风力机远尾流速度型建模

通过研究风力机尾流速度型的分布形态,引入二项分布方程并将其转化为高斯分布方程,基于Garrad Hassan的风力机尾流实验,建立一个预测风力机远尾流速度型的工程模型。按照建模的实验条件,对引入致动盘方法的流场求解附带可实现k-ε湍流模型的轴对称不可压Navier-Stokes方程,对比分析CFD计算结果和建模结果。通过与实验结果和CFD结果的比较分析,验证本风力机尾流模型的有效性。     

基于动网格对风力机尾流的数值模拟

为了更真实地分析风机尾流流场,尽量减小尾流影响,提高风电场输出功率及效益,提出一种利用动网格技术进行风场优化的新方法。针对1.5 MW风力机叶片旋转区域进行动态网格化求整个流道内的尾流场,同时利用CFD方法与致动盘理论相结合的方法对单个风力机远尾迹区的流动状况进行数值模拟。利用两种计算方法对单台风力机的尾流区域进行计算,获得单台风力机尾流中风轮中心的轴向速度分布及风力机下游不同位置处的流场分布,并与改进Jenson模型结果进行对比分析,表明该动网格方法能较好地捕捉尾流的流场特性,由于新的尾流计算模型考虑叶片真实旋转对尾流影响,准确捕捉风机尾流中产生大小不同尾漩涡,合理捕捉尾流恢复率及尾流半径的变化规律,因此可作为工程开发有效工具,为分析风机尾流流场及风电场风机布置提供一定参考。     

基于致动盘的潮流能水轮机尾流场研究

相比于三维CFD叶片真实模拟,致动盘方法将水轮机简化为流场中分布有作用力的核心区域,所需网格大大降低,节省了计算资源和计算时间。文章介绍了一种精度适中、计算成本较低的潮流能水轮机CFD致动盘数值模拟模型,将动量理论与CFD方法相结合,通过致动盘来模拟水轮机对流场的作用,通过求解Navier-Stokes方程获得尾流场。对比基于致动盘理论的数值模拟结果与真实水轮机的水槽实验数据,结果表明,致动盘数值模拟在远尾流处的结果比近尾流处更加接近实验值,致动盘方法很容易捕捉到远尾流的流场情况。研究结果可为潮流能大规模利用的数值模拟提供依据和参考。     

基于非均匀致动盘的风力机尾流模拟分析

针对常规致动盘方法中诱导因子均匀分布,而实际叶片的诱导因子沿径向变化的问题,提出了诱导因子非均匀分布的方法来模拟风力机的尾流流场。先以常规致动盘方法进行计算,根据理论和试验数据对比验证流场参数;在此基础上由叶片翼型参数求出诱导因子,根据其沿径向非均匀分布的特点进行计算,定性分析其尾流流场的特点及发展变化过程;最后,应用该方法分析两台同轴风力机在不同间距下所受到的影响。该研究结果可为风电场微观选址提供参考。     

基于非均匀致动盘的风力机尾流模拟分析

针对常规致动盘方法中诱导因子均匀分布，而实际叶片的诱导因子沿径向变化的问题，提出了诱导因子非均匀分布的方法来模拟风力机的尾流流场。先以常规致动盘方法进行计算，根据理论和试验数据对比验证流场参数；在此基础上由叶片翼型参数求出诱导因子，根据其沿径向非均匀分布的特点进行计算，定性分析其尾流流场的特点及发展变化过程；最后，应用该方法分析两台同轴风力机在不同间距下所受到的影响。该研究结果可为风电场微观选址提供参考。     

