗的差异化加工和分类使用提供参考依据。  方法  以云烟87 B3F、C3F初烤烟叶为试验对象,将每片烟叶中的主脉平均分成6段,采用色差计测定每个区段烟梗粉末的色度值L*（明度值）、a*（红度值）、b*（黄度值）和E（总色差值）,利用单因素方差分析和回归分析分别研究不同区段烟梗色度值的差异性及变化趋势,并通过Fisher最优分割法分析2种烟叶主脉最佳的分段比例。  结果  ① 同一烟叶主脉不同区段烟梗的色度值L*、a*、b*、E总体均存在显著差异;B3F和C3F烟叶主脉相同区段的色度值对比,L*值为C3F > B3F,a*、b*、E值为B3F > C3F。②从主脉基部到尖部,L*值呈先降低后升高的抛物线形变化趋势,a*、E值呈先升高后降低的抛物线形变化趋势,b*值呈逐渐升高的线性变化趋势。③从梗基到梗尖,B3F烟叶主脉最佳分段比例可分为1/6、3/6、1/6、1/6,C3F烟叶主脉最佳分段比例可分为4/6、1/6、1/6。  结论  烟叶主脉不同区段的色度存在较大差异和规律性变化趋势,叶基和叶中部分的烟梗更适宜作为制梗丝的原料。      

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的烤烟烟叶外观特征区域归类

为有效进行烤烟烟叶产地识别和分类使用,对烤烟烟叶外观特征进行区域归类。选取福建南平、四川凉山、湖南郴州、河南许昌、贵州遵义、云南曲靖等43个产地的烤烟C2F等级烟叶,分析了烟叶的底色、厚度、蜡质感、柔韧性、叶面叶背颜色差、叶尖叶基身份差、光泽、叶面组织等15项外观特征指标,并采用主成分分析法提取了7个主成分,基于综合得分对43个产地烟叶进行聚类。结果表明:(1)提取的7个主成分累计贡献率达到83.476%,确定叶面组织、柔韧性、色度、油分、厚度、底色、叶尖叶基身份差、成熟度、颜色、叶面叶背颜色差10项指标为烤烟烟叶外观特征的评价指标。(2)若以平方欧氏距离10作为分类标准,可以将所有烟叶样品分为8类,第一类为云南、贵州、四川、湖北(恩施和宜昌);第二类为河南(驻马店和南阳)、陕西(安康);第三类为福建、湖南(湘西);第四类为重庆(黔江);第五类为河南(许昌和平顶山);第六类为湖南(郴州和永州)、江西;第七类为黑龙江、辽宁、吉林、陕西(商洛)、山东;第八类为河南(漯河)、安徽(宣城)。     

不同产地烤烟烟叶自由燃烧速度研究

为了解各种单料烟的燃烧性能 ,为低焦油卷烟叶组配方设计中合理选用烟叶提供参考依据 ,对国内一些主要产区的烤烟以及津巴布韦烤烟的自由燃烧速度进行了测试和对比分析。结果表明 ,不同产地烟叶的自由燃烧速度有很大的差别。从产地看 ,在相同等级中 ,以贵州B2F、湖南永兴C2F、黑龙江勃利C2L、四川黔阳X2F和B2L、贵州道真X2L的燃烧性能为好。从总体看 ,燃烧性能最好的为贵州道真X2L( 5 .645mm min) ,最差的为河南正阳B2F( 2 .95mm min)。津巴布韦烟叶的燃烧性能中等 ,其中以B2O燃烧性能较好     

国产拟替代进口与津巴布韦烤烟样品外观质量的比较

为弥补津巴布韦烟叶数量的不足,满足卷烟工业企业对优质烟叶原料的需求,对全国37个烟区、2个等级(B2F、C3F)2004、2005、2006年烤烟的外观质量进行分析评价,并与津巴布韦烤烟比较.结果表明:津巴布韦烟叶成熟度、叶片结构、油分等方面优于国产烤烟;B2F烟叶颜色纯正度略高于国产烟叶,C3F烟叶颜色纯正度略低于国产烟叶;在身份方面略厚于国产同等级烟叶;色度方面与国产同等级烟叶相比略弱.     

