接触过滤-活性炭吸附-超滤一体化净水装置处理长江原水的研究

试验采用接触过滤-活性炭吸附-超滤工艺处理长江原水.结果表明,接触过滤能有效地去除较大悬浮物,活性炭能吸附水中大量有机物,有效防止膜污染.并且用0.4%的HCl和0.4%的NaOH对膜进行化学清洗,能使膜的过滤性能得到很好的恢复.当原水平均浊度为114.8 NTU、氨氮为0.35 mg/L、TOC为2.47 mg/L、CODMn为2.7 mg/L、细菌数为700 CFU/mL时,工艺出水浊度为0.07 NTU、氨氮为0.09 mg/L、TOC为0.3 mg/L、CODMn为0.88 mg/L、细菌总数为0.     

两级SBR工艺处理顺酐和富马酸废水的研究

采用两级SBR工艺对顺酐和富马酸生产废水进行了处理,考察了污泥浓度、反应时间对处理效果的影响以及反应过程中pH的变化规律.结果表明,MLSS为5.9 g/L比MLSS为11.2 g/L的处理效果好.当进水CODCr为6 300 mg/L,BOD5为4 715 mg/L,NH3-N为369 mg/L,试验在充水1 h、沉淀2 h、闲置3 h、非限量曝气、一级SBR(MLSS为5.9 g/L)反应时间10 h、二级SBR (MLSS为4.1 g/L)反应18 h条件下时,出水中CODCr为648 mg/L、去除率为89.7%,BOD5为85 mg/L、去除率为98.2%,NH3-N为20 mg/L、去除率为94.6%.pH随CODCr的降低而升高,当CODCr的降低幅度趋缓时,pH的升高幅度也随着趋缓.     

关于参窝水库防汛信息化系统改造工程设计的研究

参窝水库防汛信息化系统改造工程经过整合系统资源,改建和增补部分项目,最终能够形成以水情测报为核心、大坝安全监测为基础、信息网络为骨干、闸门监测为保障、防洪调度为灵魂、测控计量为效力、远程监控为证物的并满足现代水利自动化、信息化要求的综合自动化系统。     

土壤底墒与灌水量对玉米苗期生长发育的影响

根据玉米盆栽试验数据,建立了苗期土壤水分与株高和干重等的关系式,分别得出了株高、总干重、根干重、茎干重等最大的适宜底墒和最优灌水量:底墒为15.1%、苗期灌水量为86.7 mm时,株高最大;底墒为15.1%、苗期灌水量为91.7 mm时,总干重最大;底墒为12.6%、苗期灌水量为74 mm时,地下干物质质量最大;底墒为20.1%、苗期灌水量为111.7 mm时,地上干物质质量最大.     

安徽安庆市“十一五”坊汛抗旱工作经验与启示

“十一五”期间,安庆市洪旱灾害呈现出旱涝交替、洪涝旱并存,湖泊圩区洪涝减少、城镇洪涝问题突出等特点,通过分析洪旱灾情的特点和防汛抗旱工作取得的成效,总结了加强汛前检查、落实责任、科学调度、加强工程建设等防汛抗旱工作经验并由此得出民生为本、责任为天、科学为大、预防为先、合作为上、军民为基的工作启示。     

山东省水利厅机关各处室、厅直各单位2008年工作打算（二）

在党的十七大精神指引下,在厅党组的正确领导下,坚持以"三个代表"重要思想为指导,全面落实科学发展观,以水利大局为中心,以积极引进、利用外资,加强和搞好水利对外合作和交流,促进山东水利事业发展为总体目标,以适应我国加入世界贸易组织、全面对外开放的形势为外在动因,以保持共产党员先进性、党风廉政建设和调查研究为手段,以中德合作山东粮援项目、利用世行贷款淮河重点平原洼地治理工程项目、山东省黄河三角洲日元贷款农业综合开发项目、利用世行贷款加强灌溉农业项目和利用亚行贷款山东病险水库除险加固项目为龙头,全面搞好水利利用外资项目工作,积极配合搞好其他项目,努力寻求新的投资及合作渠道,扩大对外合作领域,为推进我省水利发展与改革,为全省经济社会的健康、协调、快速发展做出新的贡献.     

