从工业废液中回收四氢呋喃及正丁醇的工艺研究

利用Aspen Plus软件对含有四氢呋喃、正丁醇、γ-丁内酯和水的工业废液的分离提纯工艺进行了确定和模拟。确定使用1,4-丁二醇作为萃取剂,采用四塔流程分离该工业废液,回收四氢呋喃和正丁醇。四氢呋喃的回收使用萃取精馏,溶剂比为0.9,回流比为5,所需塔板数为28块,废液和萃取剂分别从第16块板和第5块板以泡点进料;正丁醇的回收使用两塔共沸精馏,所需脱水塔塔板数为7块,回收塔塔板数为5块。在此操作参数下,模拟所得四氢呋喃回收率可达99.9%,质量分数为99.99%,正丁醇回收质量分数达到99.99%。通过实验结果与模拟结果的比较,验证了本工艺的可行性和模拟结果的可靠性。     

加盐萃取精馏回收制药废液中四氢呋喃的模拟研究

建立了加盐萃取精馏过程的数学模型,利用ChemCAD流程模拟软件,在101.3 kPa下,对以乙二醇-氯化锂为复合萃取剂的甲醇-四氢呋喃-水溶液加盐萃取精馏回收四氢呋喃的过程进行模拟计算,并进行了实验验证。考察了复合萃取剂对原料液气液平衡的影响及精馏理论塔板数、萃取剂进料位置、原料进料位置、回流比等对塔顶四氢呋喃含量的影响。模拟结果表明,最佳理论塔板数为30、萃取剂最佳进料板数为6、原料最佳进料板数为18、最佳回流比为5.0。最佳工艺条件下,塔顶四氢呋喃的质量分数可达99.2%。模拟了最佳工艺条件下精馏塔的特性参数分布,模拟值与实验值吻合良好。     

萃取精馏分离乙酸乙酯和丁酮的研究

采用萃取精馏的方法分离乙酸乙酯和丁酮共沸物系。选取乙二醇作为萃取剂,利用流程模拟软件Aspen Plus对流程进行模拟,分析不同萃取剂进料量、塔板数、回流比、进料位置等参数对产品质量分数及热负荷的影响。通过模拟发现,当乙二醇进料量为500 kg/h、萃取精馏塔塔板数为30、质量回流比为0. 45、原料进料位置为17块板、萃取剂进料位置为5块板,溶剂回收塔塔板数为10、质量回流比为0. 5、进料位置为第4块板时,可得到质量分数为99. 91%的乙酸乙酯及质量分数为99. 60%的丁酮。通过间歇萃取精馏实验对萃取精馏过程进行验证,发现萃取精馏塔塔顶可得到高达质量分数为98%的乙酸乙酯,证明了模拟结果的可靠性。     

萃取精馏法回收制药废液中四氢呋喃和甲醇

采用装有1.5 m高θ丝网填料的玻璃精馏塔对含有四氢呋喃、甲醇和水的制药废液进行了萃取精馏分离研究。以乙二醇为萃取剂,溶剂比为1.75∶1、精馏段高度为1.0 m、回流比为1.5时,四氢呋喃回收率可达99.5%。精馏回收萃取剂乙二醇时,所需填料高度为60 cm,回流比为1.0时乙二醇回收率达99.6%。回收甲醇所需填料高度为0.7 m,回流比为3.0时甲醇回收率为99.7%,甲醇摩尔分数为0.988。研究表明,乙二醇是分离含四氢呋喃、甲醇和水的制药废液的适宜的苹取剂。     

Aspen Plus模拟甲醇-乙醇-水体系的萃取精馏

利用Aspen Plus软件模拟技术,对甲醇-乙醇-水体系进行萃取精馏模拟计算,并用实验进行验证。考察了三塔萃取精馏过程中的T1塔、B1塔和B2塔的塔板数、溶剂比(质量比)、进料位置以及回流比对分离产物纯度的影响,确定了萃取精馏塔T1的塔板数为25,回流比为0.4,原料进料位置在19块塔板,萃取剂进料位置在第5块塔板,B1塔的塔板数为38,回流比12,进料位置在18块塔板,B2塔的塔板数为20,回流比0.27,进料位置在13块塔板。在此条件下,99.511%的甲醇收率高达99.754%,99.829%的乙醇收率高达99.887%,模拟结果与实验结果数据吻合度较高,说明该萃取精馏过程能将甲醇-乙醇-水体系高效分开,该模型适用于分离甲醇-乙醇-水混合物。     

