气泵驱动冷却机组在某小型数据中心的运行性能分析

为了将气泵驱动冷却机组更好地应用于数据中心,本文对自行设计的气泵驱动冷却机组在北京地区某小型数据中心的运行性能进行研究,通过监测其实际运行情况,分析了机组的工作特性,拟合出工作特性曲线。结果表明:机组换热量随室内外温差的增大而增大,当室内外温差为11℃时,换热量约为10.4 kW,室内外温差达到23℃时,换热量约为13.6 kW;气泵功率随室内外温差的增大而减小,当室内外温差为11、23℃时,气泵功率分别为1 300、810 W。当室外温度为-3.7℃,室内外温差为23℃时,机组EER可达10.40。当室外温度低于15℃时,采用此机组对数据中心机房进行散热能够满足室内负荷要求,与采用原空调散热相比全年节省电量6 842.24 kW·h,全年节能率约为25.78%。     

气体增压型复合空调机组研发及全年运行能效分析

针对数据中心机房全天候排热降温需求,提出融合蒸气压缩式制冷循环和气体增压分离式热管循环的气体增压型复合空调机组技术方案,设计额定制冷量为10 kW的复合空调样机,并在焓差试验室进行变工况性能试验。结果表明:当室内外温差大于20℃时,即可采用气体增压分离式热管循环替代常规蒸气压缩式制冷循环(两者制冷量相等),且节能率约为8%;机组的能效比EER与室内外温差近似呈线性趋势增长,当室内外温差为30℃时,其节能率达到70%;其全年能效比AEER比常规蒸气压缩式机房空调高40%。该技术为数据中心、信息基站等高发热量空间的低成本、高能效控温需求提供新的途径。     

旋转气泵的性能特性分析

泵驱动回路热管机组是提高数据中心自然冷源利用率的重要技术手段,以应用于回路热管中的旋转气泵为研究对象,详细分析该气泵的热力学和动力学性能,并与其对应的压缩机性能进行比较.结果表明:气泵压力比可降低33％以上,排气温度可降低22℃以上,制冷量可提高30％,EER可提高70％以上;以R22为循环工质时,气泵气体力、阻力矩的...     

自然冷却/蒸气压缩复合制冷系统研究

本文研发了一种由蒸气压缩制冷和分离式热管集成的自然冷却/蒸气压缩复合制冷空调系统,分别采用第一工质和由液泵驱动的第二工质进行循环。该系统具有蒸汽压缩制冷、复合制冷和自然冷却3种运行模式,高温季节压缩制冷提供全部冷量,过渡季节压缩制冷补充自然冷却不足的制冷量,低温季节自然冷却提供全部冷量。同时,研制了复合制冷系统样机HKF-200FH,其压缩制冷回路由3个独立的制冷单元并联,并与热管环路通过壳管式蒸发冷凝器相连。蒸发冷凝器的管程作为压缩制冷回路的蒸发器,在压缩制冷模式和复合制冷模式下为通过壳程的第二工质提供冷量。对样机性能进行了实验测试,结果显示：随着室外温度降低,复合系统的制冷量变化较小,能效比EER逐渐升高;压缩制冷模式（环境温度35 ℃）和自然冷却模式（环境温度10 ℃）下机组的制冷量分别为197.38 kW和196.89 kW,EER分别为3.5和15.3。2台系统样机自2014年5月在北京某“EB级云存储实验室”空调示范工程安全可靠的运行至今,监测结果显示,相比传统压缩制冷系统年节能率约为45%,节能优势显著。     

两种动力型分离式热管系统的试验研究

针对数据中心自然冷却需求,研究气体动力型分离式热管与液体动力型分离式热管,设计10kW复合空调样机,在标准焓差法试验室进行性能试验。结果表明:当室内外温差达到20℃时,即可利用气体动力型分离式热管替代蒸气压缩式制冷系统(相同制冷量),实现节能8%~10%;当室内外温差达到30℃时,液体动力型分离式热管系统制冷量可以达到设计指标,能效比EER为8.3,气体动力型分离式热管系统能效比EER为7.4;动力型分离式热管可以改善制冷剂在系统中的分布状态,液体动力型分离式热管可以提高蒸发温度,降低蒸发侧换热温差,气体动力型分离式热管可以提高冷凝温度和冷凝侧换热温差。     

