双相不锈钢高温时效σ相析出行为研究进展

双相不锈钢高温热加工过程中,σ脆性相的快速析出将损害其力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。采取合适的热加工工艺抑制σ相的快速析出具有重要意义。简要综述了高温时效双相不锈钢析出相的特点,高温时效过程中σ相的析出机理、σ相析出动力学、σ相析出影响因素以及σ相析出对材料力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。化学成分、铁素体晶粒尺寸和体积分数,以及相应的热处理工艺等将影响高温条件下铁素体向σ相的分解。升高固溶温度,能在一定程度抑制高温时效过程中σ相的析出。     

固溶时效对1Cr21Ni5Ti双相不锈钢组织的影响

本工作以1Cr21Ni5Ti双相不锈钢为原材料,对1 000~1 350℃固溶30 min+650~1 000℃时效1~1 440 min后的显微组织及σ析出相进行观测,描述了不同处理条件下的组织特征,绘制出σ相析出TTP曲线图。结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高,铁素体含量增加,奥氏体含量减小,双相不锈钢组织发生再结晶和晶粒长大。铁素体与奥氏体中Cr、Ni元素发生均匀化,各相中的含量差异降低。σ相优先在铁素体与奥氏体相界处形核,随着时效温度的升高和时效时间的延长,σ相长大、粗化并向铁素体基体延伸;时效时间越长,析出相越多;当温度达到750℃,σ相析出速度最快,之后随着温度的升高而降低。σ相析出温度范围为650~850℃,析出鼻尖温度为750℃。     

时效处理对含铜马氏体抗菌不锈钢抗菌性能的影响

利用覆膜法研究了时效温度和时效时间对含铜马氏体不锈钢抗菌性能的影响，结果表明当不锈钢经过500℃时效处理时就表现出明显的抗菌性能；当时效温度升高至700℃时不锈钢对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌率达到99．9％以上，表现出优秀的抗菌性能。     

17-4PH不锈钢的抗菌性能

研究了热处理工艺对17-4PH不锈钢抗菌性能的影响。结果表明,冷处理并在482℃时效能有效提高17-4PH不锈钢的抗菌性能和硬度,提高时效温度使17-4PH不锈钢的杀菌率增加,但是其硬度明显降低;时效时间增加,杀菌率提高,但是硬度略有降低。冷处理促进马氏体分解,位错密度增大,从而促进了富Cu相的析出。17-4PH不锈钢最优的抗菌热处理工艺制度为:1040℃固溶处理/0.5 h+液氮冷处理/0.5 h+482℃时效处理/6 h。     

时效处理对4A双相不锈钢σ相析出及性能的影响

对固溶处理后的4A双相不锈钢(DSS4A)进行不同温度(750~900℃)的等温时效处理,利用OM观测各个时效温度下σ相的析出行为,重点观测了σ相在850℃时效不同时间(1h、2h和4h)的析出过程,并通过SEM、EDS和TEM等检测手段对850℃、4h时效处理后的σ相析出形貌进行分析,揭示了σ相的析出特征及形成机理。最后对时效条件下4A双相不锈钢的力学性能和耐蚀性能也进行了相应研究。结果表明:σ相富Cr、Mo而贫Ni,属于四方结构,由高温铁素体分解而成;σ相析出量随时效温度的升高先增加后降低并在850℃时达到峰值,同一温度下时效时间越长,σ相析出越多;σ相使材料硬度提高,但材料抗拉强度、冲击韧性和耐腐蚀性整体呈下降趋势,其中冲击韧性对σ相析出尤为敏感。     

马氏体时效不锈钢热处理工艺优化

利用热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc,研究了马氏体时效不锈钢Fe-13Cr-7Ni-4Mo-4Co-2W在不同温度下的基体组织和析出相的变化.通过TEM、SADP法分析研究了马氏体时效不锈钢在固溶处理与时效处理过程中显微组织与析出行为.热力学计算与实验研究结果一致表明,马氏体时效不锈钢高温析出Laves-Fe2Mo相,固溶温度超过1050℃,Laves-Fe2Mo相全部溶解;时效析出R相,其含量在8%左右.根据计算结果优化了相应的热处理工艺,力学性能研究结果表明,用所确定的时效工艺进行热处理后,马氏体时效不锈钢的强韧性最好.     