石河子地区地下水优先控制污染物的确定

为确定石河子地区地下水优先控制污染物,采用综合评分法对地下水中检出的12种污染物进行优先排序,选取污染物检出率、生物累积性、生物降解性、潜在危害指数、是否为有毒化学品、是否为环境激素、是否为美国EPA优先控制有机污染物、是否为中国优先控制污染物、是否为持久性有机污染物9类评价指标,并根据指标权重计算各污染物的综合得分,通过聚类分析,筛选出优先控制污染物。研究表明:石河子地区地下水优先控制污染物为汞和砷。     

地下室结构设计要点

一、工程概况本工程由住宅楼、公寓、保障房、办公楼、幼儿园和地下室组成;地下室层数为1～2层,建筑使用功能为设备房和停车库,地下二层为人防区;地基基础设计等级为甲级;地下工程防水等级为二级;地下室范围以下的混凝土结构环境类别为二a类,其他为一类。下面结合该项目对地下室的结构设计要点及技术进行简要分析。二、工程的设计要点     

基于RBF人工神经网络模型预测棉花耗水量

利用MATLAB工具箱,以平均气温、日照时数、平均风速为输入变量,建立了新疆石河子地区棉花耗水量的RBF人工神经网络预测系统,通过2008年实测数据的检验表明,此预测系统网络模型的绝对误差最大为0.096 7 mm/d、最小为0.002 5 mm/d、平均为0.041 9 mm/d,相对误差最大为2.649 1%、最小为0.034 1%、平均为0.878 0%。可见,网络模型预测的准确度较高,较以往的线性模型更合理,并且此网络训练花费的时间仅需0.0780 s,具有一定的实用价值。     

胶南市水资源与水环境问题研究

1　水资源现状1 1　水资源量及质1 1 1　水资源量　根据 1 96 1～ 2 0 0 1年实测降水资料统计分析 ,胶南市多年平均降水量为 70 0mm ,地表水资源量为 4 2 1亿m3 ,地下水资源量为 1 80亿m3 ,扣除互相转化量 ,多年平均水资源总量为 4 87亿m3 ,水资源可利用量为 2 4亿m3 。1 1 2　水质　 1 999～ 2 0 0 2年全市 1 0条主要河道监测结果表明 ,吉利河、白马河、甜水河、胶河、洋河、漕汶河、风河中上游、岛耳河上游、横河中上游水质较好 ,为良好级 ;横河下游为标准级 ;风河下游、岛耳河下游为污染级。影响横河下游水质的主要污染物为BO…     

Treated wastewater use in Saudi Arabia: challenges and initiatives

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia considers treated wastewater a major water source and aims to achieve 100% use of treated wastewater by 2025. This article reviews Saudi Arabia’s treated wastewater utilization status to date. It also highlights the key challenges facing the authorities, such as the substantial growth in demand for wastewater services; low coverage of the existing wastewater collection, treatment, and treated wastewater use systems; and the capital investment needed for infrastructure development. Finally, the article highlights the initiatives taken thus far to tackle these challenges and recommends further initiatives towards successful achievement of Saudi Arabia’s treated wastewater utilization objective.     

