高速切削Ti6Al4V锯齿形切屑形成的表征

深入研究锯齿形切屑的形成过程及表征有利于工业生产中的切屑控制。用锯齿频率、锯齿化程度及绝热剪切带间距来对锯齿形切屑进行表征。鉴于Ti6Al4V在加工过程中易于形成锯齿形切屑,因此选择Ti6Al4V作为工件材料,通过高速切削Ti6Al4V实验,收集不同切削速度和每齿进给量下的锯齿形切屑;将获得的锯齿形切屑进行抛磨及腐蚀后,在VHX-600 ESO数码显微镜下观察切屑形貌,计算不同切削条件下锯齿频率、锯齿化程度及绝热剪切带间距。结果表明:随着切削速度的提高,锯齿频率及锯齿化程度增大,绝热剪切带间距减小;随着每齿进给量的增大,锯齿频率减小,锯齿化程度及绝热剪切带间距增大。锯齿化程度可以作为普通切削、高速切削及超高速切削的判据。     

锯齿形切屑绝热剪切塑性变形

通过正交切削实验获得不同切削速度下的切屑,在扫描电镜下测量不同切削速度下切屑的微观几何形态与仿真结果进行比较。结果表明,仿真模型较好模拟了切屑的微观几何形态。对钛合金切削加工过程中的锯齿形切屑形成过程进行了仿真,分析了锯齿形切屑形成过程中等效应力、等效应变、等效应变率的分布变化规律。     

高速切削淬硬AISIH13锯齿形切屑形成机理研究

以高速切削淬硬AISIH13锯齿形切屑形成机理为研究目标,应用Deform 2D软件模拟分析切屑形成过程,并以试验验证仿真分析的可靠性,然后分析淬硬AISIH13锯齿形切屑形成过程中的应力、应变、温度及损伤变化规律,并从切屑微观结构和EDS图分析切屑形成特征。结果表明,受刀具推挤作用,在第一变形区中部萌生材料损伤,继续切削,损伤逐渐增大,最终压扁成狭长带,切屑节沿此弱化带剪切滑移而形成锯齿。     

切削速度对锯齿形切屑形成的影响规律

为研究TC4切削加工过程中切削速度对锯齿形切屑破坏程度的影响,对TC4进行单因素切削试验，分析TC4的动态行为，并进行有限元仿真，进一步探究锯齿形切屑影响因素以及切屑与切削速度之间的联系。结果表明：在TC4切削过程中，随着切削速度的提高，切屑的锯齿状越来越明显；通过数值计算得出，TC4的能量势垒随着切削速度增大而降低，而绝热剪切带内部应力、应变随着切削速度提高而增大，切削速度越高越容易形成锯齿形切屑。     

不同磨损量PCBN刀具椭圆振动车削仿真研究

通过改变刀具磨损量建立具有不同磨损状态的PCBN刀具切削镍基高温合金Inconel 718的仿真模型,设置边界散热条件模拟浇注式切削液冷却环境,分别进行椭圆振动切削仿真和普通切削仿真。研究了具有不同磨损量的PCBN刀具对椭圆振动切削过程中切削力、切削温度、切屑形态的影响规律,并与普通切削进行对比。结果表明:在刀具磨损量相同的情况下,椭圆振动切削的切削力、切削温度的曲线斜率是大于0并且小于普通切削的,而切削力、切削温度是影响刀具使用寿命的重要因素,因此相比于普通切削,椭圆振动切削的刀具寿命更长;椭圆振动切削所形成的切屑弯曲半径比普通切削小,有利于断屑。此外该研究结果数据也可以为椭圆振动切削加工Inconel 718过程中PCBN刀具磨损的实时监测提供依据。     

基于独立分量分析理论的大块非晶合金切削信号检测

研究了在大块非晶合金切削力信号检测时利用独立分量分析法对检测信号进行去噪处理技术。在试验中，采用独立分量分析法对切削测量系统测量的大块非晶合金切削力信号进行迭代分离，从而提取出主切削力信号。并针对大块非晶合金在不同切削深度下的变形特征，运用扫瞄式电子显微镜观察了大块非晶合金的切削带特征。主切削力信号频谱的快速傅里叶变换分析表明，随着切削深度的增加，切削力信号高频部分的振幅越来越大，而大块非晶合金切削力信号高频部分是由切削带形成过程的特征引起的，并随着切削深度的增加而增加，且主切削力Fz 的频率为115 Hz。研究结果表明：采用独立分量分析法进行噪声分离后更能精确识别切削力信号中的主要信息，减少噪声造成的误判。     