复杂地形下风力机尾流数值模拟研究和激光雷达实验对比

以CFD数值计算和实验相结合的方法,对处于中国西南某多山地区陆上风电场的尾流特性进行研究,验证不同数值方法在复杂地形的适用性。首先采用2台激光雷达,测量目标风力机一个月内的自由来流风速和尾流廓线,在地形上坡加速效应下,不同大气稳定度下目标风力机的自由来流风速廓线均呈负梯度。然后分别采用经典致动盘和改进致动盘法,模拟目标风力机在主风向下的尾流发展。不同于只有风速与压降关系的经典致动盘法,改进致动盘法更考虑了叶片几何和气动参数(尺寸信息、攻角、桨距角、升阻力系数等)。通过与后置激光雷达尾流测试结果对比,这2种基于CFD技术的数值模拟方法,计算网格相同,计算时间相当,且均能较好地模拟因为复杂地形而引起的尾流偏转;其中改进致动盘的尾流形状与激光雷达相似,速度亏损也更接近激光雷达结果。因此,改进致动盘法更适合于复杂地形条件下风场模拟,较好平衡了计算的效率与精度。     

基于2D Frandsen模型的风力机尾流数值模拟

针对二维尾流模型计算精度不高的问题,基于Frandsen模型和径向尾流速度亏损呈高斯分布假设,提出一种2D Frandsen模型,该模型同时考虑环境湍流强度和地表粗糙度对尾流的影响。通过2D Frandsen模型对单台风力机尾流场进行模拟,并将模拟结果与风场实测数据和风洞实验数据进行对比,结果表明,该文的2D Frandsen模型可准确预测多种工况下尾流区域的各点风速,在径向分布上更符合真实流场,计算精度优于修正Frandsen模型和2D_k Jensen模型。     

基于改进k-ω SST模型的风力机尾流数值模拟

基于双方程k-ω SST模型提出两种改进湍流模型,采用丹麦科技大学的自编求解器EllipSys3D结合致动盘方法,对单台风力机尾流流场进行数值模拟。该文将SST-sust模型引入到风力机尾流的数值研究中,为了更进一步增大预测到的湍流强度和提高尾流恢复速度,提出SST-Csust模型和SST-Dsust模型,它们是在SST-sust模型的基础上分别调整湍流模型的封闭常系数、修正ω方程的耗散项。通过与理论、实验以及LES模型进行对比分析,结果表明该文提出的改进模型在尾流区速度分布和湍流强度分布的预测方面可取得较好的应用效果。     

基于Park-Gauss模型的风场尾流数值模拟

基于Park模型尾流区线性膨胀假设和径向风速呈高斯分布假设,提出一种新型工程尾流模型Park-Gauss模型,对单台风力机尾流场进行数值模拟研究。采用两种初始尾流半径(风轮半径和紧靠风轮下游处的尾流半径),分别对Park模型、2D Jensen模型以及Park-Gauss模型进行对比研究。经过与风场实测数据和风洞试验的比较,结果表明:以紧靠风轮下游处的尾流半径作为初始尾流半径会明显提高尾流场的预测精度;新提出的ParkGauss模型计算精度优于2D Jensen模型和Park模型;Park-Gauss模型可很好模拟尾流区的风速,不仅在精度上与试验结果接近,而且在径向分布上也更符合真实流场。     

动态尾流模型在水平轴风力机气动性能计算中的应用

根据势流理论导出风力机动态入流对速度诱导因子及推力系数的影响,建立了动态尾流气动模型.改进了风力机动态过程分析中传统的准稳态平衡尾流近似模型,从而较真实地反映尾流动态滞后和动态诱导速度场,更适用于风力机动态气动分析.应用该动态气动模型开发了风力机动态气动性能计算程序,对一台1.3MW失速调节型风力机进行了气动性能计算.通过比较动态尾流模型和平衡尾流模型处理阶跃风和阵风等动态过程的计算结果,分析了动态气动模型及其数值方法的正确性和实用意义.     