Fog Water Collection Evaluation in Asir Region–Saudi Arabia

Based on the fact that water can be collected from fog under favorable topographical and atmospheric conditions. The small water droplets present in the fog precipitate when they come in contact with solid objects. The frequent fogs that occur in the southwestern region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have the potential to provide an alternative source of freshwater in this otherwise dry region if harvested through the use of simple and low-cost collection systems known as fog collectors. A fog collection project has been carried out in Asir region of Saudi Arabia. Three Standard Fog Collectors (SFC) were designed and manufactured with locally available materials and imported mesh. These SFCs were installed in April 2006. Three different sites were chosen based on topography and altitude and data from April 2006 to April 2007 were obtained. Measurements with the SFCs were made for regions with 2,260 to 3,200 m elevation. The results indicate that at highest altitudes (at Alsooda), it is feasible to obtain an average water production of 6.215 L/m² day over the studied period, and in the lower altitudes, which are in Abha city, it is possible to collect more than 3.3 L/m² day. The highest water collection was 24 L/m² day and recorded in Dec. 20, 2006 at Al-Sahab park station, and furthermore for the same site, the best average water production of 11.5 L/m² day was obtained in winter 3 months period namely (December, November and January). Data about the weather conditions has been collected for the studied region. An analysis of fog collection effectiveness was carried out and compared with international standards. The obtained results indicate that fog can be a useful source of water supply in the southwest region of Saudi Arabia.     

Evaluation of dams as a recharge method

Dams are used for recharge purposes in many parts of Saudi Arabia. In spite of the importance of such a method, no detailed study exists on its performance. As a part of a comprehensive research project dealing with all aspects of dams as a recharge tool in the central region of the country, data on reservoirs’ water levels, meteorological parameters and observation wells were collected at two recharge dam sites. These data were used in a water budget approach to estimate efficiency. Contrary to the established belief that this method of recharge is poor, results show that between 82% and 94.5% of water stored in the two reservoirs was taken into the soil.     

Investment Needs and Privatization of Water Services in Saudi Arabia

The article outlines the dynamics of the privatization of water supply and sanitation services in Saudi Arabia. It also gives a summary of the projected requirements of desalination plants' capacity and the estimated capital investment needed for water supply and sanitation services. It gives a summary of public and private initiatives to privatize water services in Saudi Arabia.     

Moving Water to Move People The Toshka Project in Egypt A Water Forum Contribution

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to provide an initial assessment of Egypt's plan to resettle population from the Nile Valley to the Western Desert. Known popularly as the Toshka Project, it is formally titled the National Project for the Development of Upper Egypt (NPDUE). The resettlement scheme is entirely dependent on the provision of a reliable source of freshwater. This water will be taken from Lake Nassar, behind the Aswan High Dam, and pumped through a series of canals into the desert, thereby allowing for irrigated agriculture. Through an extensive review of government documents and interviews with both government officials and Egyptian residents (who might be asked to move to the desert), we were able to develop a basic understanding of the project and a preliminary assessment of its potential for success. This was accomplished despite the paucity of published information about the project. To assess the possible success of the project, we looked at six key factors: economic, donor investment, demographics, water availability, technical, and environmental. In the end, it appears that the success of the Toshka project is highly dependent on a continued source of private capital. This capital is expected to come from other Arab countries, and, to date, the major investor in Toshka is Saudi Prince Al Walid. The Egyptian government claims that public investment in the project will be no more than 20 to 25 percent of the total, and adhering to this claim will be important; higher levels of public investment are likely to increase inflationary pressures in the country. The paper concludes with an assessment of whether the potential impacts of the project—whether economic, demographic, or environmental—are likely to offset the projected benefits of resettling seven million people out of the densely populated Nile Valley.     

Environmental and Economic Aspects of Wastewater Reuse in Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT

The annual rainfall in Saudi Arabia is less than 100 mm/year and there are no rivers or lakes. Therefore, the renewable surface and groundwater resources are not sufficient to meet increasing demand in the domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural sectors. To supplement the deficit in water balance there is a growing interest in reuse of reclaimed wastewater. This article discusses wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia, considering its environmental, economic, and social implications. Potential uses of reclaimed wastewater include irrigation, industrial processes, and groundwater recharge. Highly purified wastewater can also be used for domestic purposes including religious rituals according to the Islamic Sharia Law, provided that it has no adverse health effects. The unit cost of a tertiary treated effluent from a treatment plant in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia was estimated to be 1.1 SR (Saudi Riyals)/m^3.      

