Dynamic fracture study by an experiment/simulation method for rich gas transmission X80 steel pipelines

The drop weight tear tests (DWTTs) are conducted to obtain the material toughness (CTOA)_C (crack tip opening angle) for X80 pipeline steel, and the empirical formulas for X70 steel are modified because of the inaccuracy in the toughness evaluation of X80 steel. Based on the experimental data of the full-scale burst test, the dynamic crack propagation of the rich gas transmission pipeline is simulated using the finite element method. A multi-parameter state equation is applied in the simulation and the three-stage linear decompression model of rich gas is put forward. The different factors affecting the dynamic crack propagation are also discussed. The reliability for rich gas pipeline engineering is evaluated though the experiment and simulation in this paper.     

厚规格多相组织X80管线钢组织控制与断裂行为研究

目的 研究厚规格X80管线钢的力学性能及断裂行为与微观组织之间的关系。方法 通过硬度实验、拉伸实验、夏比冲击实验及落锤撕裂实验（DWTT）,研究X80管线钢力学性能,利用OM和SEM观察微观组织和断口形貌。结果 多边形铁素体（PF）、粒状贝氏体（GB）、准多边形铁素体（QPF）、针状铁素体（AF）和贝氏体铁素体（BF）多相组织的结合保证了钢板优异的强韧性。在落锤撕裂实验裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹扩展至QPF时呈平直扩展,裂纹扩展至GB时,较为曲折迂回,说明GB能有效阻碍裂纹扩展。细小的马氏体-奥氏体（M-A）组元和AF同样能够有效阻碍裂纹的扩展。结论 研究结果可为厚规格多相组织X80级管线钢的服役使用提供理论依据。     

Cl~-和应力对X80管线钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响

目前,对于Cl~-和应力同时作用时钢铁腐蚀行为及机理的研究不多。采用动电位极化和交流阻抗谱,研究了Cl~-和应力对X80管线钢在高pH值溶液中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:Cl~-对X80管线钢的钝化行为有显著影响,当Cl~-浓度小于0.10 mol/L时,X80管线钢表面会形成稳定的钝化膜,当Cl~-浓度大于0.10 mol/L时,则不会形成稳定的钝化膜。在自腐蚀电位下,少量的Cl~-可增加X80管线钢的腐蚀倾向,但大量Cl~-可降低其腐蚀倾向。外加应力使交流阻抗谱低频区出现第二段容抗弧,并且提高自腐蚀电位下X80管线钢的溶解速率。     

Fatigue crack growth law of API X80 pipeline steel under various stress ratios based on J‐integral

Load‐controlled three‐point bending fatigue tests were conducted on API X80 pipeline steel to investigate the effects of stress ratio and specimen orientation on the fatigue crack growth behaviour. Because of the high strength and toughness of X80 steel, crack growth rate was measured and plotted versus ΔJ with stress ratio. The fatigue crack length is longer in the transverse direction, whereas the fatigue crack growth rates are nearly the same in different orientations. Finally, a new fatigue crack growth model was proposed. The effective J‐integral range was modified by ΔJ_p in order to correlate crack closure effect due to large‐scale yield of crack tip. The model was proved to fit well for fatigue crack growth rate of API X80 at various stress ratios of R > 0.     

X100管线钢在含SRB的盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC行为

为证实SRB对X100管线钢在土壤中应力腐蚀行为的影响,采用慢应变速率拉神(SSRT)实验和SEM研究了X100管线钢在含有SRB的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的应力腐蚀开裂行为.结果表明:X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶+沿晶SCC混合断裂,而在有菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶SCC断裂;且X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC敏感性高于有菌时的,说明SRB的存在抑制了X100钢的脆变,导致X100钢的SCC敏感性降低.     

基于数字图像的裂纹测量系统在X80管线钢全尺寸弯曲试验中的验证

该文提出一种测量结构变形过程中裂纹扩展长度的方法。搭建一种卷积神经网络来抵抗图像中噪声干扰并识别裂纹特征，通过卷积神经网络预测得到裂纹带的初始区域；基于该区域，又提出一种改进的裂纹尖端识别算法来计算裂纹尖端的精确位置坐标；根据位置坐标得到裂纹长度信息。通过增加摄像机的数量，可以同时检测不同位置和方向的裂纹。利用该文提出的方法可以得到裂纹扩展长度与加载信息(如疲劳周期)之间的关系。通过开展中心孔试样疲劳试验和X80管线钢全尺寸弯曲试验，验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

Investigations into the fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviour in austenitic stainless steel X5 CrNi 18 9 (1.4301)

Controlled load fatigue-crack growth rate tests were conducted using three point bend type specimens. The austenitic stainless steel X5 CrNi 18 9 (material number 1.4301, similar to AISI 304) was tested. For this high toughness material, the crack initiation and crack propagation is discussed in terms of linear-elastic analysis even for the highest plasticity regime. The curve for the onset of stable crack growth during fatigue starting from a notch is discussed as well as the stable crack growth up to large plasticity. From the standpoint of load controlled fatigue it is indicated that the time between crack initiation and crack length at the ?end of life”? is large.     

