微管道内湍流转捩的实验研究

研究旨在确定微管道内流动从层流到湍流转捩的临界雷诺数。利用微观粒子图像测速技术(Micro-PIV)研究了去离子水在内径为230μm的圆形截面玻璃微管道内的流场结构,得到了从层流到充分发展湍流各流动状态下的轴向平均速度分布和湍流度分布,实验雷诺数为1020~3145,同时研究了微管道内的流动阻力特性。平均速度场和脉动速度场的实验结果表明微管道内从层流到湍流的转捩发生在Re=1800~1900左右,与流动阻力的测量结果一致,与宏观流动比较,并未发现微管道内的流动转捩有明显提前。实验结果还显示,当Re>2700时,微管道内的平均流速分布和相对湍流度分布呈现典型的充分发展湍流状态特征。     

微通道正弦型底面结构对局部流动和传热特性的影响

为研究微通道的正弦型底面结构对流动和传热性能的影响,设计了5种正弦型底面结构的微通道,并采用数值模拟方法研究其在不同雷诺数下通道内局部流动情况和传热性能。结果表明,正弦型微通道内存在二次流;正弦型微通道内局部压力、泊肃叶数、壁面温度和努塞尔数沿着流动方向都出现波动的趋势,但后两者较平缓。在所研究的雷诺数范围(230～1 060)内,正弦型微通道平均泊肃叶数随着雷诺数增大而增大;部分正弦型结构微通道在雷诺数不大于600时,平均努塞尔数略低于光滑通道,说明传热效果有所降低;在雷诺数大于600时,所有正弦型通道的平均努塞尔数大于光滑通道,表明传热效果较好。     

湍流度对斜拉索雷诺数效应影响的试验研究

大跨度斜拉桥斜拉索为典型的风敏感结构,并且处在复杂的湍流环境中,来流湍流度对斜拉索的气动性能影响十分显著。对斜拉索模型在不同湍流度下进行风洞试验,测得斜拉索的表面压力,对比分析同一湍流度下斜拉索气动力系数随雷诺数的变化规律,以及同一雷诺数斜拉索气动力系数随湍流度的变化规律。结果表明:湍流度使得雷诺数效应提前,湍流度越大,气动参数的雷诺数效应提前的越多;湍流度增加,迎风侧脉动风压系数也会增大;雷诺数越小,不同湍流度下斜拉索的压力系数值相差越大,而在大雷诺数下,其值越接近。     

开口结构对微肋阵沸腾换热及汽泡动态生长特性的影响

为了研究开口结构对微肋阵矩形通道沸腾换热的影响,本文对开口水滴形微肋阵通道流动沸腾换热性能进行可视化实验,并与水滴形微肋阵通道流动沸腾换热性能对比,借助高速摄像仪对通道内不同流量下气泡的流动和生长过程进行记录与分析。以去离子水为工质,入口温度为30℃,流量范围为0.2～7.2 kg/h,加热电压为60 V,拍摄频率为500 fps。实验结果表明:微肋阵的开口结构会影响流动特性;开口结构增加了传热面积,有利于汽化核心的形成,有利于换热。在较低和较高雷诺数下,开口水滴形微肋阵的对流换热优于水滴形微肋阵;开口水滴形通道Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区域内气泡的等待时间和生长时间均随雷诺数的增大而逐渐增大,且气泡的生长时间大于等待时间,此外,针肋末端Ⅱ区域的等待时间和生长时间均比Ⅲ区域的更短。     

凹陷阵列印刷电路板式换热器里超临界甲烷换热和流动特性模拟研究

为了强化液化甲烷在印刷电路板式微通道换热器中的换热能力,提出了一种凹陷阵列的微小通道换热器整体性能提高的被动式强化技术并进行了数值模拟验证。研究了流体温度范围125—265 K范围内的超临界甲烷在凹陷阵列结构微通道内的换热和流动特性,考察了凹陷阵列微通道和光滑微通道下,流体温度、质量流量、雷诺数和进口压力对传热系数、努塞尔数、摩擦因子和综合效益系数(PEC)的影响。此外,通过凹陷结构的局部流动特性分析强化换热机理,数值模拟结果表明相较于光滑微通道,凹陷阵列微通道的换热特性得到大大强化,且随雷诺数(由质量流量或者流体温度改变)的增大而增强,而摩擦因子只是有较弱的劣化。     

微椭圆形截面斜拉索临界雷诺数区气动特性试验研究

为了研究微椭圆形截面斜拉索临界雷诺数区的气动特性,以标准圆形截面斜拉索模型和微椭圆形截面斜拉索模型为研究对象,开展了考虑截面变形和风攻角变化的风洞试验,得到了不同情况下雷诺数对模型气动力系数的影响规律,同时通过对升力时程和升力频谱分析,得到了临界雷诺数及附近区域的标准圆形截面和微椭圆形截面模型尾流旋涡脱落的变化。结果表明:微椭圆形截面模型在雷诺数亚临界区时,升力系数基本不受雷诺数的影响;在临界区时,升力系数随雷诺数逐渐增大;风攻角0°~50°时,微椭圆形截面模型升力系数最大值对应的雷诺数随风攻角同步增大;微椭圆形截面模型的升力时程在TrBL0向TrBL1阶段和TrBL1向TrBL2阶段过渡中会出现双稳态现象;微椭圆形截面变形会影响斜拉索尾流区旋涡脱落情况,进而影响不同雷诺数下的St数值变化。     