基于分壁式精馏塔的甲醇-碳酸二甲酯分离新工艺研究

提出了利用分壁式萃取精馏塔分离甲醇-碳酸二甲酯共沸物的新工艺,分析并建立了分壁式萃取精馏塔的热力学等效模型,利用Aspen Plus对该塔进行模拟和参数优化。主塔理论板数为36块,侧线精馏段理论板数为5块,隔板底端在主塔第27块塔板上,原料进料在第15块板,萃取剂进料在第3块板,回流比为1.2,溶剂比为1.2,在此参数下对分壁式萃取精馏塔进行严格模拟,可得到质量分数99.58%的碳酸二甲酯和99.82%的甲醇,回收萃取剂的质量分数可达到100%。与常规萃取精馏工艺相比,再沸器热负荷降低16.01%,冷凝器热负荷降低13.47%。     

萃取精馏分离碳酸二甲酯和甲醇共沸物

通过气液平衡实验和Aspen Plus模拟软件对萃取精馏分离碳酸二甲酯和甲醇共沸体系的可行性进行了研究。实验和模拟结果表明:乙二醇作为溶剂能有效地改变体系的相对挥发度,UNIFAC模型能够对萃取精馏混合物系相平衡行为进行较准确的描述;通过改变原料进料位置、溶剂比、回流比和溶剂进料位置等操作参数对该体系的分离进行了模拟,得到了可行的分离条件:理论塔板数为30,原料进料位置为第20块塔板,溶剂进料位置为第3块塔板,溶剂比为1.5,回流比为2。实验值与模拟值吻合良好,说明了模拟的可靠性。     

乙醇脱水分壁式萃取精馏工艺研究

利用Aspen Plus过程模拟软件,采用乙二醇作萃取剂,模拟研究了分壁式萃取精馏对摩尔分数为82%乙醇溶液脱水的分离过程。建立了分壁式萃取精馏模型,得到了优化的工艺参数,主塔理论板数为11块,精馏段理论板数为5块,回流比为0.10;副塔原料进料位置为第14块板,萃取剂进料位置为第4块板,隔板在副塔第18块板底端,萃取精馏段回流比为0.419,溶剂比为1.1。比较了分壁式萃取精馏和常规双塔2种流程下的能耗。模拟结果表明,采用分壁式萃取精馏,再沸器能耗降低了15%,节能效果明显。     

回收正丙醚-正丙醇工艺过程研究

采用Sim Sci PRO/II 9. 3软件模拟分析和实验验证,建立以DMAC为溶剂从制药废液中回收正丙醚和正丙醇的萃取精馏分离工艺。采用UNIQUAC模型对工艺参数进行优化与分析,并以实验验证模拟模型的可靠性。结果表明,模拟确定适宜工艺参数为:萃取精馏塔理论板数35块,原料液第24块板进料,溶剂第7块板进料,溶剂比1. 2,回流比3. 2,塔顶回收正丙醚含量为99. 88%;溶剂回收塔理论塔板数25块,原料第6块板进料,回流比0. 7,塔顶回收正丙醇含量为99. 86%。在此优化工艺条件下,二者回收率均在99. 5%以上,达到了在原工艺中循环套用要求。在模拟优化的基础上进行萃取精馏实验,实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好,验证了模拟结果的可靠性。     

回收正丙醚-正丙醇工艺过程研究

采用Sim Sci PRO/II 9. 3软件模拟分析和实验验证,建立以DMAC为溶剂从制药废液中回收正丙醚和正丙醇的萃取精馏分离工艺。采用UNIQUAC模型对工艺参数进行优化与分析,并以实验验证模拟模型的可靠性。结果表明,模拟确定适宜工艺参数为:萃取精馏塔理论板数35块,原料液第24块板进料,溶剂第7块板进料,溶剂比1. 2,回流比3. 2,塔顶回收正丙醚含量为99. 88%;溶剂回收塔理论塔板数25块,原料第6块板进料,回流比0. 7,塔顶回收正丙醇含量为99. 86%。在此优化工艺条件下,二者回收率均在99. 5%以上,达到了在原工艺中循环套用要求。在模拟优化的基础上进行萃取精馏实验,实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好,验证了模拟结果的可靠性。     

乙苯,苯乙烯的生产及合成乙苯,苯乙烯催化剂的研究进展

苯乙烯是重要的石油化工原料。本文介绍了国内外苯乙烯生产的发展概况，合成乙苯，苯乙烯所用的催化剂种类，并就苯乙烯生产及催化剂的发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers of various acrylates and acrylonitrile

