VDT作业职业卫生与工效学的研究

以461名VDT作业者和226名不接触VDT的办公室人员(对照组)为对象．进行了健康检查及VDT作业环境的卫生和工教学调查．结果表明：VDT组眼睛、中枢神经和肌肉骨骼系统症状的发生率明显高于对照组；角膜莹光素染色阳性率明显高于对照组．且作业前后有显著差别：晶状体混浊率显著高于对照组：作业1年后视力下降人数较就业前明显增多；眼睛调节近点、闪烁融合频率和明视持久度视觉疲劳指标作业后明显变化．IgA水平明显低于对照组；神经行为功能也受到一定影啊；立体视觉、视野、色觉及自细胞总数和分类在两组人员无显著差别；作业环境噪声、照度和空气离子敦不符合标准或建议值。桌椅设备和人体测量结果比较，说明有待工教学设计上的改善。     

目标位置和目标类型对VDT持续搜索作业绩效的影响研究

目的考察视觉显示终端(Visual Display Terminal,VDT)持续搜索作业影响因素中目标位置与目标类型(图片与文字)对作业绩效的影响方式。方法利用E-prime2.0设计实验模拟VDT持续搜索作业,甄选80名被试者在3×3均分的屏幕上随机进行3阶段×80个目标种类内容不同搜索作业,采集实验数据进行方差分析。结果 (1)对于反应时而言,①将信息置于左上角时反应时最短,右下角则最长;②刺激类型对反应时的影响不显著;③随着作业时长的增加,反应时会逐步降低,且不同刺激类型趋势相同,但以图片为目标变化较小;④不同刺激类型在不同位置的反应时表现趋势相同,但以文字为刺激类型反应时在不同位置变化幅度更大,图片相反。(2)对于正确率而言,①将信息置于左下角和左上角正确率高,正中和右上角则低;②不同刺激类型对正确率的影响显著,以文字为搜索目标进行作业正确率更高,而作业时长对正确率影响不显著。结论研究成果可为搜索作业界面及任务设计设计提供参考,以提高搜索业绩效。     

大型门座式起重机驾驶室舒适度分析

本文通过对转柱门座式起重机驾驶室及座椅在典型工作状态下的振动数据的测试,来研究转柱门座式起重机的振动冲击频率对操作人员身体健康状况的影响,并且通过对其驾驶舒适度评价结果的分析来指导起重机使用单位制定作业时段避免疲劳作业,同时也为制造企业优化座椅提升操作者的舒适度提供参考.     

VDT作业中光照强度与背景颜色对人因可靠性的综合影响

目的在考虑任务熟悉性的前提下,研究光照强度和背景颜色对VDT作业中人因可靠性的综合影响。方法设计VDT作业模拟实验,选取180名健康大学生分别在不同变量水平下进行测量,对人因可靠性中的反应时和正确率指标展开方差分析。结果反应时对照度和颜色的变化不敏感,但正确率指标下照度和颜色的主效应和交互效应均显著,且任务熟悉性可削弱其影响。结论 VDT背景呈绿色时,建议双眼周围的水平照度不超过200lx。而在红色背景中,照度不宜低于300lx,且此时忌用绿色和灰色。     

VDT作业管理研究

首先分析了VDT作业的特征及其对作业者生理和心理的影响，在此基础上从作业组织，作业环境，作业空间布置，健康管理及技能管理等方面对VDT作业管理问题进行了全面深入的研究。     

新型多功能座椅

本文介绍了一种多功能座椅。包括支撑腿、设置在支撑腿顶端的坐板、设置在坐板边缘的扶手和靠背。本实用新型功能全面，能为人们提供多种行坐方便，提高生活质量，其主要功能有：1．能够依据使用者需求变换不同形状，2．扶手和靠背可以翻转，实现在椅子和凳子之间进行变形的目的。3．可以在轮椅和非轮椅之间进行变换，便于移动和固定。     

