End-to-End Delay and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Providing better communication and maximising the communication performance in a Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is always challenging due to the volatile characteristics of the underwater environment. Radio signals cannot properly propagate underwater, so there is a need for acoustic technology that can support better data rates and reliable underwater wireless communications. Node mobility, 3-D spaces and horizontal communication links are some critical challenges to the researcher in designing new routing protocols for UWSNs. In this paper, we have proposed a novel routing protocol called Layer by layer Angle-Based Flooding (L2-ABF) to address the issues of continuous node movements, end-to-end delays and energy consumption. In L2-ABF, every node can calculate its flooding angle to forward data packets toward the sinks without using any explicit configuration or location information. The simulation results show that L2-ABF has some advantages over some existing flooding-based techniques and also can easily manage quick routing changes where node movements are frequent.     

Double Cluster Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes and prolonging the life of the network is the central topic in the research of wireless sensor network (WSN) protocol. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the hierarchical routing protocols designed for communication in WSNs. LEACH is clustering based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster-heads to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. But LEACH is based on the assumption that each sensor nodes contain equal amount of energy which is not valid in real scenarios. A developed routing protocol named as DL-LEACH is proposed. The DL-LEACH protocol cluster head election considers residual energy of nodes, distance from node to the base station and neighbor nodes, which makes cluster head election reasonable and node energy consumption balance. The simulation results of proposed protocols are compared for its network life time in MATLAB with LEACH protocol. The DL-LEACH is prolong the network life cycle by 75 % than LEACH.     

Energy Efficient Fuzzy Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Energy efficiency to route data in wireless sensor networks is key concern to enhance network lifetime. In this paper, an energy efficient routing protocol has...     

The Cooperative-Communication Based Underwater Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Personal Communications - Millimeter-wave massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) employs a lens antenna array for minimizing the radio frequency (RF) chains count, yet it remains as...     

EERP:一种能源有效的无线传感器网络路由协议

针对同构无线传感器网络的能源瓶颈问题提出一种能源有效的自适应路由协议,该协议在分布式动态分簇的基础上提出一种班车算法对数据进行逐层汇聚,以减少网络中流动数据包的数量,同时分担簇头节点的计算量。Tossim仿真试验表明该协议能够显著地减少节点的能量开销,提高网络的适应性,有效地延长网络的生命周期。     

基于非均匀分簇的能耗高效WSN路由协议

本文提出了能耗高效的非均匀分簇路由协议（EERP）.核心为由远及近依次求取各层成簇半径值,使得靠近sink节点的成簇半径小于远离sink节点的成簇半径;以节点剩余能量和相对距离为每个节点确定簇首竞争能力;簇间采用动态路由;依据接收比特值和簇首节点剩余能量发起簇重构.在Omnet＋＋仿真平台下模拟实验结果显示,EERP有效的均衡了全网节点能耗,显著延长了网络生命周期.     

A New Energy Efficient Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks consist of low cost sensor nodes which have limited power supplies, memory capacity, processing capability and transmission rate. Sensor nodes gather information from the environment and send the collected information to base station with help of a routing cooperation. Because of limited resources in Wireless Sensor Networks, fulfilling these routing operations is a major problem. Routing protocols are used to perform these operations. The most important thing by considering while these protocols are designed is energy efficiency. Because wireless sensor networks are widely used in intelligent systems, the energy efficiency of these networks is very important in IoT. Researchers have proposed several hierarchical routing protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN and APTEEN. In this study, an energy efficient routing protocol is developed which is more efficient than currently avaliable routing protocols. The developed protocol involves mapping of the network, sleep–wake/load balancing, data merge processes. The proposed protocol gives better results than other protocols in number of surviving nodes and amount of energy consumed criterias.     

