桑叶粉对酸奶发酵及贮藏期品质变化的影响

通过测定酸奶的凝乳时间、滴定酸度、乳酸菌活菌数、持水力、可溶性固形物、感官品质等指标,研究添加不同比例的桑叶粉对酸奶发酵和贮藏期间品质变化的影响。结果表明,不同浓度桑叶粉对酸奶发酵的作用不同,添加量为1%, 3%和4%的桑叶粉能促进酸奶的发酵,使酸奶凝乳时间缩短、酸度和乳酸菌数显著提高(p0.05),2%添加量的桑叶粉能抑制酸奶发酵;贮藏期间,不同浓度桑叶粉均能抑制酸度增加,并且2%添加量的桑叶酸奶酸度最低,低于空白对照;随着贮藏天数增加,酸奶酸度、感官品质均呈倒"U"型变化,乳酸菌数、持水力下降,可溶性固形物变化不大。2%添加量的桑叶粉酸奶的酸度最低、乳酸菌数最多,感官品质最佳,对酸奶贮藏期间的品质变化影响最佳。     

乳酸链球菌素对酸奶品质影响的研究

将Nisin按不同浓度的添加量添加到牛乳中制成酸奶,测定酸奶在发酵过程及4℃贮存过程中的酸度、粘度、pH、乳酸菌活菌数、霉菌以及酵母菌的变化趋势。结果表明,添加Nisin可有效抑制酸奶的后酸化,酸奶在保质期内酸度变化在68～78°T之间,pH在4.33～4.53之间,乳酸菌活菌数在2.1×106～2.08×108CFU/mL之间。添加Nisin延长了酸奶的发酵时间,酸奶在保质期内粘度较低,在抑制霉菌和酵母方面无差别。Nisin含量为60IU/mL时对酸奶品质影响不明显,可有效抑制酸奶后酸化进程,延长酸奶保质期。     

松茸多糖对乳酸菌发酵及酸奶品质的影响

以松茸多糖为研究对象,通过测定酸奶的滴定酸度、持水力、质构、乳酸菌活菌数、感官等指标,研究松茸多糖对保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌两种乳酸菌的发酵及酸奶品质的影响。结果表明:松茸多糖对乳酸菌的影响呈倒"U"型,松茸多糖添加量低于0.06%时,对乳酸菌有极明显的促生长作用(p0.01),添加量为0.04%时促生长作用达到最佳;同时松茸多糖对乳酸菌产酸有一定的抑制作用,显著延长酸奶的后酸化过程;随着多糖浓度的增加,酸奶的持水力、质构以及感官均呈倒"U"型变化,在多糖添加量为0.04%时酸奶的品质达到最佳。结论:当松茸多糖添加量为0.04%时,松茸多糖对乳酸菌的促生长作用以及对酸奶品质的影响最佳。     

瓜尔豆胶对乳酸菌增殖及酸奶品质的影响

以部分水解瓜尔豆胶(PHGG)为研究对象,通过测定酸奶的乳酸菌活菌数、pH和滴定酸度、粘度、持水力、感官评分等指标,研究PHGG对常用酸奶发酵剂菌株保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌的发酵特性及酸奶品质的影响。结果表明,PHGG对两种乳酸菌的生长和产酸都有明显的促进作用,在冷藏期间酸奶活菌数始终高于空白组,且不会造成严重的后酸化。随着PHGG添加量的增加,酸奶的粘度、持水力显著增加,PHGG质量浓度为20 g/L时粘度是空白组的1.7倍。感官评分随着PHGG添加量增大呈倒U型变化,在PHGG质量浓度为10～15 g/L时酸奶的品质达到最佳。研究表明,PHGG可以促进酸奶中乳酸菌的生长,提高酸奶的感官和质构品质。     