高速铣削系统动态分析及切削力测定

工件的切削加工与过程动态力学之间存在着必然的内在联系.由于铣削系统中的振动,特别高速铣削加工过程中的振动,在运用KISTLER测力计系统测量切削力时,通常会出现信号失真现象.为此,对铣削系统进行了动力学分析,测量了切削过程中工件的振动,估算了工件的惯性力、测力计等效质量和测定的力学数据增量.试验结果表明,高速铣削硬钢构件时的振动,是由较强的冲击、切屑以及共振所产生,这些因素在分析切削力和切削过程时不容忽视.     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金高速切削锯齿化灵敏度仿真分析

为了研究高速切削Ti-6Al-4V钛合金时锯齿形切屑的形成过程,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了Ti-6Al-4V钛合金高速正交切削过程的有限元模型,应用Johnson-Cook材料本构模型和剪切损伤准则,对高速切削钛合金过程中锯齿形切屑的形态进行了模拟,并通过对比实验结果验证了模型的有效性。提出了锯齿化灵敏度分析方法,分析了切削工艺参数对切屑锯齿化程度的影响大小。研究结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V钛合金高速切削过程中切削速度对切屑锯齿化程度影响最大,刀具前角的影响次之,切削深度的影响最小,该研究有助于深入理解钛合金高速切削切屑形成机理。     

基于独立分量分析理论的大块非晶合金切削信号检测（英文）

研究了在大块非晶合金切削力信号检测时利用独立分量分析法对检测信号进行去噪处理技术。在试验中,采用独立分量分析法对切削测量系统测量的大块非晶合金切削力信号进行迭代分离,从而提取出主切削力信号。并针对大块非晶合金在不同切削深度下的变形特征,运用扫瞄式电子显微镜观察了大块非晶合金的切削带特征。主切削力信号频谱的快速傅里叶变换分析表明,随着切削深度的增加,切削力信号高频部分的振幅越来越大,而大块非晶合金切削力信号高频部分是由切削带形成过程的特征引起的,并随着切削深度的增加而增加,且主切削力Fz的频率为115 Hz。研究结果表明:采用独立分量分析法进行噪声分离后更能精确识别切削力信号中的主要信息,减少噪声造成的误判。     

基于ABAQUS的锯齿形切屑形成机理分析与实验研究

锯齿形切屑的形成会导致机床振动,使刀具的切削性能下降,降低工件的加工质量,因此需要对其形成机理进行分析,合理优化切削参数,减少锯齿形切屑的形成机率。本文利用ABAQUS软件对钛合金的加工过程进行仿真分析,模拟锯齿形切屑的形成机理,并在不同切削条件下进行仿真和实验研究,讨论切削参数对切屑锯齿化程度的影响。结果表明,随着切削速度和进给量的增加,切屑的锯齿化程度逐渐增大,随着刀具前角的增大,切屑的锯齿化程度逐渐减小。研究结果对提高工件加工质量以及设计工艺参数有一定指导作用。     

Effect of tool edge geometry and cutting conditions on experimental and simulated chip morphology in orthogonal hard turning of 100Cr6 steel

Understanding chip formation mechanisms in hard turning is an important area of research. In this study, experiments with varying cutting conditions and tool edge geometry were performed concurrently with finite element simulations. The aim was to investigate how the two mechanisms reported in literature namely—surface shear-cracking (SCH) and catastrophic thermoplastic instability (CTI) contribute to overall chip geometry and machining forces. By varying tool edge geometry and cutting conditions predominance of one over another is discussed. The calculation prescribed by Recht [Recht, R., 1964. Catastrophic thermoplastic shear. J. Appl. Mech. 31, 189–193] for representative cutting conditions resulted in a small critical cutting speed of 0.034 m/min indicating CTI was operative in the range of cutting conditions tested. FEM simulations were conducted on a subset of experimental conditions. Chip geometry and forces were compared between experiments and simulations. The experimental results indicated that SCH predominated in a majority of conditions. However, formation of saw-tooth chips in the FEM simulations established the occurrence of CTI also. Specifically, the edge radius did not alter chip geometry parameters. However, machining forces decreased with cutting speed and chip formation frequency increased linearly with cutting speed. A more negative rake angle also increased the chip pitch. The findings also indicate that only an intrinsic length scale governs saw-tooth chip formation in hard turning.     