Large eddy simulations of the flow past wind turbines: actuator line and disk modeling

Large eddy simulations of the flow through wind turbines have been carried out using actuator disk and actuator line models for the turbine rotor aerodynamics. In this study, we compare the performance of these two models in producing wind turbine wakes. We also examine parameters that strongly affect the performance of these models, namely, grid resolution and the way in which the actuator force is projected onto the flow field. The proper choice of these two parameters has not been adequately addressed in previous works. We see that as the grid is coarsened, the predicted power decreases. As the width of the body force projection function is increased, the predicted power increases. The actuator disk and actuator line models produce similar wake profiles and predict power within 1% of one another when subject to the same uniform inflow. The actuator line model is able to generate flow structures near the blades such as root and tip vortices which the actuator disk model does not, but in the far wake, the predicted mean wakes are very similar. In order to perform validation against experimental data, the actuator line model output was compared with data from the wind tunnel experiment conducted at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. Agreement between measured and predicted power, wake profiles, and turbulent kinetic energy has been observed for most tip speed ratios; larger discrepancies in power and thrust coefficient, though, have been found for tip speed ratios of 9 and 12. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthetic atmospheric turbulence and wind shear in large eddy simulations of wind turbine wakes

A method of generating a synthetic ambient wind field in neutral atmosphere is described and verified for modelling the effect of wind shear and turbulence on a wind turbine wake using the flow solver EllipSys3D. The method uses distributed volume forces to represent turbulent fluctuations, superimposed on top of a mean deterministic shear layer consistent with that used in the IEC standard for wind turbine load calculations. First, the method is evaluated by running a series of large‐eddy simulations in an empty domain, where the imposed turbulence and wind shear is allowed to reach a fully developed stage in the domain. The performance of the method is verified by comparing the turbulence intensity and spectral distribution of the turbulent energy to the spectral distribution of turbulence generated by the IEC suggested Mann model. Second, the synthetic turbulence and wind shear is used as input for simulations with a wind turbine, represented by an actuator line model, to evaluate the development of turbulence in a wind turbine wake. The resulting turbulence intensity and spectral distribution, as well as the meandering of the wake, are compared to field data. Overall, the performance of the synthetic methods is found to be adequate to model atmospheric turbulence, and the wake flow results of the model are in good agreement with field data. An investigation is also carried out to estimate the wake transport velocity, used to model wake meandering in lower‐order models. The conclusion is that the appropriate transport velocity of the wake lies somewhere between the centre velocity of the wake deficit and the free stream velocity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Near‐wake flow simulation of a vertical axis turbine using an actuator line model

In the present work, the near‐wake generated for a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) was simulated using an actuator line model (ALM) in order to validate and evaluate its accuracy. The sensitivity of the model to the variation of the spatial and temporal discretization was studied and showed a bigger response to the variation in the mesh size as compared with the temporal discretization. The large eddy simulation (LES) approach was used to predict the turbulence effects. The performance of Smagorinsky, dynamic k‐equation, and dynamic Lagrangian turbulence models was tested, showing very little relevant differences between them. Generally, predicted results agree well with experimental data for velocity and vorticity fields in representative sections. The presented ALM was able to characterize the main phenomena involved in the flow pattern using a relatively low computational cost without stability concerns, identified the general wake structure (qualitatively and quantitatively), and the contribution from the blade tips and motion on it. Additionally, the effects of the tower and struts were investigated with respect to the overall structure of the wake, showing no significant modification. Similarities and discrepancies between numerical and experimental results are discussed. The obtained results from the various simulations carried out here can be used as a practical reference guideline for choosing parameters in VAWTs simulations using the ALM.     

Parabolic RANS solver for low‐computational‐cost simulations of wind turbine wakes

A numerical framework for simulations of wake interactions associated with a wind turbine column is presented. A Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) solver is developed for axisymmetric wake flows using parabolic and boundary‐layer approximations to reduce computational cost while capturing the essential wake physics. Turbulence effects on downstream evolution of the time‐averaged wake velocity field are taken into account through Boussinesq hypothesis and a mixing length model, which is only a function of the streamwise location. The calibration of the turbulence closure model is performed through wake turbulence statistics obtained from large‐eddy simulations of wind turbine wakes. This strategy ensures capturing the proper wake mixing level for a given incoming turbulence and turbine operating condition and, thus, accurately estimating the wake velocity field. The power capture from turbines is mimicked as a forcing in the RANS equations through the actuator disk model with rotation. The RANS simulations of the wake velocity field associated with an isolated 5‐MW NREL wind turbine operating with different tip speed ratios and turbulence intensity of the incoming wind agree well with the analogous velocity data obtained through high‐fidelity large‐eddy simulations. Furthermore, different cases of columns of wind turbines operating with different tip speed ratios and downstream spacing are also simulated with great accuracy. Therefore, the proposed RANS solver is a powerful tool for simulations of wind turbine wakes tailored for optimization problems, where a good trade‐off between accuracy and low‐computational cost is desirable.     