奥氏体抗菌不锈钢的微观组织及抗菌性能

含Cu奥氏体抗菌不锈钢经特殊的抗菌热处理析出ε—Cu相,采用覆膜法研究其抗菌性能。实验结果表明：奥氏体抗菌不锈钢易于杀灭大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;杀灭鼠伤寒杆菌需要一定时间;杀灭白色念株菌需要较长时间。这与细菌的细胞壁组织结构、细胞壁厚度及其属性有关。抗菌不锈钢对细胞壁较薄、肽聚糖含量较低、组织疏松、金属离子易穿透细胞壁的细菌易于杀灭;反之,细菌不易于杀灭。随着抗菌作用时间的延长,溶液中铜离子浓度的提高,抗菌不锈钢的杀菌效力显著提高。奥氏体抗菌不锈钢经表面打磨或磨损仍然具有同样的抗菌性能。     

抗菌不锈钢材料及其发展现状

综述了各种抗菌不锈钢材料(包括加铜和加银的抗菌不锈钢、表面涂层抗菌不锈钢、抗菌复合不锈钢板)的抗菌机理、特点，应用和开发现状。在普通不锈钢内添加一定量的抗菌金属元素Cu，Ag，Zn等，控制铸造、锻压、轧制以及热处理过程，使抗菌金属元素在不锈钢基体内以一定的大小、形态，均匀弥散地析出，并保证析出相的体积百分比，在不降低普通不锈钢的力学性能和抗腐蚀性能的情况下，赋予其优异的抗菌性能。     

Mn对22%Cr双相不锈钢700℃时效σ相及韧性的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)结合析出动力学和冲击实验,研究了不同Mn含量(4.3%,6.9%,9.7%,质量分数,下同)对22%Cr节镍型双相不锈钢700℃时效析出相形成和韧性的影响。结果表明:随Mn含量由4.3%增加至9.7%,时效76h,析出形貌分别为铁素体/奥氏体(δ/γ)界面细小σ相颗粒析出和铁素体晶内σ相/二次奥氏体(γ_2)共析组织。Mn含量增加使Avrami指数n减小,反应常数B增大,Mn元素参与并促进σ相析出,σ相开始析出和完全析出时间均提前,开始析出与完全析出的时间间隔增大,析出速率降低。时效过程中δ相分解量低于1%(体积分数,下同)对冲击韧度影响不大,δ相分解量由1%增至5%会显著降低冲击韧度。Mn含量增加在时效前期对冲击韧度有利,时效中期则会促使δ相分解量更早超过1%,导致冲击韧度快速下降。     

316L奥氏体不锈钢中时效条件下析出相演变行为的研究

通过定量金相,SEM&EDS、TEM等实验技术分析316L奥氏体不锈钢中析出相随时效时间、温度的变化,并测定析出相的体积分数与尺寸.结合热力学计算表明:在316L奥氏体不锈钢中,经850℃时效处理后,析出相为M23C6型碳化物,且随着时效时间的延长,析出量明显增多,尺寸增大;经650℃时效处理100 h后,主要析出相类型为χ相.     

基于S35140钢的超低碳成分设计和力学性能研究

S35140钢是一种基于25Ni-20Cr的奥氏体耐热钢,为了获得高强度,通常会提高碳含量,但碳含量较高不利于高温时效稳定性和长期耐腐蚀性能.本文在S35140钢的基础上,大幅度降低碳含量,并通过调控N和Nb等微合金元素含量,以及加入Ti元素,促使析出新的强化相,弥补减少碳含量所导致的强度降低.同时引入一定量的Al元素...     

敏化处理对2205双相不锈钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)方法及力学性能测试等研究手段,研究了敏化处理对2205双相不锈钢显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:850℃敏化处理.在α/γ和α/α相界析出σ,X相,并且随着敏化时间的延长,析出相含量增加;敏化处理后材料的强度有所提高,塑性明显降低,拉伸微观断口以解理平面...     

The microstructure and mechanical properties of prolonged and lower temperature aged Fe–Ni–Mn–Mo–Ti–Cr maraging steel

In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–Ni–Mn–Mo–Ti–Cr maraging steel at low temperature and prolonged aging condition were investigated. Optical and scanning electron microscopy examinations, tensile and hardness tests were conducted to study the microstructure, aging behavior and mechanical properties of the cold‐rolled steel. The results showed that aging of cold rolled Fe–Ni–Mn–Mo–Ti–Cr maraging steel resulted in the formation of Mo rich and Ti rich Lave phase precipitates. Existence of many dislocation cores due to cold rolling and subsequently, low temperature aging caused to formation of uniform distribution of very fine precipitates. The presence of these precipitates increased the yield and ultimate tensile strengths but couldn't improve the uniform tensile ductility. This alloy showed ultra‐high fracture stress of about 1950 MPa with a negligible tensile elongation (about 2 %) at the peak aged condition. The fractographic studies indicated this alloy shows semi‐brittle fracture in the subsequent aging treatment.     