Measuring pork color: effects of bloom time, muscle, pH and relationship to instrumental parameters

To evaluate factors affecting pork color, the gluteus medius (GM), longissimus lumborumetthoracis (LT), semimembranosus (SM), biceps femoris (BF), and triceps brachii (TRI) muscles from pork carcasses of varying ultimate pHs were allowed to bloom for 30 min. L*, a*, and b* values, hue angle, chroma and visual color were determined. Color was evaluated using HunterLab (illuminants A, C, D(65) and F) and Minolta (illuminants C and D(65)) Spectrocolorimeters. LT had the highest L* value (51.31; TR=39.93) and hue angle (59.36; TR=46.94), and the lowest a* (7.52; TR=12.88) value. L* value was unaffected by bloom time; hue angle stabilized after 5 min, a* and b* values after 10 min and chroma after 20 min. Using the Minolta/illuminant D65, visual color best correlated with b* and L* values (r=-0.94 and -0.89) of LT. Using the Hunter/illuminant C, visual color correlated with L* value of LT, GM, BF and SM (r >-0.90 for each). Overall, the instrumental measure that best related to visual color was L* value.     

冷却猪肉新鲜度的色差快速分析评价方法

为了得到冷却猪肉新鲜度的变化规律,本研究以冷却猪肉里脊部分为研究对象,进行球蛋白沉淀实验、感官评价、pH值、水分含量、肉浸液以及肌肉表面颜色值测定。结果表明：球蛋白沉淀实验、pH值能够较好地反应肉品新鲜度的变化,色差分析符合一定的规律：肌肉表面色差测定中,20℃条件下,a*变化与贮藏时间显著相关(P＜0.05),L*变化显著(P＜0.05);4℃条件下,b*、C变化与贮藏时间极显著相关(P＜0.01),L*值与pH值极显著相关(P＜0.01);对于肉浸液,L*、b*、C、ΔE*均发生显著性变化(P＜0.05),20℃条件下L*、b*、C、ΔE*与贮藏时间和pH值显著相关(P＜0.05),而4℃条件下,L*、C、ΔE*与贮藏时间显著相关(P＜0.05),L*、a*、b*、C、ΔE*值与pH值极显著相关(P＜0.01);冷链过程中,当L*高于48.73、a*高于4.72、b*高于9.18时可认定冷却肉为新鲜肉。     

Application of various methods for determination of the color of cocoa beans roasted under variable process parameters

Cocoa beans of Forastero variety from Togo were subjected to roasting under either constant or variable process parameters. The variable process parameters were roasting air flow rate, temperature and relative humidity. The color of roasted cocoa beans was determined by pigment extraction under various conditions followed by either their spectrophotometric assays or CIE L*a*b measurements. Also the Maillard compounds index and total polyphenols content correlated with progress of the browning of beans were determined. It was found that an increase in the roasting air relative humidity stimulated formation of brown pigments, while elevated temperature caused worsening of color parameters of roasted cocoa beans. The most suitable method of color characterization of roasted cocoa beans was found to be pigments extraction combined with either separation of their fractions or CIE L*a*b measurements. These assays revealed that cocoa beans roasted under variable roasting air flow rate were characterized by improved color parameters. The relatively simple and inexpensive CIE L*a*b measurements ensured fast analysis of color parameters, while total polyphenols in roasted cocoa beans were quickly estimated by using F–C reagent. Furthermore, quantification of melanoid pigments in roasted cocoa beans can be based on determination of the index of nonenzymatic browning products content, which is relatively simple and inexpensive.     

Effect of moisture content on CIE color values in dried apricots

The color change in dried apricots at various moisture contents was studied. Dried apricots originally at 19.32% moisture were first dried to 15.49% and then rehydrated to 20.10%, 25.21% and finally 30.20% moisture levels. The CIE L*, a*, and b* color variables were measured to determine the color of dried apricots, and C* (chroma) and h* (hue) values were calculated from a* and b* values. A linear relationship was found between the color variables and moisture contents at 15.49-30.20%. As the moisture content increased, the L* (lightness), b* (yellowness), C* and h* color values increased while the a* (redness) value decreased for the dried apricots at all moisture levels. Results showed that the moisture content of dried fruits should be specified once the reflectance color variables are reported.     