Various homopolymers and copolymers of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile in different feed ratios were synthesized. These were characterized by IR, ¹³C-NMR, DSC, DTA, and TGA. Spectroscopic characterization helped in differentiating copolymers of different mol ratios. Thermal analysis revealed different degradation patterns for homopolymers and copolymers. The temperature and energy changes associated with various phase transitions were dependent on the chemical composition of homo- and copolymers, as expected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。     

Electronic structures and reactivities of monometallic and bimetallic clusters of Au and Cu

The variation of the Au 4f binding energy of Au clusters with the cluster size has been established by measuring the binding energies of clusters whose size distributions were independently determined by HREM and STM. The binding energy increases significantly when the cluster size is less than 2 nm. Au-Cu bimetallic clusters of the composition Cu₃Au have been deposited for the first time on carbon substrates. The shifts in the core level binding energies of the bimetallic clusters show the effect of alloying in the case of large clusters, but show effects of both alloying and cluster size in the case of the small clusters. The interaction of CO with Cu₃Au clusters is stronger than with a bulk Cu metal. The interaction of CO with small Cu clusters also seems to be stronger than with bulk Cu or with large Cu clusters.     

钾盐资源及钾肥供需情况分析及预测

阐述了国内外钾盐资源及钾肥生产现状,对国内外钾盐的供需形势进行了分析及预测,从资源、原材料、国际市场三方面提出了解决我国钾盐短缺的措施。     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Mono- and Polyacetals

Abstract

Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of 6 acetals by molecular oxygen and ozone in liquid phase have been studied. Reaction with molecular oxygen (70°C, 15–16 hr) leads to the formation monoethers of the corresponding glycols with 68–90% selectivity. Salts of metals and complexes with crown-ethers have increased the reaction rate significally. Ozone have reacted with acetals with formation similar products. The mechanisms of intermediate stages have been proposed.     

Comparison of the Adhesion and Cohesion of Triblock and Random Copolymers of Styrene and Butadiene

A substantially greater detachment energy is required to strip a polyethylene tereph-thalate (Mylar) film from a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer compared to that for peeling from a random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymer. This is true even though the intrinsic interaction between the Mylar and each elastomer is expected to be similar because of their virtually identical chemical composition. It is proposed that this difference in peel strength (between the SBS and SBR) is a consequence of the much higher dissipative capacity of the former elastomer. Another manifestation of this is the higher cohesive tear strength of the SBS compared to the SBR. Extents of energy dissipation within each elastomer during detachment of the Mylar adherend are consistent with the hypothesis that the average maximum stress experience before detachment is some similar fraction of each elastomer's tensile strength.     

Wetting properties of homopolymers and copolymers of pentafluorostyrene and methylacrylate and homopolymer blends

Polypentafluorostyrene (PPFS), polymethylacrylate (PMA), and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-methylacrylate), poly(PFS-co-MA) were prepared and the wetting characteristics of polymer blends of PPFS and PMA were compared with that of poly(PFS-co-MA) via contact angle measurements. The critical surface tension of polypentafluorostyrene was found to be 22.6 dyne/cm, which is comparable to the value reported for polytrifluoroethylene (22 dyne/cm). The critical surface tension of poly(PFS-co-MA) is not linearly related to its composition. The polymer blends of PPFS and PMA exhibit significant surface enrichment of the fluoropolymer. The harmonic-mean method¹ was employed to determine surface tensions of these polymers and many known polymers. It is found that the method produces useful surface tension data provided the contact angle values are derived from testing liquids of dissimilar polarity.     

责任和责任心的涵义与结构

责任是人应主动承担的角色义务和对其因过失所造成后果应承担的责罚.有两层涵义:一是义务;二是后果.责任心是个体自觉做好分内事务和履行道德义务的心理倾向,是个性心理品质成分中自我特征维度上的重要内容.责任心具有两个方面的涵义:一是角色分内职责;二是角色道德义务.责任心是一种通过责任认知、责任个性和责任适应的动态形式表现出来的静态品质,责任心是责任心过程结构与责任心关系结构相互制约、相互影响的统一体.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

用复合引发体系(过硫酸盐-偶氮类引发剂)和脂肪胺类氧化还原体系引发,在实验室获得了单体转化率≥98%,特性粘数高于13.6 dL/g的阳离子共聚物PDA,探讨了控制聚合物分子量的影响因素.