Storm Water Harvesting in Saudi Arabia: a Multipurpose Water Management Alternative

This work evaluates the potential for rainwater harvesting at the household level in the dry climate of Saudi Arabia. The amounts of rainwater that can be harvested in several cities in Saudi Arabia were estimated and it was found that a significant volume, exceeding 7.5 m³/100 m² per year, can be harvested. The per cubic meter cost of harvesting rainwater was compared to that of producing desalinated water. It was found that harvested rainwater is cheaper to capture than desalinated water produced from renewable energy-driven desalination plants, but that is not the case for fossil fuel-powered desalination. The study also considered the effects of rainwater harvesting on mitigating floods and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A cost-benefit analysis of installing rooftop rainwater harvesting systems in Saudi Arabia was performed. It revealed that it is economically feasible to harvest rain in cities including Hail, Jeddah, Taif, and Riyadh, while it is not recommended in the holy cities of Makkah, Medina, and Buraidah.     

Water demand versus supply in Saudi Arabia: current and future challenges

Saudi Arabia is facing a chronic water-shortage problem. Demand far exceeds the sustainable yield of both conventional and non-conventional water resources. The resulting demand–supply gap is being bridged through groundwater depletion. In this paper, demand–supply gaps for the coming 20 years are projected under three scenarios: optimistic, moderate and pessimistic. Future sustainable water yields are calculated and allocated to projected water demand in the domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. The study shows that Saudi Arabia will not be able to bridge the demand–supply gap in the near future. Intensive water demand management measures are needed in all sectors to minimize future demand–supply gaps, especially focused on the largest water consumer: the agricultural sector.     

Desalination of Seawater using Geothermal Energy to Meet Future Fresh Water Demand of Saudi Arabia

The future economy of the Middle East countries (GDP growth) depends on the availability of fresh water for domestic and agricultural sectors. Saudi Arabia, for example, consumes 275 L/day per capita of water that is generated from desalination process using 134 x 10⁶ kWh of electricity. With 6 % population growth rate, demand for fresh water from fossil fuel based desalination plants will grow at an alarming rate. It has been reported that Saudi Arabia’s reliance on fossil fuels to generate electricity and generate fresh water through desalination using the same energy source is economically and politically unsustainable. This may lead to destabilisation of the global economy. However, Saudi Arabia has large geothermal resources along the Red Sea coast that can be developed to generate power and support the generation of fresh water through desalination. The cost of fresh water can be further lowered from the current US$ 0.03/m³. Among the gulf countries, Saudi Arabia can become the leader in controlling CO₂ emissions and mitigating the impact on climate change and agricultural production. This will enable the country to meet the growing demand of food and energy for the future population for several decades and to reduce food imports.     

Water Resources Management in Saudi Arabia and Water Reuse

ABSRTACT

The potential for water reclamation and reuse in Saudi Arabia are assessed by considering relationships among the technical, social, economic, and environmental parameters. Generally, the planning process for water reuse has focused on specific technological processes, however water reuse should be analyzed as part of a total hydrologic system to ensure the efficient transfer of wastewater reuse technology

To bring relationships into better focus, the application is developed with reference to Saudi Arabia, which provides an excellent opportunity for practicing water reuse. In this region, a limited water supply is used to satisfy municipal, industrial, agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses. The economic and social trends are toward continued industrial development and urbanization. In this setting, water recycling through reuse is becoming a more and more important means of expanding water supplies to meet the growing demands for water for virtually all social, economic and environmental uses

Saudi Arabia is an arid country with very limited water resources and about 10 million people. The country covers some 2.2 million km², four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. It is the largest country in the world without a river or a lake, and thus it represents the ultimate in its need to use the limited water supplies wisely.