海水反渗透淡化技术的分析与探讨

反渗透海水淡化技术是一种高效、节能、先进的液体分离技术.论述了目前国内外海水反渗透淡化技术的应用现状,着重介绍了反渗透膜材料及特点、膜污染及清洗、典型的海水反渗透淡化流程,探讨了反渗透海水淡化技术目前存在的问题及未来发展趋势.     

PV‐betriebene Umkehrosmoseanlage zur Meerwasserentsalzung – Modellierung und Analyse verschiedener Energieversorgungsvarianten

Reverse osmosis is a very energy‐efficient approach for seawater desalination. Since it requires only electrical energy, a combination of reverse osmosis and photovoltaic (PV) plants seems to be a promising solution. Therefore, a PV‐based reverse osmosis plant for seawater desalination for a location in Saudi Arabia is designed and modeled. On this basis, different options of a PV‐powered seawater desalination plant are investigated and conclusions for the construction of such plants are derived.     

我国反渗透海水淡化絮凝剂研究现状

阐述了絮凝剂对反渗透海水淡化的重要性,按絮凝剂分类总结了我国反渗透海水淡化絮凝剂的研究现状,提出了今后反渗透海水淡化絮凝剂的研究发展方向。     

Cost analysis of seawater desalination with reverse osmosis in Turkey

Economically usable water resources per capita are decreasing due to excessive population increase each year in Turkey. For this reason, new water resources should be found in the near future. The potential water resources are seawater or well water both of which need removal of salinity. The most promising treatment method for salinity is reverse osmosis. While reverse osmosis becomes widespread, the cost of the process will decrease. There is no detailed information about cost of seawater desalination in Turkey. In this study, a cost analysis of seawater desalination in Turkey was performed for reverse osmosis systems. The basic parameters of cost analysis such as capacity, recovery, membrane life, energy, chemical costs and flux were evaluated based on the effects on capital, operating and total production costs.     

Recent advances in reverse osmosis and electrodialysis membrane desalting technology

The potential impact of recent developments in both reverse osmosis and electrodialysis membrane desalting technology are summarized.Particular emphasis is given to the status of advanced technology reverse osmosis membranes with chlorine resistance having single pass seawater desalination capability. Membranes capable of using low operating pressures for brackish water desalting are also reviewed.Results obtained with large prototype reverse osmosis modules and their potential effect on lowering plant capital costs are presented.Possible elimination of acid and use of ultrafiltration as the predominant pretreatment step in seawater desalination plants are also described.Recent developments in the high temperature electrodialysis program for seawater desalting and in the use of newly developed anion membranes for brackish water desalination are reviewed.Finally, the effect of recent budget cut-backs imposed on the office of Water Research and Technology (OWRT) and potential impacts on future membrane desalination R&D activity are discussed.     

海水淡化反渗透系统中的膜用化学品

针对反渗透海水淡化系统中膜化学品使用的必要性，简介了国内外反渗透膜化学品（清洗剂、阻垢剂和杀生剂）的研究、生产和应用现状，分析了膜化学品的发展趋势和市场前景，提出在目前大力发展海水淡化事业的背景下，我国膜化学品的开发和应用研究应该同步跟进，从而促进我国膜技术和海水淡化产业的发展。     

利用可再生能源的反渗透膜法海水淡化方案探讨

该文对常规膜法海水淡化系统的系统功能、设备出力、蓄水能力、设备选型、运行管理等方面提出了优化调整意见,使之在安全运行的前提下,适应可再生能源电力波动的特点,如此不但能解决可再生能源发电量不稳定、发电量与用电负荷不匹配等问题,大幅提高可再生能源发电设备的利用小时数,还能解决我国淡水资源紧缺问题,创造利用可再生能源和海水资源的新循环经济模式。     

膜法海水淡化系统在华能威海电厂的应用

随着我国水资源的日益匮乏,海水淡化技术不断应用于工业中。华能威海电厂三期海水淡化系统设备为笔者所在公司提供,海水作为该厂锅炉补给水水源,采用了超滤(UF)-海水反渗透(SWRO)-一级反渗透-二级反渗透-电去离子技术(EDI)全膜法制备。其中能量回收作为海水淡化系统的重要部分,本文将介绍几种常用的能量回收装置,并详细介绍膜法海水淡化系统在该厂中的应用。     

Boron in seawater and methods for its separation — A review

The seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane desalination process is a relevant and reliable technology for desalination of seawater. However, some serious limitations had recently been discovered during field practice, among them the boron problem seems to have a critical meaning. According to the WHO regulations, the boron concentration should be reduced to less than 0.5 mg/L for drinking water. It was also reported that, this limit is rarely reached for conventional reverse osmosis desalination plants equipped with commercially available membranes. This paper reviews the extensive published literature on separation methods of boron removal from seawater.     