认知性VDT持续监控作业绩效与脑力负荷的关系研究

目的认知性VDT持续监控作业已成为当今社会的主要劳动模式,研究作业过程中人的绩效与脑力负荷之间的关系,提高作业系统绩效。方法结合N-back任务范式和CPT任务范式,设计两因素控制模式,模拟认知性VDT持续监控作业,30名被试接受模拟作业。结果基于时间持续的"累积性脑力负荷"对作业绩效的影响大于基于信息处理量的"绝对脑力负荷"对作业绩效的影响。结论相对于作业任务的优化设计,作业制度的合理安排对认知性VDT持续监控作业绩效的提高更加有效。     

点击增强技术研究综述

由于图形用户界面日益流行,采用鼠标等指点设备的点击操作已经成为用户界面操作的主要形式之一,提高点击操作绩效成为人机界面研究的主要课题。本文介绍的点击增强技术是以提高人机界面指点设备点击操作绩效为目的的界面技术,按照其实现途径,点击增强技术主要包括静态点击增强技术和动态点击增强技术两大类。首先本文对各类典型的点击增强技术进行了介绍,并对其特点、内在实现原理、适用环境及技术的应用现状等方面进行了述评,最后对点击增强技术的总体现状和未来可能的研究方向进行了总结和展望。     

“工匠意”下的座椅舒适度评估研究——以山姆·马洛夫椅为例

座椅作为人类日常生活中使用最广泛的支撑类家具产品,其体验舒适度直接关联着人们日常生活的质量。因此,座椅舒适度的评估是合理设计以及改良座椅设计的基础。本文首先对山姆·马洛夫椅的舒适性进行了概括性介绍,继而在“工匠意”的设计理念下,以人因工程学角度与实际体验感评估相结合的方法,从用户体验感的角度对山姆·马洛夫椅的座椅高度、座椅深度、扶手高度、靠背和座椅倾斜度进行了辅助评估,从而提出了关于舒适坐姿动态系统的几点建议,旨在为基于用户舒适性的座椅日常改良与创新设计提供参考。     

部分行业工作座椅调查研究

通过对电子、机械等不同行业8个工厂工作座椅使用情况及其在实验室内的实验观察,了解我国坐位作业工作座椅使用情况及存在的问题.结果表明目前坐位人员生产中使用的座椅种类较多,在选择时具有随意性.所使用的座椅一般质地较硬,无背靠或腰靠,不能进行高度和旋转的调节,稳定性差,工人使用后易出现腰痛等症状.良好的座椅设计应该符合人体工效学要求,具有稳定性好、质地软硬适度,具有高低可调和旋转方向自由调节等特点.     

公交爱心座椅结构设计

目的针对公交爱心座椅存在的问题,结合现有技术,提升公交座椅的灵活性和舒适性,提出老人、孕妇等特殊群体免伤害设计方案,并提出具体功能与结构设计的方法。方法针对舒适性和灵活性进行优化,运用数学方法对公交爱心座椅液压系统进行拟定和分析,对方案的升降机构和扶手进行相关分析,确定公交爱心座椅动力源的具体设计。结论给出了一个切实可行的方案,论述了灵活性和舒适性在公交爱心座椅设计的重要性,从助立、舒适和安全的角度为公交爱心座椅提供了一种设计思路。     

Identification of vehicle components associated with severe thoracic injury in motor vehicle crashes: a CIREN and NASS analysis