产细菌素植物乳杆菌Q7对酸奶后酸化及品质的影响

产细菌素植物乳杆菌Q7(Lactobacillus plantarum Q7)对保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌的生长有一定的抑制作用,在酸奶贮藏期具有缓解后酸化的效果。以嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为对照,分别接种不同浓度产细菌素的L.plantarum Q7,对酸奶发酵过程的pH及贮藏期间的pH、酸度、活菌数和析水率、质构和感官品质进行对比研究。结果表明:L.plantarum Q7可缩短发酵时间。在贮藏期间,低剂量L.plantarum Q7发酵酸奶的pH均高于对照组,可滴定酸度均低于对照组,在延缓后酸化方面具有很大潜力。低剂量L.plantarum Q7对酸奶总活菌数和析水率的变化没有明显影响。低剂量L.plantarum Q7可以显著降低酸奶的硬度、提高酸奶的内聚性,酸奶感官品质高于对照组。产细菌素L.plantarum Q7能够延缓酸奶后酸化,改善酸奶感官品质,具有酸奶辅助发酵剂的开发前景。     

红枣多糖对乳酸菌发酵及酸奶品质的影响

以红枣多糖为研究对象,通过测定酸奶中乳酸菌活菌数、酸奶酸度、乳清析出率、持水力及感官等指标,研究红枣多糖对乳酸菌发酵酸奶在发酵、贮藏过程中品质的影响。研究结果表明:当红枣多糖添加量为1.0%时,可促进乳酸菌的生长,红枣多糖酸奶的酸度在贮藏期间的变化最小,持水力高、可达77%,乳清析出率最低,为4.40%;在不同温度贮藏的过程中,红枣多糖酸奶的p H、乳清析出率、持水力以及感官品质的变化均低于未添加红枣多糖的酸奶。红枣多糖一定程度上可延长酸奶的酸化过程、延长保质期。本实验通过探索红枣多糖对乳酸菌发酵和酸奶品质的影响,以期为红枣多糖酸奶的制作提供理论和技术依据。     

滑菇多糖对发酵酸奶品质的影响

滑菇富含功能性多糖,通过热水浸提和乙醇沉淀制备滑菇多糖,并添加到牛奶中,经乳酸菌发酵制成滑菇多糖酸奶。文中测定和分析了滑菇多糖添加量对酸奶活菌数、酸度、黏度、稳定性、质构以及感官的影响。实验结果表明:与未添加滑菇多糖酸奶相比,质量分数1.2%、1.6%和2.4%的3种滑菇多糖添加水平分别提高酸奶活菌数lg值的20.0%、26.2%和32.4%;黏度分别提高42.0%、54.9%和76.8%;乳清析出率分别减少99.5%、100%和100%;持水力分别增加了37.5%、68.3%和78.2%。3种添加水平滑菇多糖在提高酸奶活菌数、稳定pH值、稳定性和感官评价方面都显著优于添加0.12%明胶的酸奶和添加0.04%果胶的酸奶;1.6%滑菇多糖添加水平的酸奶感官评价得分最高。滑菇多糖可作为一种天然稳定剂和功能性添加剂改善酸奶品质,延长酸奶货架期。     

添加豆浆对牦牛酸奶品质的影响

将不同添加量（0、20%、40%、60%）豆浆添加到牦牛乳中制备豆浆-牦牛酸奶,探讨不同添加量豆浆对牦牛酸奶理化指标、贮藏期内酸度、质构特性（硬度、稠度、黏聚性与黏性指数）、持水力、乳酸菌数和感官特性的影响。结果表明,在贮藏期内（1～14 d）,随着豆浆添加量在0～60%范围内增加,牦牛酸奶酸度、持水力、质构特性、乳酸菌数均有所下降。添加20%豆浆制备的牦牛酸奶蛋白质、脂肪及非脂乳固体含量分别为3.28 g/100 g、4.58 g/100 g、8.76 g/100 g,乳酸菌数＞107 CFU/mL,感官评分为87.9分,其酸度、持水力、质构、乳酸菌数等与未添加豆浆的对照相比均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。因此,在牦牛乳中添加20%的豆浆制备豆浆-牦牛酸奶是可行的,可进一步推广应用。     