An approach to improve the baking properties and determine the onset of browning in fat-free mozzarella cheese

Compared with low-moisture part-skim mozzarella and mozzarella cheese, bake performance of low-fat and fat-free mozzarella on pizza has a lot to desire. We hypothesized that a water-soaking pretreatment step of low-fat and fat-free cheese shreds before baking would improve pizza baking performance. The study also examined the correlation of the onset of cheese browning with the rate of moisture loss, changes in cheese surface temperature, and 3-dimensional (3D) plot L* a* b* CIELAB color analysis. The pretreatment of soaking cheese shreds in water improved the baking properties of fat-free mozzarella cheese on pizza. Compared with the control sample, which demonstrated significant shred identity, poor shred melt, fusion, and stretch during a pizza bake with fat-free mozzarella, the soaked cheese (SC) sample demonstrated satisfactory cheese melt, fusion, and stretch. In addition, the SC sample had desired browning as opposed to the control sample's excessive browning. The additional moisture from the soaking pretreatment aided in delaying the onset of cheese browning in the SC sample when compared with the control sample. For both the control and SC samples, there was a strong correlation between the onset of cheese browning with the peak of moisture-loss rate, and an increase in cheese surface temperature (>100°C). The color analysis of the 3D plot confirmed the relationship between the onset of cheese browning and the shift in L* (lightness), a* (red-green color), and b* (blue-yellow) values. According to the study's findings, soaking cheese shreds before baking can help improve bake performance on pizza. Furthermore, 3 measurement tools used in the study, (1) moisture-loss rate, (2) cheese surface temperature, and (3) 3D plot CIELAB color, were useful in determining the onset of cheese browning and can be applied to different intervention strategies to control cheese browning during pizza baking.     

蒙顶黄芽不同加工工序中色泽变化与品质相关性研究

研究不同加工工序制成的蒙顶黄芽干茶、汤色及叶底色泽,并进行色素成分检测及品质审评,分析干茶、汤色及叶底色泽L*a*b*值与各审评因子得分、色素含量、品质总分的相关性,为黄茶闷黄程度及色泽的评价提供一定的参考依据。以蒙顶黄芽加工过程中的茶样为试验材料,采用色彩色差计CR410测定干茶、汤色及叶底的L*a*b*值,再与干茶、汤色、叶底得分做显著性分析,与茶色素、叶绿素及品质总分做相关性分析。结果表明,干茶L*、a*、b*值与干茶色泽审评得分呈显著或极显著相关（P<0.05, P<0.01）,茶汤L*、a*、b*值与汤色审评得分均呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,其相关系数分别为?0.93、0.97、0.93,叶底L*、a*、b*值与叶底得分均呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,其相关系数分别为?0.96、0.97、0.98;干茶、汤色及叶底的L值与茶色素含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,a*、b*值与茶色素含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;干茶、汤色及叶底的L*值与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,a*、b*值与叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。蒙顶黄芽感官品质与L*、a*、b*值及色素之间的相关性表现为:与干茶 L *值、汤色L *值、叶底L *值、叶绿素a*、叶绿素b*含量均呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与干茶a*b*值、汤色a*b*值、叶底 a*b*值及茶色素含量均呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05, P<0.01）,除干茶a*值外,相关系数均在0.80以上。本试验表明,就各审评因子及品质总分而言,采用色泽Lab值测定方法可为黄茶色泽与品质相关性研究提供一定的理论基础。     

Color Change of the Snapper (Pagrus auratus) and Gurnard (Chelidonichthys kumu) Skin and Eyes during Storage: Effect of Light Polarization and Contact with Ice

Ten gurnard and 10 snapper were stored on ice. One side always contacted the ice; the other side was always exposed to air. At different intervals for up to 12 d, the fish were placed in a light box, and the images of both sides were taken using polarized and nonpolarized illumination. Image analysis resulted in average L*, a*, and b* values of skin, and average L* values of the eyes. The skin L* value of gurnard changed significantly over time while that of snapper was substantially constant. The a* and b* values of both fish decreased over time. The L* values of eyes were significantly lower for polarized images, and significantly lower for the side of fish exposed to air only. This may be a concern in quality evaluation methods such as QIM. The difference of colors between the polarized and nonpolarized images was calculated to quantify the reflection off the surface of fish. For accurate measurement of surface color and eye color, use of polarized light is recommended.     

Changes in color parameters of corn kernels during roasting

Changes in color parameters (L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, h°, and C* values) of corn during roasting were investigated and subsequently described using mathematical models. Corn kernels were roasted for 50 min at 160, 180, 200, 220, and 240°C. The L*, b*, h°, and C* values tended to decrease more rapidly as the roasting temperature and time increased up to 220°C and 50 min, whereas a* and ΔE* values tended to increase. Variation of L* and ΔE* values was found to be proportional to the roasting temperature and time. Variation of L* value during roasting above 180°C was adequately described by a first-order model. Cubic model satisfactorily described changes in all of color parameters over the temperature range. Activation energies of L* and ΔE* values were determined as 34.04 and 79.16 kJ/mol, respectively. Results suggest that L* and ΔE* values may be used as color control indicators during roasting of corn kernels.