UCRP—一种能量有效的WSN非均匀分簇路由协议

提出了一种新的能量有效的非均匀分簇路由协议—UCRP.根据距离基站的远近将网络分为大小不同的簇;簇内数据传输根据簇范围的大小采用单跳或多跳;簇间数据传输构建多跳路由,簇首选择下一跳节点时将能量与最小跳数路由算法相结合;最后在能量有效的前提下对LEACH协议易受到HELLO flooding攻击提出了安全设想.仿真结果表明:该协议能够有效地均衡簇首和全网能耗,延长网络生存时间.     

Energy Efficient Shortest Path Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Personal Communications - While several protocols are proposed in performing sub aquatic communication, routing and issues related to efficiency of energy are considered as important for...     

A Distributed Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

The design of routing protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) poses many challenges due to the intrinsic properties of underwater environments. In this paper we present DUCS (Distributed Underwater Clustering Scheme), a new GPS-free routing protocol that does not use flooding techniques, minimizes the proactive routing message exchange and uses data aggregation to eliminate redundant information. Besides, DUCS assumes random node mobility and compensates the high propagation delays of the underwater medium using a continually adjusted timing advance combined with guard time values to minimize data loss. The theoretical and simulation studies carried out demonstrate its effectiveness.     

移动无线传感网络簇头多跳路由协议

随着无线传感器网络在移动环境中广泛应用,移动环境下降低能耗成了传感网络研究的热点.通过研究移动环境下的各种路由协议,并结合LEACH协议自身存在的问题,提出了一种支持移动的簇头多跳的路由算法.该协议充分考虑了剩余能量、速度和距离,以及簇头选取和簇的构成方法,提出新的权值函数,从而有效地支持节点移动.仿真结果表明,该协议有效地均衡了节点能耗,提高了能量利用率,延长了网络寿命.     

A Vector-Based Routing Protocol in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

One major concern shared by many researchers about underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), with respect to the limitations and particularities of underwater environment, is the problem of routing. These limitations include three-dimensional topology, limited bandwidth, node movement, long delay, limited energy, and construction costs. The new routing protocols for underwater networks have been developed on the basis of voracious routing systems. The main problem with UWSNs is finding an efficient route between the source and the target to send more packets to the target with lower levels of energy consumption. In this research, by improving VBF algorithm, which is dependent on the radius of the routing pipe, an algorithm is introduced which considers pipe radius as a function of the environment’s dimensions and of the range and the number of nodes. Consequently, by changing one of these parameters, the radius of the routing pipe changes. However, to control the energy consumed by the nodes, there exists a function that, if the recipient node’s energy to receive the packet is much lower than that of the sender node, the proposed method reduces the size of the routing pipe’s radius to lessen its chance of being selected as the guiding node so that other nodes are able to have the chance of getting the packet’s guiding node. The proposed algorithm has been compared with VBVA, HHVBF, and VBF protocols; the simulation results obtained from NS-2 simulator indicate that the proposed protocol could cut back on energy consumption, especially in networks with high number of nodes, by relying on changing the width of the routing pipe in proportion to network density. It was also successful in delivering more packets in non-dense networks.     

RK-Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks are related to the monitoring of human physiological parameters. In these small sized machines called sensors are used to observe the physiological parameters. They are small in size which makes them easy to carry around but on the same time they have a serious problem that they can carry with them a very small sized battery. The sensors deplete their energy while sensing the parameter, communication of the sensed data to the base station and also in processing of the observed data. The sensors cannot be charged on regular intervals because they are attached to human body and charging them may not be an easy option. In this paper an energy efficient routing protocol is presented which uses sensors in WBASN to observe parameter in much efficient way. The concept of multi hopping has been utilized with forwarder node. Forwarder node accepts data from sensor nodes which are far from the sink. After accepting data the forwarder node forwards this data to the sink node. This scheme is compared with an existing scheme with which it has been compared in terms of four parameters which are residual energy, network stability and life time, throughput and path loss.