酸奶的感官与理化特性和乳酸菌活菌数的相关性

在前期酸奶工艺优化的基础上,对酸奶进行感官评分和理化、微生物检测,对酸奶感官评分与理化、微生物指标之间的相关性进行研究。结果表明:黏度、酸度、乳酸菌活菌数和持水性与感官特性有极显著的相关性,由此提出以黏度、酸度和乳酸菌活菌数以及持水性4个指标来客观评价酸奶品质,为酸奶的研制提供理论依据。     

改性燕麦麸水溶性膳食纤维对发酵乳品质及抗氧化活性的影响

将微波改性制备、具有良好理化特性的燕麦麸水溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)添加到发酵乳中,研究改性燕麦麸SDF对发酵乳乳酸菌活菌数、稳定性、pH及酸度、凝乳时间、质构特性、感官品质、储能模量和损失模量、抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明:添加质量分数4％的改性燕麦麸SDF可显著提高发酵乳中乳酸...     

Probiotic culture survival and implications in fermented frozen yogurt characteristics

Low-fat ice cream mix was fermented with probiotic-supplemented and traditional starter culture systems and evaluated for culture survival, composition, and sensory characteristics of frozen product. Fermentations were stopped when the titratable acidity reached 0.15% greater than the initial titratable acidity (end point 1) or when the pH reached 5.6 (end point 2). Mix was frozen and stored for 11 wk at -20 degrees C. The traditional yogurt culture system contained the strains Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The probiotic-supplemented system contained the traditional cultures as well as Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus. We compared recovery of Bifodobacterium by three methods, a repair-detection system with roll-tubes and plates on modified bifid glucose medium and plates with maltose + galactose reinforced clostridial medium. Culture bacteria in both systems did not decrease in the yogurt during frozen storage. The roll-tube method with modified bifid glucose agar and repair detection system provided at least one-half log10 cfu/ml higher recovery of B. longum compared with recoveries using modified bifid glucose agar or maltose + galactose reinforced clostridial agar on petri plates. No change in concentrations of lactose or protein for products fermented with either culture system occurred during storage. Acid flavor was more intense when product was fermented to pH 5.6, but yogurt flavor was not intensified. The presence of probiotic bacteria in the supplemented system seemed to cause no differences in protein and lactose concentration and sensory characteristics.     

富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶贮藏品质变化

为了研究富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶贮藏期间的品质变化，对富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶(富硒酸奶)与非富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶(对照酸奶)的感官性状、理化指标以及两种酸奶4℃贮藏过程中的菌落总数、滴定酸度、黏度、保水性、色泽、抗氧化性和感官评分进行分析。结果表明，贮藏第1 d时与对照酸奶相比，富硒酸奶的pH较高，总固形物含量和硒含量较高(对照酸奶的14.3倍)，颜色更偏红、偏黄。富硒酸奶的乳酸菌菌落总数在贮藏第7 d后高于对照酸奶(P>0.05)，而整个贮藏过程中滴定酸度、黏度低于对照酸奶(P<0.05)，持水性低于对照酸奶(P>0.05)。相同贮藏期内富硒酸奶的过氧化值低于对照酸奶(P>0.05)，对DPPH自由基、ABTS⁺自由基的清除活性高于对照酸奶(P<0.05)，二者的感官评分接近(P>0.05)。富硒乳酸菌发酵酸奶具有较高的抗氧化活性、较低的后酸化，更有利于贮藏过程中品质的保持。     

Preparation and properties of ice cream type frozen yogurt

Changes in sensory ratings and chemical properties of ice cream type frozen yogurt (fat content >8.0% with varying pH values) were investigated during storage for 6 months at –35°C. No appreciable change was observed in the structure, acidity and pH values of the products during storage. In addition, there was no increase in thiobarbituric acid values of the products during storage. Viable lactic acid bacteria decreased in number with increasing storage period. Different sensory ratings were obtained for assessors who were familiar with yogurt and for assessors who were not. The product having a pH value of 5.5 was the most preferred ice cream type frozen yogurt in the products examined .     