INTRODUCTION: Thoracic trauma secondary to motor vehicle crashes (MVC) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Specific vehicle features may increase the risk of severe thoracic injury when striking the occupant. We sought to determine which vehicle contact points were associated with an increased risk of severe thoracic injury in MVC to focus subsequent design modifications necessary to reduce thoracic injury. METHODS: The National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) databases from 1993 to 2001 and the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) databases from 1996 to 2004 were analyzed separately using univariate and multivariate logistic regression stratified by restraint use and crash direction. The risk of driver thoracic injury, defined as an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) of score > or =3, was determined as it related to specific points of contact between the vehicle and the driver. RESULTS: The incidence of severe chest injury in NASS and CIREN were 5.5% and 33%, respectively. The steering wheel, door panel, armrest, and seat were identified as contact points associated with an increased risk of severe chest injury. The door panel and arm rest were consistently a frequent cause of severe injury in both the NASS and CIREN data. CONCLUSIONS: Several vehicle contact points, including the steering wheel, door panel, armrest and seat are associated with an increased risk of severe thoracic injury when striking the occupant. These elements need to be further investigated to determine which characteristics need to be manipulated in order to reduce thoracic trauma during a crash.     

VDT作业者视觉疲劳的管理对策

分析了ＶＤＴ劳动对作业者视觉生理系统机能的影响和引起视觉疲劳的主要因子，提出了管理对策。     

An investigation of factors reducing seat belt use amongst Spanish drivers and passengers on urban roads

Seat belt use on Spain's highways is more than 80%, while on the urban roads this figure is around 50%. As there was little information available to explain the difference in seat belt use rates, the main aim of this study was to investigate why there is a lower rate of seat belt use on urban roads. A number of perceptions, beliefs and expectancies about seat belt use were examined to identify variables that discriminated between seat belt users and non-users on urban roads. The subjects were 398 undergraduate students (aged 17-47) studying at the University of Girona, Spain. On the urban roads reported discomfort from using the seat belt was higher, while perceptions of risk (for non-users), safety perceptions (for those using a seat belt), beliefs about the seriousness of a crash or the effectiveness of the seat belt were all lower than on the highway. Perceptions of safety, discomfort, and social influence predicted seat belt use on urban roads. Concern about being fined for not using a seat belt did not predict seat belt use. The results of this research suggest that in order to increase seat belt use on urban roads, the issue of discomfort must be addressed. In addition, prevention campaigns should include information about the effectiveness of the seat belt in preventing/reducing injuries or deaths on urban roads. The results also highlight the importance of social influence for determining seat belt use/non-use and the potential role social influence could play in increasing seat belt usage.     

基于方差分析法的飞机乘客座椅IFE舒适性设计研究

目的提出一种基于方差分析预测经济舱乘客所倾向座椅间距与IFE显示器高度的方法。方法通过辨识影响乘客座椅IFE舒适性体验的因素,对十六名对象进行测试,采用双因素重复实验方差法分析两个因素在三个不同条件下的变化,列出九种情况下乘客使用IFE显示屏舒适性评估的均值和标准差,得出自变量与因变量关系,从而得出经济舱乘客座椅间距与IFE显示器高度最佳值、适合值与经济值。结果舒适的座椅间距与理想的显示屏高度对舒适性有着显著影响,并且存在交互作用。经济舱乘客座椅间距为91 cm,显示屏上端距地面高为126 cm,乘客对IFE舒适性体验最佳;其次是座椅间距为86 cm,IFE高度为126 cm;最不舒适的是座椅间距81 cm,显示屏高度138 cm。结论研究结果对座椅间距与IFE显示屏高度进行了优化,为乘客座椅舒适性设计提供了参考。     

复杂系统操纵员心智模型相似性的影响因素

目的已有研究表明心智模型相似性有助于提高工作效率和安全绩效,本研究则探讨复杂系统操纵员心智模型相似性的影响因素。方法参加本研究的54名复杂系统操纵员在长期互动中构成的一个社会网络,构建操纵员两两间专业相似性、工龄差异、共同值班次数以及心智模型相似性四个矩阵,并用社会网络分析程序UCINET分析前三者对后者的影响。结果专业相似性、工龄差异、共同值班次数能够显著预测操纵员心智模型相似性。结论操纵员彼此间的工作经验越接近、专业背景越相似,其心智模型相似性越高;而与假设相反,共同值班次数越多,其心智模型相似性反而越低。本研究可为通过促进成员心智模型相似性来提高系统操作效率和安全绩效的实践提供理论支持。     