X70管线钢焊缝金属弯曲脆断分析

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪分析了X70管线钢焊缝金属弯曲脆断的原因。结果表明，焊缝金属中存在的非金属夹杂物，在低应力作用下形成微裂纹成为裂源，加之焊缝组织中存在大量的M-A结构群，从而发生焊缝金属在室温下的解理断裂。     

Influence of H2S Corrosion on Tensile Properties and Fracture Toughness of X80 Pipeline Steel

Strength of Materials - Tensile and fracture properties of X80 pipeline steel were studied in a mimic petrochemical environment. X80 pipeline steel specimens were firstly exposed to air or H2S...     

高钢级管线钢X80的研制与发展

高钢级、大管径已经成为油气输送钢管发展的总趋势.对国外X80管线钢的研制和应用情况进行了总结,介绍了现行几种X80钢管的国际标准以及国外X80钢的实物水平,并对当前国内管线钢的研发现状进行了分析,同时介绍了国内X80管线钢的开发计划和进展情况.     

X80管线钢在含硫酸盐还原菌的土壤环境中的应力腐蚀开裂行为研究进展

X80管线钢因具有高强度、高韧性、抗脆断等性能,已成为现代油气运输中应用最为广泛的钢材之一。X80管线钢在埋地土壤环境中不可避免地受到应力和SRB(Sulfate-reducing bacteria)的共同作用,近年来有关X80管线钢在含SRB的土壤环境中的应力腐蚀开裂已成为一个研究重点。综述了应力腐蚀开裂和SRB腐蚀的影响因素,总结了关于应力和SRB协同作用对X80管线钢腐蚀行为影响的研究现状,分析了现行研究的缺陷和不足,并针对这些问题对今后的研究进行了展望。     

Microbial corrosion resistance of a novel Cu-bearing pipeline steel

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is becoming a serious problem for buried pipelines. Developing environmentally friendly strategies for MIC control is increasingly urgent in oil/gas pipeline industry. Copper (Cu) in steels can not only provide aging precipitation strengthening, but also kill bacterium, offering a special biofunction to steels. Based on the chemical composition of traditional X80 pipeline steel, two Cu-bearing pipeline steels (1% Cu and 2% Cu) were fabricated in this study. The microstructure, mechanical properties and antibacterial property against sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were studied. It was found that the novel pipeline steel alloyed by 1%Cu exhibited acicular ferrite microstructure with nano-sized Cu-rich precipitates distribution in the matrix, resulting in better mechanical properties than the traditional X80 steel, and showed good MIC resistance as well. The pitting corrosion resistance of 1% Cu steel in as-aged condition was significantly better than that of X80 steel. A possible antibacterial mechanism of the Cu-bearing pipeline steel was proposed.     

An evaluation of the resistance of pipeline steels to initiation and early growth of stress corrosion cracks

Safety and reliability are basic requirements on the operation of systems of high-pressure pipelines. One of the dangerous mechanisms endangering the safe operation is stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In this work, SCC initiation in two types of pipeline steels––a carbon pipeline steel and an X60 high-strength thermo-mechanically treated steel––in carbonate solution was studied. An influence of surface microstructure, different stress/strain conditions and temperature was evaluated. The X60 steel was more sensitive to the SCC process in comparison with the carbon steel. Surface local microscopical inhomogeneities were the predominant initiation sites of microcracks.     

Experimental study of unstable crack propagation velocity for X80 pipeline steel

Unstable crack propagation velocity following the failure of pipeline steel has always been a problem. In this study, differences between the existing unstable crack propagation calculation models were analysed, and the deficiencies within the crack propagation velocity models were overcome. The hardening coefficient and hardening index of the ductile material were considered, and a velocity model of unstable crack propagation of pipelines based on the Hutchinson‐Rice‐Rosengren (HRR) theory elastic‐plastic stress‐strain field and the displacement field was established. Consequently, the limit propagation velocity was obtained. In full‐scale burst test, the pipe with diameter of 1422 mm was chosen to simulate the natural gas pipeline transportation environment. Compared with the theoretical result, the error was limited in 13%. The research result solved the problem of quantifying the propagation velocity of the crack in X80 pipeline, which was significant for describing the forecast of velocity and length of unstable propagation and failure characteristics of pipelines.     