Observations on chip formation and acoustic emission in machining Ti–6Al–4V alloy

Orthogonal cutting tests were undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of chip formation for a Ti–6Al–4V alloy and to assess the influences of such on acoustic emission (AE). Within the range of conditions employed (cutting speed, v_c=0.25–3.0 m/s, feed, f=20–100 μm), saw-tooth chips were produced. A transition from aperiodic to periodic saw-tooth chip formation occurring with increases in cutting speed and/or feed. Examination of chips formed shortly after the instant of tool engagement, where the undeformed chip thickness is slightly greater than the minimum undeformed chip thickness, revealed a continuous chip characterised by the presence of fine lamellae on its free surface. In agreement with the consensus that shear localisation in machining Ti and its alloys is due to the occurrence of a thermo-plastic instability, the underside of saw-tooth segments formed at relatively high cutting speeds, exhibiting evidence of ductile fracture. Chips formed at lower cutting speeds suggest that cleavage is the mechanism of catastrophic failure, at least within the upper region of the primary shear zone. An additional characteristic of machining Ti–6Al–4V alloy at high cutting speeds is the occurrence of welding between the chip and the tool. Fracture of such welds appears to be the dominant source of AE. The results are discussed with reference to the machining of hardened steels, another class of materials from which saw-tooth chips are produced.     

Statistical analysis of surface roughness and cutting forces using response surface methodology in hard turning of AISI 52100 bearing steel with CBN tool

The present work concerns an experimental study of hard turning with CBN tool of AISI 52100 bearing steel, hardened at 64 HRC. The main objectives are firstly focused on delimiting the hard turning domain and investigating tool wear and forces behaviour evolution versus variations of workpiece hardness and cutting speed. Secondly, the relationship between cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) and machining output variables (surface roughness, cutting forces) through the response surface methodology (RSM) are analysed and modeled. The combined effects of the cutting parameters on machining output variables are investigated while employing the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The quadratic model of RSM associated with response optimization technique and composite desirability was used to find optimum values of machining parameters with respect to objectives (surface roughness and cutting force values). Results show how much surface roughness is mainly influenced by feed rate and cutting speed. Also, it is underlined that the thrust force is the highest of cutting force components, and it is highly sensitive to workpiece hardness, negative rake angle and tool wear evolution. Finally, the depth of cut exhibits maximum influence on cutting forces as compared to the feed rate and cutting speed.     

PCBN刀具高速切削钛合金TC4切屑形态研究

试验设计多组切削用量,采用正交试验方法,对不同切削用量参数下,PCBN刀具切削钛合金TC4的切屑形态进行研究,同时对PCBN刀具车削钛合金TC4进行二维有限元仿真,从理论上对锯齿化切屑形成原因进行分析。试验结果表明,PCBN刀具切削钛合金TC4产生的切屑存在锯齿状切屑、长条形带状切屑和弯曲旋状切屑;切削用量对切屑锯齿化存在较大的影响,表现为较小的切削用量条件下形成锯齿状切屑,随着切削用量参数变大,切屑呈现长条带状和弯曲旋状切屑;试验从周期性断裂理论和切削温度角度对切屑形态进行了分析讨论,并得到当PCBN刀具在高速下切削钛合金TC4材料时,形成的切屑并不均是锯齿状的结论。     

镍基高温合金高速超高速磨削成屑过程的三维仿真研究

建立单颗磨粒磨削GH4169镍基高温合金的三维有限元仿真模型,研究高速、超高速磨削条件下的磨屑形貌演化过程及磨削力变化规律,观察磨削区域内的应力应变、温度等物理参量的分布和变化,分析磨削速度和单颗磨粒切厚对磨屑形貌、成屑频率及沟槽隆起特征的影响。结果表明:高速、超高速磨削镍基高温合金时,易出现锯齿形磨屑;磨削力呈周期性变化,其周期与磨屑形成过程对应;磨削过程中的温度、应变以及应变率主要集中在剪切带区域,而应力则集中在剪切带的两侧。随磨削速度增大,磨屑锯齿间间距变小,锯齿化程度增强,成屑频率呈线性增大趋势,沟痕隆起比升高。此外,单颗磨粒磨削GH4169的临界成屑切厚约为0.3 μm,当切厚为0.8 μm时有锯齿形磨屑出现,且随单颗磨粒切厚增大,锯齿化程度增强,但成屑频率降低。      