Seat belt utilization in Saudi Arabia and its impact on road accident injuries

Most industrialized countries and many developing countries have passed laws that require the use of seat belts in motor vehicles. It is widely believed that seat belt use is an effective way to reduce road accident fatalities and injuries. Saudi Arabia joined these countries when it enacted a similar law on 5 December 2000 making seat belt use compulsory for all drivers and front-seat passengers. This study measures seat belt use rate and its impact on the number of road accident injuries during the first few months that followed the enactment of the law. It also investigates drivers' behaviour and personal characteristics and their relationship with using seat belts by using a questionnaire specially prepared for this purpose. Results show that seat belt use rate in two Riyadh suburbs were 33% and 87%, respectively, for drivers and 4% and 41%, respectively, for front-seat passengers (FSP's). Such belt use rates are considered low yet encouraging when compared with use rates before enacting the law. Results also show that there was a significant drop in certain types of injuries due to traffic accidents after the enactment of the seat belt law. Questionnaire results show that certain personal characteristics were correlated with seat belt use rate. Finally, implications of these findings in terms of future plans for improving traffic safety are discussed.     

A matched-cohort analysis of belted front and rear seat occupants in newer and older model vehicles shows that gains in front occupant safety have outpaced gains for rear seat occupants

Previous studies have suggested that rear seat occupants are at lower risk of serious injury and death in crashes. However, over the last 10–15 years there have been significant changes in front seat safety systems. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is still a benefit for rear seated occupants compared to front seat occupants. A matched-cohort approach, using data on restrained occupants from the US National Automotive Sampling System (data years 1993–2007), was adopted. Conditional poisson regression modeling was used to evaluate the relative risk of AIS3+ injury in front (passenger and driver) and rear seat occupants, in vehicles of model year 1990–1996 compared to newer vehicles. Occupant age, belt type, and intrusion were additional variables in the model. The relative risk of AIS3+ injury for front and rear occupants was influenced by age and model year. For those aged 16–50 years in older vehicles, the front and rear seat offered similar levels of protection (RR = 1.14, CI = 1.09–1.19), however in newer model vehicles (1997–2007), the rear seat carried a higher risk of injury (RR = 1.98, CI = 1.90–2.06). For adults over 50 years, the rear seat carried a higher risk in both older and newer vehicles, and for 9–15 year olds, the rear seat carried a lower risk. These findings suggest that safety for front seat occupants has improved over the last decade, to the point where, for occupants over 15 years of age, the front seat is safer than the rear seat. While the benefit of rear seating for children aged 9–15 years has decreased over time, they are still at lower risk in the rear seat.     

Attitudes of commercial motor vehicle drivers towards safety belts

Despite the fact that Hawaii has one of the highest seat belt use rates for passenger vehicles in the United States, and has had a mandatory seat belt use law since the 1980s, studies have shown that commercial motor vehicles (CMV) seat belt use rates are low. To better understand this phenomenon, a comprehensive survey of commercial vehicle drivers was conducted in Hawaii to ascertain attitudes and self-reported behaviors regarding seat belt use. A total of 791 drivers responded to a written questionnaire implemented at weigh stations and distributed to various trucking firms and transport centers. Approximately 67% reported that they use seat belts “always” when driving a CMV (commercial motor vehicle), yet when asked how often do other CMV drivers use seat belts, only 31% responded “always.” Interestingly, 86% of these same drivers reported that they use seat belts “always” when driving a personal vehicle. The major reason cited for non-use of belts was “frequent stops/inconvenience” (29%), and “not safety conscious” (23%). Notably, the self-reported use of safety belts is highest among operators of vans (88% said “always”), followed by buses (87% said “always”) and lowest among truck drivers (only 60% said “always”). In this paper, some of the differences between self-reported users and non-users are explored and a multivariate logit model was developed to predict the odds of belt use as a function of various factors.