X80管线钢的动态力学性能研究

为了研究高钢级管线钢X80的动态力学行为,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(简称SHPB)测量了X80钢在多种应变率(ε=500,1500,2500s-1)下的应变波形,用快速傅里叶变换对波形进行弥散修正,得到在不同应变率下的应力应变关系。基于实验获得的数据,对在有限元商业软件中广泛采用的Johnson-Cook动态强化模型进行拟合,得到X80钢在不同应变率下的Johnson-Cook本构模型的基本参数,计算结果与实验数据基本吻合。根据动态试验获得的数据而确定X80钢的动态本构关系,为研究X80钢高压埋地输气管道在各种冲击载荷作用下的动态响应提供了重要依据。     

显微组织对X80钢氢致裂纹敏感性和氢捕获效率的影响

对以针状铁素体为主的X80管线钢进行不同工艺的热处理,分别得到具有多边形铁素体组织或板条马氏体组织的试样。研究了显微组织对不同试样在饱和H_2S环境中的氢致裂纹(HIC)敏感性和氢渗透行为的影响。结果表明:具有不同显微组织的X80钢其HIC敏感性从大到小的排序为:1水淬处理的板条马氏体组织试样,2空冷处理的多边形铁素体组织试样,3原始针状铁素体组织试样;氢在材料中的捕获效率是影响材料HIC敏感性的主要因素之一,渗氢通量J_∞、氢扩散系数D_(eff)越低,氢捕获效率越高,管线钢的氢致裂纹敏感性越高。     

Critical Assessment 17: Mechanisms of hydrogen induced cracking in pipeline steels

Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) remains a prominent issue for oil and gas exploration in challenging environments. This assessment discusses HIC in light of hydrogen transport through pipeline steel microstructures and crack initiation and propagation processes. While there has been significant research in hydrogen permeation through steel alloys, additional understanding is necessary in microstructures specific to pipeline steels. Furthermore, a standard model for crack initiation and propagation processes needs to be established; a fracture mechanics based model, which has been used by some researchers, is presented in the present paper to predict crack propagation. Advanced characterisation techniques can help elucidate mechanisms of hydrogen induced crack growth. Ultimately, linking hydrogen transport and cracking processes during HIC will enable optimised alloy and microstructure design.     

X80管线钢在CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-及Cl~-协同作用下的腐蚀行为

目前,有关土壤介质中管线钢腐蚀的研究仅局限于单一环境因素的影响,环境因素协同作用的报道较少。通过正交试验法和动电位扫描技术对X80管线钢在高p H值模拟溶液中CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-及Cl~-等因素协同作用下的腐蚀行为进行研究。结果表明:CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-及Cl~-等因素的共同作用对X80钢腐蚀行为的影响较大;当CO_3~(2-)浓度由0.03 mol/L增大到0.09 mol/L时,X80钢的腐蚀电流密度逐渐增大,当CO_3~(2-)浓度为0.09 mol/L时,试样的腐蚀电流密度达到55.69μA/cm~2;随Cl~-浓度的不断降低,试样的腐蚀电流密度明显减小;随HCO_3~-浓度的升高,试样的腐蚀电流密度呈逐渐增大的趋势;HCO_3~-浓度对X80钢的腐蚀性影响最大,而CO_3~(2-)浓度对金属腐蚀性的影响最小。     

Cl~-浓度对X80管线钢在CO_3~(2-)-HCO_3~-溶液中电化学腐蚀行为的影响

随着高强度管线钢广泛应用于油气管道输送领域,长距离埋地管道腐蚀现象越发明显。为了探究Cl~-与CO_3~(2-)-HCO_3~-共同作用下高强度钢的腐蚀行为,利用动电位极化及交流阻抗技术研究X80钢在不同浓度Cl~-的0.05 mol/L Na_2CO_3+0.10 mol/L NaHCO_3溶液中的电化学特征,并结合金相显微镜对X80钢的腐蚀形貌进行表征。结果表明:X80管线钢在不同浓度Cl~-的0.05 mol/L Na_2CO_3+0.10 mol/L NaHCO_3溶液中,其极化曲线呈现典型的活化-钝化-再活化特征;当Cl~-浓度由0 mol/L增大至0.09 mol/L时,X80钢的腐蚀速率呈现逐渐增大的趋势;当Cl~-浓度为0 mol/L时,试样表面腐蚀反应受阻,腐蚀现象较弱,只有几个小的腐蚀坑存在;当Cl~-浓度为0.09 mol/L时,极化电阻Rp出现最小值,此时X80管线钢的腐蚀现象最严重;溶液中的Cl~-吸附在X80钢表面会加速金属腐蚀反应的进行。     

X80管线钢焊接接头微观断裂行为的TEM原位观察

为了从微纳米尺度研究管线钢的断裂方式,通过透射电镜原位拉伸方法,从焊缝区和热影响区直接取样,直观测试了X80管线钢在晶粒尺度范围的裂纹生长、扩展等断裂过程和机理.研究表明:在原位拉伸过程中,晶内发射的螺型位错与刃型位错速率之比约为4∶1;晶界裂纹为不连续扩展,而裂纹在晶内沿其DFZ的方向萌生扩展,其扩展是连续的.在加载过程中,裂纹会越过晶界扩展,当裂纹越过大角度晶界时,裂纹扩展方向改变约为30°,扩展方式也会有所变化;当裂纹越过小角度晶界时,裂纹扩展方向不变,扩展方式也不变.