Application of whey protein emulsion gel microparticles as fat replacers in low-fat yogurt: Applicability of vegetable oil as the oil phase

Low-fat, healthy yogurt is becoming increasingly favored by consumers. In the present study, whey protein emulsion gel microparticles were used to improve the quality of low-fat yogurt, and the effects of vegetable oil emulsion gel as a fat substitute on the qualities of low-fat yogurt were investigated, expecting to obtain healthier and even more excellent quality low-fat yogurt by applying a new method. First, emulsion gel microparticles were prepared, and then particle size distribution of emulsion gel and water holding capacity (WHC), textural properties, rheological properties, microstructure, storage stability, and sensory evaluation of yogurt were carried out. The results showed that yogurt with emulsion gel had significantly superior qualities than yogurt made with skim milk powder, with better WHC, textural properties, rheological properties, and storage stability. The average particle size of whey protein-vegetable oil emulsion gel microparticles was significantly larger than that of whey protein-milk fat emulsion gel microparticles, and the larger particle size affected the structural stability of yogurt. The WHC of yogurt made with whey protein-vegetable oil emulsion gel microparticles (V-EY) was lower (40.41%) than that of yogurt made with whey protein-milk fat emulsion gel microparticles (M-EY; 42.81%), and the texture results also showed that the hardness, consistency, and viscosity index of V-EY were inferior to these of M-EY, whereas no significant differences were found in the cohesiveness. Interestingly, the microstructure of V-EY was relatively flatter, with more and finer network branching. The whey separation between V-EY and M-EY also did not show significant differences during the 14 d of storage. Compared with yogurt made with whey protein, vegetable oil, and skim milk powder, the structure of V-EY remained relatively stable and had no cracks after 14 d of storage. The sensory evaluation results found that the total score of V-EY (62) was only lower than M-EY (65) and significantly higher than that of yogurt made with skim milk powder. The emulsion gel addition improved the sensory qualities of yogurt. Whey protein emulsion gel microparticles prepared from vegetable oil can be applied to low-fat yogurt to replace fat and improve texture and sensory defects associated with fat reduction.     

不同稳定剂对凝固型牦牛酸奶在冷藏后熟过程中品质及风味的影响

为了探讨黄原胶、果胶和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)对牦牛酸奶在后熟过程中品质及风味的变化,实验测定了添加不同稳定剂酸奶的感官、酸度、持水性、质构,并分析了不同后熟时间酸奶的挥发性风味成分。结果表明,不同稳定剂对牦牛酸奶的感官、理化性质及质构的影响不同。添加黄原胶、果胶及CMC-Na对牦牛酸奶的感官、酸度及持水性有显著影响(p<0.05),均在一定程度上提高了酸奶的硬度,但稳定剂添加量过大时会降低酸奶的粘聚性。通过正交实验确定稳定剂最佳复配组合为:果胶0.04%、黄原胶0.02%、CMC-Na 0.03%,此时牦牛酸奶的持水力为71.52%,感官评分为42。对牦牛酸奶中的挥发性风味物质检测发现,醇类是牦牛酸奶中含量最高的物质,其次为酮类、其他类(主要为芳香类),再次为醛类。随冷藏后熟时间的延长,空白组中检出的挥发性风味物质数量变化不大;在冷藏后熟2 d时,果胶组风味的稳定效果最好,其次为CMC-Na,复合稳定剂组效果最差;至冷藏后熟7 d时,与第2 d相比,复合稳定剂组风味的稳定效果最好。     