R134a制冷剂在微通道中的相变传热特性实验

设计了一个可控制制冷剂流量、压力和温度等实验工况的微通道换热器相变流动与换热的可视化实验平台,对R134a制冷剂流经微通道换热器进行了冷凝换热实验研究.试验测量了小质量流率下的R134a制冷剂在多个饱和状态工况下的冷凝换热性能,涉及质量流量、进出口压力和温度等参数.实验分析了传热系数与雷诺数的关系,与Koyama的关联式预测比较接近.分析了摩擦系数随雷诺数的变化,与H L MO和Wu＆Little方程计算得到的数值相近.     

蜂窝板换热器内部流动传热特性研究

建立了蜂窝板换热器湍流流动的物理数学模型,并应用数值分析方法模拟了蜂窝板换热器的三维流动传热过程;分析了不同雷诺数下通道内流动阻力和换热性能及其随雷诺数的变化规律,并与相同当量直径的平行平板通道的流动换热性能进行了对比。结果表明,蜂窝板换热器在换热系数提高的同时流动阻力也增大了,在雷诺数Re=3000~15000的范围内,其传热努塞尔数比平行平板增大了0.93~2.12倍,阻力系数增大了2.24~2.35倍。最后从场协同理论的角度分析了蜂窝板强化传热的机理。     

蜂窝板换热器内部流动传热特性研究

建立了蜂窝板换热器湍流流动的物理数学模型,并应用数值分析方法模拟了蜂窝板换热器的三维流动传热过程;分析了不同雷诺数下通道内流动阻力和换热性能及其随雷诺数的变化规律,并与相同当量直径的平行平板通道的流动换热性能进行了对比.结果表明,蜂窝板换热器在换热系数提高的同时流动阻力也增大了,在雷诺数Re=3000~15000的范围内,其传热努塞尔数比平行平板增大了0.93~2.12倍,阻力系数增大了2.24~2.35倍.最后从场协同理论的角度分析了蜂窝板强化传热的机理.     

矩形微管道内流量测量

利用Micro-PIV系统测量了矩形微管道内低雷诺数下的流场,获得微管道中间截面内速度剖面,微管道水力直径为218μm,长度为24 mm。结合矩形管道内流动解析解计算微管道内流量。测量结果表明,利用该技术完全可以实现微通道流量的高精度测量。     

Convective heat transfer coefficients for near-horizontal two-phase flow of nitrogen and hydrogen at low mass and heat flux

Correlations for convective heat transfer coefficients are reported for two-phase flow of nitrogen and hydrogen under low mass and heat flux conditions. The range of flowrates, heat flux and tube diameter are representative of thermodynamic vent systems (TVSs) planned for propellant tank pressure control in spacecraft operating over long durations in microgravity environments. Experiments were conducted in normal gravity with a 1.5° upflow configuration. The Nusselt number exhibits peak values near transition from laminar to turbulent flow based on the vapor Reynolds number. This transition closely coincides with a flow pattern transition from plug to slug flow. The Nusselt number was correlated using components of the Martinelli parameter and a liquid-only Froude number. Separate correlating equations were fitted to the laminar liquid/laminar vapor and laminar liquid/turbulent vapor flow data. The correlations give root-mean-squared (rms) prediction errors within 15%.     

Rotating-disk-type flow over loose boundaries

Rotating-disk-type flow of a liquid over a loose boundary, such as a layer of sand, is investigated. For this flow the formation of a new large-scale spiral pattern has been discovered. The new pattern is reminiscent of the Type-I spiral-vortex structures which characterize the laminar–turbulent transition region of boundary layers over rigid rotating disks. Flow visualizations reveal that the new pattern and the Type-I spiral vortices co-exist in the loose-boundary flow. The research investigating the origin of the new large-scale pattern is reviewed. Then photographs from flow visualizations are analysed to obtain estimates for the critical Reynolds number for which Type-I spiral vortices first appear for the loose-boundary flow and for the critical Reynolds numbers for the laminar–turbulent transition of the boundary layer. The results suggest that Type-I vortices appear at much lower Reynolds numbers over loose boundaries in comparison with flow over rigid rotating disks and that transition also appears to be advanced to much lower Reynolds numbers. The discussion of the results suggests that advanced transition arises from disturbances introduced into the flow after the loose boundary has been mobilized and not from disturbances associated with the roughness that the surfaces of the granular layer represents to the flow while grains are at rest.     