工质基团对液泵驱动自然冷却回路系统性能的影响

工作介质对于冷却系统性能的影响至关重要,而决定工质性能的正是组成它的各个基团的元贡献之和,因此解析工质基团对系统性能的贡献,对适宜工质的筛选和配置具有重要指导意义。本文在基团贡献法的基础上,结合液泵驱动自然冷却回路系统的实际循环,针对15种工质的分子基团排列组合,分别研究单原子和多原子基团对液泵驱动自然冷却回路系统性能的影响,结果表明:工质按单原子基团拆分时,C和H原子数越多制冷量越大;工质按多原子基团拆分时,C和H两个原子组成的多原子基团中H原子数越多制冷量越大。     

基于氟泵增压的机房空调系统性能实验研究

为解决蒸气压缩式制冷空调系统在低冷凝温度时供液不足以及寒冷季节自然冷能利用率低的问题,本文设计了氟泵增压空调系统并实验研究了系统运行特性。该系统可以在夏季炎热季节、过渡季节和冬季寒冷季节分别以蒸气压缩、氟泵增压、单氟泵驱动3种模式运行。结果表明:实验中使用毛细管/电子膨胀阀的传统压缩蒸气制冷系统分别会在室外温度低于25℃/15℃时发生供液不足、制冷量下降的问题,使用氟泵增压系统在室外温度为-5～25℃的工况范围内均可实现100%以上的额定制冷量,COP可达3.96～6.25,满足过渡季节工况下的运行需求。室外温度低于-5℃时,使用单氟泵驱动可满足额定制冷量,且COP>19。     

热管复合型机房空调研究与试验

针对数据机房、基站全天候温控需求,提出一种新型热管复合型机房空调系统,并设计出30 k W热管复合型机房空调样机,在标准焓差法实验室进行性能试验。结果表明:当室内外温差(Δt)达到28℃时,由制冷剂泵驱动的热管系统制冷量达到29.6 k W,能效比EER为7.9;当28℃Δt≥15℃时,系统运行复合模式,通过调节压缩机转速补偿热管系统制冷能力不足,实现按需制冷;制冷剂泵的驱动力克服了重力热管背板在水平方向上分液不均的问题,闪蒸气旁通技术解决了平行流蒸发器分液不均的问题;相较于传统压缩制冷系统,热管复合型机房空调系统成本低,全年能效比(AEER)提高50%以上。     

动力电池液冷系统设计与试验研究

动力电池热管理对电池的运行效率、寿命、可靠性至关重要。基于客户要求设计一款额定制冷量及制热量分别约为7 kW和12 kW的热管理机组,并对其性能进行试验研究。结果表明:制冷量及COP随进水温度、进水流量的增大而增大,在压缩机转速为4 000 r/min时,制冷量最高可达9. 5 kW,COP最大可达2. 5;当环境温度在30℃以下时,COP随压缩机转速的增大先增大后减小,当环境温度在30℃以上时,COP随压缩机转速的增大而减小;系统的平均降温速率约为2℃/min;当PTC的设定功率大于6 kW时,PTC的实际功率与设定功率的误差在10%以内。     

泵驱动两相循环回路中工质泵的冷损失特性分析

为了充分利用室外自然冷源,将泵驱动两相循环回路系统用于数据中心自然冷却。本文通过改变系统温差、泵频率、换热面积、高低温水源温度,对工质泵的冷损失性能进行实验研究。结果表明:高温水源温度不变时,冷损率在温差为16℃、频率为15 Hz及较大换热面时最小;低温水源温度不变时,不同温差下,当蒸发器和冷凝器个数均为5个时系统冷损率最小,且不超过3. 20%;高温水源温度越高,冷损率越低,本实验高温水源温度为26℃时,冷损率最低,且不超过2. 82%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from