紫米酸奶的工艺优化及贮藏品质分析研究

以熟紫米粉和鲜牛奶为主要原料,研制具有抗氧化性能的紫米酸奶。将紫米酸奶的酸度、持水力和感官评分作为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面分析法对紫米酸奶的工艺进行优化,并对紫米酸奶的贮藏品质进行了研究。结果表明,紫米酸奶的最佳工艺为紫米粉添加量22 g/L,白砂糖添加量7%,接种量0.06%。在此优化条件下,紫米酸奶的感官评分为91.1分。在贮藏期间,紫米酸奶的感官评分、持水力、pH、酸度、乳酸菌数及对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基的清除率明显优于对照组。紫米酸奶具有更长的货架期和较强的抗氧化能力。     

Viability of microencapsulated bifidobacteria in set yogurt during refrigerated storage

Bifidobacteria are probiotic organisms that improve the microbial balance in the human gut. They can be incorporated as live cultures in fermented dairy foods, including yogurt, for transmission to humans. Because bifidobacteria are sensitive to high acidity, their viability in yogurt is limited. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of microencapsulation on the viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt during refrigerated storage for 30 d. Live bifidobacterial cells were encapsulated in kappa-carrageenan. Cell enumeration, determination of titratable acidity and pH, quantitation of lactic and acetic acids, and sensory evaluation (consumer test) were carried out on the yogurt samples. Microbiological results showed a decline of 78 and 70.5% in the population of Bifidobacterium longum B6 and B. longum ATCC 15708, respectively, for the treatments containing nonencapsulated cells. No difference in bifidobacterial population was observed in the encapsulated treatments. The acetic acid content in the yogurt with nonencapsulated bifidobacteria was higher than that in the plain yogurt (control) and encapsulated treatments. The increase in lactic acid content during storage was not different among the various treatments for B. longum B6, but was greater for nonencapsulated than encapsulated B. longum 15708 and the control. Consumers judged the nonencapsulated treatment as the most sour, which was likely due to the higher acetic acid content. Consumers preferred the control and nonencapsulated treatments over the encapsulated treatment. Microencapsulation appears to increase the viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt. This technique can be used to transmit bifidobacteria via fermented products provided that sensory characteristics of the product are improved or maintained.     

抹茶益生菌有机酸奶的研发及贮存期品质分析

以有机生牛乳和有机白砂糖为主要原料,添加抹茶粉和益生元等配料共同进行发酵,研发抹茶益生菌有机酸奶产品,并对其贮存期品质进行分析。通过单因素试验和正交试验分别考察抹茶粉添加量、菊粉添加量、发酵剂接种量和发酵时间对抹茶益生菌有机酸奶感官品质的影响。结果表明,抹茶益生菌有机酸奶的最优发酵工艺为白砂糖添加量8%、发酵温度42 ℃、发酵时间6 h、抹茶粉添加量0.09%、菊粉添加量1.5%、发酵剂接种量0.01%。在此优化条件下,抹茶益生菌有机酸奶感官评分为97分,酸度为78 °T,产品色泽明亮呈淡绿色、口感细滑、风味浓郁。     

Determination of shelf life of concentrated yogurt (labneh) produced by in-bag straining of set yogurt using hazard analysis

Strained yogurt, labneh, produced by straining cow's milk set yogurt in cloth bags, was stored at 5, 15, and 25 degrees C, and changes in microbial counts, pH, titratable acidity, percentage of free whey, and sensory attributes were monitored during storage. Counts of total aerobes, psychrotrophic yeasts, yeasts and molds, and lactic acid bacteria, except in samples stored at 25 degrees C, increased irrespective of storage temperature. The pH of samples decreased, titratable acidity and percentage of free whey increased, and texture defects were detected at a later stage than flavor changes during storage. Shelf-life data of labneh was adequately described by the Weibull distribution. The nominal shelf life determined using sensory changes and yeast counts as failure criteria ranged from 8.5 to 10.5, 4.7 to 5.8 and 2.3 to 2.7 d at 5, 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Q10 (shelf life at T degrees C/shelf life at T+10 degrees C) for flavor quality loss was 1.98 at 5 degrees C, and the corresponding activation energy was 11.3 kcal/mol.