A new class of actuator surface models for wind turbines

Actuator line model has been widely used in wind turbine simulations. However, the standard actuator line model does not include a model for the turbine nacelle which can significantly impact turbine wake characteristics. Another disadvantage of the standard actuator line model is that more geometrical features of turbine blades cannot be resolved on a finer mesh. To alleviate these disadvantages of the standard model, we develop a new class of actuator surface models for turbine blades and nacelle to take into account more geometrical details of turbine blades and include the effect of turbine nacelle. The actuator surface model for nacelle is evaluated by simulating the flow over periodically placed nacelles. Both the actuator surface simulation and the wall‐resolved large‐eddy simulation are conducted. The comparison shows that the actuator surface model is able to give acceptable results especially at far wake locations on a very coarse mesh. It is noted that although this model is used for the turbine nacelle in this work, it is also applicable to other bluff bodies. The capability of the actuator surface model in predicting turbine wakes is assessed by simulating the flow over the MEXICO (Model experiments in Controlled Conditions) turbine and the hydrokinetic turbine of Kang, Yang, and Sotiropoulos (Journal of Fluid Mechanics 744 (2014): 376‐403). Comparisons of the computed results with measurements show that the proposed actuator surface model is able to predict the tip vortices, turbulence statistics, and meandering of turbine wake with good accuracy.     

Validation of four LES and a vortex model against stereo-PIV measurements in the near wake of an actuator disc and a wind turbine

In this paper we report the results of a workshop organised by the Delft University of Technology in 2014, aiming at the comparison between different state-of-the-art numerical models for the simulation of wind turbine wakes. The chosen benchmark case is a wind tunnel measurement, where stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry was employed to obtain the velocity field and turbulence statistics in the near wake of a two-bladed wind turbine model and of a porous disc, which mimics the numerical actuator used in the simulations. Researchers have been invited to simulate the experimental case based on the disc drag coefficient and the inflow characteristics. Four large eddy simulation (LES) codes from different institutions and a vortex model are part of the comparison. The purpose of this benchmark is to validate the numerical predictions of the flow field statistics in the near wake of an actuator disc, a case that is highly relevant for full wind farm applications. The comparison has shown that, despite its extreme simplicity, the vortex model is capable of reproducing the wake expansion and the centreline velocity with very high accuracy. Also all tested LES models are able to predict the velocity deficit in the very near wake well, contrary to what was expected from previous literature. However, the resolved velocity fluctuations in the LES are below the experimentally measured values.     

一种新修正的风电机组尾流分析模型

基于尾流区线性膨胀、径向风速损失呈高斯分布的假设,在BP模型基础上建立一种新修正的风电机组尾流分析模型。该模型针对BP模型无法对近尾流区进行分析的问题,基于质量守恒原理求解近尾流区速度损失分布;通过大涡模拟数据拟合,对BP模型中速度损失标准差方程进行修正,提升了模型在不同地表粗糙度下的计算精度。采用大涡模拟数据对多种工程尾流模型的计算结果进行比较。结果表明,相比于Jensen、Frandsen和BP模型,该模型能更好地预测全尾流范围的径向速度分布,并且具有更高的计算精度。     

Two improvements to the dynamic wake meandering model: including the effects of atmospheric shear on wake turbulence and incorporating turbulence build‐up in a row of wind turbines

The dynamic wake meandering (DWM) model is an engineering wake model designed to physically model the wake deficit evolution and the unsteady meandering that occurs in wind turbine wakes. The present study aims at improving two features of the model:

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