Hard machining of hardened bearing steel using cubic boron nitride tool

In many cases, hard machining remains an economic alternative for bearing parts fabrication using hardened steels. The aim of this experimental investigation is to establish the behaviour of a CBN tool during hard turning of 100Cr6-tempered steel. Initially, a series of long-duration wear tests is planned to elucidate the cutting speed effects on the various tool wear forms. Then, a second set of experiments is devoted to the study of surface roughness, cutting forces and temperature changes in both the chip and the workpiece. The results show that CBN tool offers a good wear resistance despite the aggressiveness of the 100Cr6 at 60HRC. The major part of the heat generated during machining is mainly dissipated through the chip. Beyond 280 m/min, the machining system becomes unstable and produces significant sparks and vibrations after only a few minutes of work. The optimal productivity of machined chip was recorded at a speed of 120 m/min for an acceptable tool flank wear below 0.4 mm. Beyond this limiting speed, roughness (R_a) is stabilized because of a reduction in the cutting forces at high speeds leading to a stability of the machining system. The controlling parameter over roughness, in such hard turning cases, remains tool advance although ideal models do not describe this effect rationally. Surface quality obtained with CBN tool significantly compared with that of grinding despite an increase in the advance by a factor of 2.5. A relationship between flank wear (VB) and roughness (R_a) is deduced from parametric analysis based on extensive experimental data.     

超声振动辅助铣削加工实验研究

通过实验研究了超声振动辅助铣削加工参数和振动参数对切削力与表面粗糙度的影响。在工件上施加沿进给方向的高频率、小振幅的超声振动。通过切削轨迹研究了超声振动切削的瞬时切削厚度,进而分析了切削力。以主轴转速、每齿进给量和振幅为参数,设计了一系列超声振动辅助铣削加工实验,并利用方差分析方法研究了各参数对切削力影响的显著性。研究结果表明:与未施加超声振动相比,施加超声振动后的切削力明显降低;超声振动铣削加工时对切削力的影响程度由大到小依次为振幅、主轴转速、每齿进给量;在特定的参数下,表面粗糙度也有所改善;表面形貌在同一振幅、不同进给量下存在明显差异。     

Experimental investigation on hard milling of high strength steel using PVD-AlTiN coated cemented carbide tool

High strength steel 30Cr3SiNiMoVA (30Cr3) is usually used to manufacture the key parts in aviation industry owing to its outstanding mechanical properties. However, 30Cr3 has poor machinability due to its high strength and high hardness. Hard milling is an efficient way in machining high strength steels. This paper investigated hard milling of 30Cr3 using a PVD-AlTiN coated cemented carbide tool with regard to cutting forces, surface roughness, chip formation and tool wear, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the increase of cutting speed from 70 to 110 m/min leads to direct reduction of cutting forces and improvement of surface finish, while both feed rate and depth of cut have negative effect on surface finish. The occurrence of oxidation on chip surfaces under high cutting temperature makes the chips show different colors which are strongly influenced by cutting speed. Saw-toothed chips were observed with the occurrence of the thermo-plastic instability within the primary shear zone. Micro-chipping and coating peeling were confirmed to be the primary tool failure modes. Serious abrasion wear and adhesive wear with some oxidative wear were confimed to be the main wear mode in hard milling of 30Cr3.     

Analysis on high-speed face-milling of 7075-T6 aluminum using carbide and diamond cutters

This research is concerned with the analytical and experimental study on the high-speed face milling of 7075-T6 aluminum alloys with a single insert fly-cutter. The results are analyzed in terms of cutting forces, chip morphology, and surface integrity of the workpiece machined with carbide and diamond inserts. It is shown that a high cutting speed leads to a high chip flow angle, very low thrust forces and a high shear angle, while producing a thinner chip. Chip morphology studies indicate that shear localization can occur at higher feeds even for 7075-T6, which is known to produce continuous chips. The resultant compressive residual stresses are shown for the variation of cutting parameters and cutting tool material. The analysis of the high-speed cutting process mechanics is presented, based on the calculation results using extended oblique machining theory and finite element simulation.