Microbial corrosion resistance of a novel Cu-bearing pipeline steel

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is becoming a serious problem for buried pipelines. Developing environmentally friendly strategies for MIC control is increasingly urgent in oil/gas pipeline industry. Copper (Cu) in steels can not only provide aging precipitation strengthening, but also kill bacterium, offering a special biofunction to steels. Based on the chemical composition of traditional X80 pipeline steel, two Cu-bearing pipeline steels (1% Cu and 2% Cu) were fabricated in this study. The microstructure, mechanical properties and antibacterial property against sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were studied. It was found that the novel pipeline steel alloyed by 1%Cu exhibited acicular ferrite microstructure with nano-sized Cu-rich precipitates distribution in the matrix, resulting in better mechanical properties than the traditional X80 steel, and showed good MIC resistance as well. The pitting corrosion resistance of 1% Cu steel in as-aged condition was significantly better than that of X80 steel. A possible antibacterial mechanism of the Cu-bearing pipeline steel was proposed.     

铜对铁素体抗菌不锈钢性能的影响

通过实验室实验,分析了不同铜含量的430铁素体抗菌不锈钢的抗菌性能、耐腐蚀性能和力学性能.研究结果表明,含铜铁素体抗菌不锈钢铸坯经过热轧＋抗菌热处理＋冷轧+退火处理后,抗菌性能随着铜含量的增加逐渐提高,含铜1.3%以上就可达到理想的抗菌效果;随着铜含量的增加耐点蚀性能略有提高;强度随着铜含量的增加而小幅提高,塑性基本保...     

Effect of aging on the corrosion resistance of 2101 lean duplex stainless steel

The microstructure and localized corrosion behavior of a 2101 lean duplex stainless steel aged at 700 °C were investigated. The results showed that changes in the microstructure of the duplex stainless steel, due to the formation of precipitates, affected its pitting corrosion resistance. The values of the pitting potential and the critical pitting temperature dropped drastically before aging time up to 30 min. The potentiostatic pitting corrosion measurement indicated more sensitive to the small amount of precipitates compared to the potentiodynamic test. Pitting nucleated mainly in the ferrite phase for the solution-annealed specimen, while the initiation of pitting corrosion for the aged specimen took place at Cr-depletion area around the precipitates, i.e. in the newly formed secondary austenite phase.     

Stainless steel lined composite steel pipe prepared by centrifugal-SHS process

The tension properties, thermal expansion coefficient, microstructure and the causes of crack formation of the stainless steel layer in the composite pipe made by centrifugal-SHS process were investigated. It was shown that the tensile strength is 316 MPa and the percentage elongation is 5–8%. The nonmetal inclusions make the stainless steel brittle. In the brittle stainless steel layer the crack is caused by the thermal stress. The stainless steel mainly composed of austenite phase which grows in columnar grain in the radial direction of a carbon steel pipe and a thin ferrite layer was distributed between the austenite phases. The intermetallic compound AlNi precipitates in the ferrite phase and sigma-phase precipitates at the phase boundarie between the austenite and ferrite.     

终轧温度对Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢组织演变和硬度的影响

采用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机、OM、EBSD、TEM及Vickers硬度计等研究终轧温度对Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢的组织转变、析出相和硬度的影响,并阐明了组织演变和硬度变化的原因。结果表明,不同终轧温度的Ti-V-Mo钢其组织均为多边形铁素体;随着终轧温度由1000℃降低到800℃,Ti-V-Mo钢的硬度由400HV提高到427HV;铁素体晶粒的平均尺寸由3.44μm减小到3.05μm;(Ti, V, Mo)C粒子的析出数量增加,其平均尺寸由8.38 nm减小到6.25 nm。随着终轧温度的降低,铁素体平均晶粒尺寸的减小和纳米级(Ti, V, Mo)C粒子的增多及细化是硬度增大的主要因素。在980℃以下,降低终轧温度(Ti, V, Mo)C在奥氏体中的形核率不断减小,使得其在铁素体中析出的10 nm以下的(Ti, V, Mo)C粒子不断增多,促进了硬度的提高。     

Effect of dissolution and precipitation of Nb on the formation of acicular ferrite/bainite ferrite in low-carbon HSLA steels

Effect of dissolution and precipitation of Nb on the phase transformation during cooling was investigated. It is firstly recognized that either the formation of acicular ferrite or the separation of bainite ferrite could be adjusted by the preparation of the steel specimens with different amounts of solute Nb and Nb-precipitates in austenite (isothermally holding at 850 °C for different durations). An increase in isothermal duration at 850 °C would spawn more Nb(CN) precipitates, leading to a microstructural evolution from bainite ferrite to acicular ferrite/bainite ferrite dual phase, and eventually to acicular ferrite in the final microstructure. This could be explained by the solution of Nb in the austenite, due to the solute dragging effect of Nb, can decrease the A_r3 temperature and promote the formation of bainite ferrite, while the precipitation of NbC can increase the A_r3 temperature and promote the formation of acicular ferrite by increasing the nucleation sites of acicular ferrite. Thus, the properties of acicular ferrite/bainite ferrite dual phase steel can generally be improved by appropriately controlling the state of Nb (Nb(CN) as precipitates and Nb in solution) in the austenite before cooling, which provides a new approach to the modification of acicular ferrite/bainite ferrite ratio.