反渗透海水淡化中差动式能量回收装置的研究

研究了一种应用于中小型反渗透海水淡化装置的新型差动式能量回收装置.结果表明,使用本能量回收装置的日产10m3反渗透海水淡化装置的单位淡水能耗只有3.6kWh/m^3,不考虑高压泵及电机自身损耗的影响时,单位淡水能耗为2.3～2.7kWh/m^3,装置能耗显著降低,能量回收效率达到97%.此能量回收装置不需要其它附加增压设备,并且能有效改进由于阀门开闭导致系统压力波动而造成的淡水产量不稳定的问题,保护了反渗透膜、高压泵等系统内的重要设备.     

长岛1000吨/日反渗透海水淡化示范工程

长岛1000t／d反渗透海水淡化工程是我国第一个自行设计、建造的日产千吨级反渗透海水淡化示范工程,在国内首次使用压力交换式能量回收设备,建成后运行正常,能耗达到国际先进水平,为推广我国的海水淡化起到了很好的示范作用。     

Jeddah seawater reverse osmosis installation

The world's largest reverse osmosis system for seawater desalination was placed on-line in January 1979 to supply 12,000 cubic meters of desalted Red Sea water per day to the drinking water supplies of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This system is based on the newly developed spiral-wound TFC membrane elements. These elements exhibit the high water permeability, low salt permeability, thermal stability, resistance to micro-organisms, and chemical stability required for economic desalination of seawater.

The system consists of power generation, a seawater intake, dual media filtration, nine first-stage reverse osmosis units, three second-stage reverse osmosis units and product stabilization. Since each unit can be brought on or off line in a matter of minutes, the system is extremely flexible. Simplicity of installation and operation is a major advantage of reverse osmosis.

Cost data accrued to date has verified that reverse osmosis is more economical than multistage flash distillaion, both in terms of capital and operating costs. The short lead time from bid to operation, as compared to MSF is demonstrated by the fact that the plant was designed, constructed, and accepted within eighteen months of acceptance of bid.     

反渗透海水淡化系统“脱盐率与产水量下降”故障树分析

故障树分析是一种逻辑演绎的故障诊断方法,在核反应堆和航天器可靠性等领域已得到成功应用。反渗透法是目前应用最广泛的海水淡化方法。“脱盐率与产水量下降”是反渗透海水淡化系统中最为典型且损失重大的故障类型。基于对反渗透海水淡化膜组件结构和系统工作流程与机理的深入分析,给出了“脱盐率与产水量下降”的故障树;利用布尔代数求出最小割集及最小径集,完成了对故障基本事件的结构重要度分析,对故障基本事件进行了危险等级划分并提出了上述故障的处理方法。研究工作为超大规模反渗透海水淡化故障诊断专家系统中知识库的构建提供了一套科学实用的方法。     

海水纳滤预处理的优化研究

纳滤已被广泛研究用于反渗透和膜蒸馏海水淡化的预处理,它能有效避免反渗透膜和膜蒸馏装置的结垢污染,但纳滤膜同样存在结垢污染问题。通过配制人工海水及人工脱硬海水等海水体系研究了硬度离子对纳滤膜无机污染的影响,并通过接触角、SEM、EDX等表征方法研究了膜面污染物的主要成分及其对膜性能的影响。结果表明,钙离子是造成纳滤膜无机污染的主要硬度离子,脱硬或脱钙处理能有效避免海水淡化过程中纳滤预处理阶段的无机结垢问题。     

海水淡化装置的船上应用及发展

总结了船用海水淡化装置的几种主要类型及其发展动向,概述了几种蒸馏式和电渗析船用海水淡化装置的工作原理和性能特点。对船用反渗透海水淡化装置的工艺进行了较详细的介绍和分析,并指出了其在船舶上广阔的应用前景。     

反渗透技术在水处理中的应用进展

反渗透技术是一种新兴的液体分离技术,具有分离效率高,操作简单,环境友好等优点。本文介绍了反渗透技术的原理和发展,着重探讨了反渗透技术在海水和苦咸水淡化、纯水和超纯水的制备以及工业废水处理中的应用,进一步讨论了反渗透水处理技术应用中存在的问题和解决方法,并对该技术的发展进行了展望。     

船用智能化反渗透式海水淡化装置

反渗透式海水淡化装置在船舶上的应用越来越普遍,模快化和智能化设计可以使其工作性能稳定可靠、同时也实现了无人化运行管理。介绍了船用反渗透海水淡化装置的智能化设计要点及性能特点。     

脱盐过程的比较和选择

本文简要介绍世界上三种主要海水淡化方法一多级闪蒸、低温多效蒸馏和反渗透的原理、特点和方法选择。将这三种方法进行比较并结合实践对选择海水淡化方法的依据进行探讨。预计21世纪的海水淡化市场会有更大发展。     

中国海水淡化技术研究现状与展望

分析了国内近年在多级闪蒸、低温多效和反渗透等海水淡化技术方面研究和发展现状,并与世界海水淡化技术先进国家进行了比较,讨论了所存在的问题和差距。此外,结合国内对海水淡化技术需求,提出了中国海水淡化技术未来可能的发展方向和目标。