     

一种能量有效的无线传感器网络路由算法

无线传感器网络中传感器节点能量有限,为了提高能量利用率,针对现有算法随机选择簇首、簇结构不合理等缺陷提出了一种新的能量有效的分簇路由算法EERA.EERA采用新的簇首选举、成簇,以及构建簇间路由算法,基于节点剩余能量与节点的相对位置选择簇首、成簇,使剩余能量较多的节点优先成为簇首并且各簇首能较均匀的分布在网络区域内;构建簇间路由时将最小跳数路由算法与改进的MTE算法结合起来,在簇间形成最小跳数、最小能耗路径.仿真结果表明,EERA算法可以均衡全网能量消耗,延长网络的生命周期.     

无线传感网自适应能量驱动簇头轮换算法研究

分簇结构是大规模无线传感网(WSN)的一种有效的拓扑管理方法。在这种结构下,由于簇头(Cluster Head,CH)节点的能耗速率远高于簇成员节点(Cluster Member,CM),需要做簇头轮换以平衡网络能耗。该文分析了基于能量驱动的簇头轮换策略,并提供一种基于簇头节点实时负载来估计其启动轮换的能量阈值的自适应簇头轮换算法(Adaptive Cluster Rotation Algorithm,ACRA)。仿真结果表明,与现有算法如LEACH,EDAC等比较,ACRA算法最少化簇头轮换次数,延长了网络生存时间。     

A Novel Energy Efficient and Lifetime Maximization Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

The energy consumption is a key design criterion for the routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Some of the conventional single path routing schemes may not be optimal to maximize the network lifetime and connectivity. Thus, multipath routing schemes is an optimal alternative to extend the lifetime of WSN. Multipath routing schemes distribute the traffic across multiple paths instead of routing all the traffic along a single path. In this paper, we propose a multipath Energy-Efficient data Routing Protocol for wireless sensor networks (EERP). The latter keeps a set of good paths and chooses one based on the node state and the cost function of this path. In EERP, each node has a number of neighbours through which it can route packets to the base station. A node bases its routing decision on two metrics: state and cost function. It searches its Neighbours Information Table for all its neighbours concerned with minimum cost function. Simulation results show that our EERP protocol minimizes and balances the energy consumption well among all sensor nodes and achieves an obvious improvement on the network lifetime.     

A Uniform Balancing Energy Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor network, the power supply is, generally, a non-renewable battery. Consequently, energy effectiveness is a crucial factor. To maximize the battery life and therefore, the duration of network service, a robust wireless communication protocol providing a best energy efficiency is required. In this paper, we present a uniform balancing energy routing protocol. In this later the transmission path is chosen for maximizing the whole network lifetime. Every transmission round, only the nodes which have their remaining energies greater than a threshold can participate as routers for other nodes in addition to sensing the environment. This choice allows the distribution of energy load among any sensor nodes; thus extends network lifetime. The experimental results shows that the proposed protocol outperforms some protocols given in the literature.     

MRP: A Localization-Free Multi-Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have distinctive characteristics due to the use of acoustic signals as its physical medium for communications, including high propagation delay, limited bandwidth and high error rates. Hence, designing communication protocols, particularly, an efficient routing protocol for UWSNs is a challenging issue. Routing protocols can take advantage of the localization of sensor nodes. However, the localization itself is not impeccable in UWSNs. In this paper, we therefore propose a localization-free routing protocol named MRP (multi-layered routing protocol) for UWSNs. MRP utilizes super nodes in order to eliminate the need of localization. MRP works in two phases: Layering phase and Data forwarding phase. During layering phase, different layers are formed around the super nodes. In data forwarding phase, data packets are forwarded based on these layers. Through simulation study using NS-2 simulator, we proved that MRP contributes significant performance improvements against representative routing protocols.     

Energy Efficient Message Priority Based Routing Protocol for Aquaculture Applications Using Underwater Sensor Network

Wireless Personal Communications - Aquaculture yield is determined by water characteristics of the farming area. The yield can be maximized by monitoring water parameters on a timely basis and...