直径30cm圆柱的气动力参数和绕流特性研究

为研究光滑圆柱的气动力系数和绕流特性,在均匀流中进行不同风速下的测压风洞试验,试验获得了阻力系数、升力系数、表面风压分布、风压相关性系数、斯托罗哈数等随雷诺数的变化特征,并将试验结果与以往结果进行比较。研究表明:升力系数的脉动值大于阻力系数的脉动值,说明涡脱造成的横风向激励比顺风向紊流激励剧烈;雷诺数位于临界区域时,圆柱表面风压分布呈现出对称-不对称-对称的变化过程,反映了由层流分离转化为湍流分离的全过程;在雷诺数为352000时呈现一侧为层流分离、另一侧为湍流分离的临界流态,风压呈现出左右不对称的单边泡形式;获得层流分离和湍流分离时的表面风压相关性分布特征,层流分离时圆柱同一侧的风压测点均呈较强的正相关,而湍流分离时在分离点前的区域相关性较强,分离点之后的区域相关性较弱;层流分离的升力系数谱有显著的峰值,表明尾流是规则的漩涡脱落,而湍流分离的升力系数谱没有明显峰值,表明尾流是随机的漩涡脱落。     

Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past Bluff Bodies on Coarse Meshes Using General Galerkin Methods: Drag Crisis and Turbulent Euler Solutions

In recent years adaptive stabilized finite element methods, here referred to as General Galerkin (G2) methods, have been developed as a general methodology for the computation of mean value output in turbulent flow. In earlier work, in the setting of bluff body flow, the use of no slip boundary conditions has been shown to accurately capture the separation from a laminar boundary layer, in a number of benchmark problems. In this paper we extend the G2 method to problems with turbulent boundary layers, by including a simple wall-model in the form of a friction boundary condition, to account for the skin friction of the unresolved turbulent boundary layer. In particular, we use G2 to simulate drag crisis for a circular cylinder, by adjusting the friction parameter to match experimental results. By letting the Reynolds number go to infinity and the skin friction go to zero, we get a G2 method for the Euler equations with slip boundary conditions, which we here refer to as an EG2 method. The only parameter in the EG2 method is the discretization parameter, and we present computational results indicating that EG2 may be used to model very high Reynolds numbers flow, such as geophysical flow.     

An experimental study of subsonic microjets escaping from a flat nozzle

We have experimentally studied subsonic laminar gas jets escaping from a flat nozzle with dimensions of 83.3 × 3600 μm. Reynolds numbers calculated for the given nozzle height and average flow velocity at the nozzle output edge ranged within 58–154. The working gas was air at room temperature. Distributions of the gas velocity and its pulsation along the jet axis were determined. It is established that the obtained characteristics of laminar subsonic microjets are fundamentally different from those of macroscopic turbulent jets. Based on the results of velocity pulsation measurements, it is shown that a laminar–turbulent flow transition is present and its position is determined.     

An experimental study of the flow of a liquid film along a vertical wall

Results of a study of the friction stabilization section and thickness of a liquid film flowing along a vertical wall are presented. Spectral analysis of friction pulsations is used to study the transition from laminar to turbulent flow mode in the film.     

A criterion of similarity and transition to turbulence for electric arc flows

A method is suggested for determining the similarity criterion and the criterion of transition of an electric arc flow in a plasmatron channel from a laminar regime to a turbulent one (equivalent Reynolds number) that does not require using any reference temperature. Application of this method to the available experimental data on the transition to turbulence demonstrates its correctness and efficiency. The critical value of the proposed similarity criterion corresponding to the boundary of the transition from a laminar regime to a turbulent one has been revealed. A marginal curve separating the regions of the laminar and turbulent regimes of the plasma flow has been plotted in the space of the operating plasmatron parameters. A phenomenon of a double change of the electric arc flow regime with electric current rise upon constant plasma-forming gas flow rate has been discovered.     

Experimental study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide hydrate slurry (first report: Flow characteristics)

The flow characteristics of a tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide hydrate slurry were investigated experimentally. Reynolds number, tube diameter and solid fraction were varied as the experimental parameters. For laminar flow, it was found that the ratio of the coefficients of pipe friction increases with solid fraction, and the rate of increase is high in the case of a low Reynolds number. For turbulent flow, the ratio of the coefficients of pipe friction was approximately 1 for all tube diameters at low solids fraction. It then decreased slightly at a particular solid fraction and increased again at high solid fraction. Theoretical analysis was carried out using the experimental results, and it was found that the flow characteristics of the hydrate slurry can be treated as those of a pseudoplastic fluid and clarified using the apparent Reynolds number.     

Experimental study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide hydrate slurry (second report: Heat transfer characteristics)

The heat transfer characteristics of a tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide hydrate slurry were investigated where the Reynolds number, tube diameters and solid fraction were varied as experimental parameters. For laminar flow, it was found that the ratio of Nusselt numbers increased with solid fraction. An approximation of Nusselt number could be derived using the Graetz number on the basis of the apparent Reynolds number, the solid fraction and the ratio of the average diameter of the hydrate particles to the test tube diameter. For turbulent flow conditions, the ratio of Nusselt numbers had a value of one for each condition at low solid fractions. The ratio of Nusselt numbers increased with solid fraction in the high solid fraction region. Moreover, the apparent Reynolds number, which can be derived by treating the hydrate slurry as a pseudoplastic fluid, can be used to determine the condition under which hydrate slurry heat transfer characteristics vary under turbulent flow.