Capacity, Cutoff Rate, and Coding for a Direct-Detection Optical Channel

It is shown that When Pierce's pulse-position modulation scheme with 2^Lpositions is used on a self-noise-limited directdetection optical communication channel, there results a 2^L-ary erasure channel that is equivalent to the parallel combination ofL"completely correlated" binary erasure channels. The capacity of the full channel is the sum of the capacities of the component channels, but the cutoff rate of the full channel is shown to be much smaller than the sum of the cutoff rates. An interpretation of the cutoff rate is given that suggests a complexity advantage in coding separately on the component channels. It is shown that if short-constraint length convolutional codes with Viterbi decoders are used on the component channels, then the performance and complexity compare favorably with the Reed-Solomon coding system proposed by McEliece for the full channel. The reasons for this unexpectedly fine performance by the convolutional code system are explored in detail, as are various facets of the channel structure.     

Development and Preliminary Validation of Heart Rate and Breathing Rate Detection Using a Passive, Ballistocardiography-Based Sleep Monitoring System

Techniques such as ballistocardiography (BCG) that can provide noninvasive long-term physiological monitoring have gained interest due to a growing recognition of adverse effects from poor sleep and sleep disorders. The noninvasive analysis of physiological signals (NAPS) system is a BCG-based monitoring system developed to measure heart rate, breathing rate, and musculoskeletal movement that shows promise as a general sleep analysis tool. Overnight sleep studies were conducted on 40 healthy subjects during a clinical trial at the University of Virginia. The NAPS system's measures of heart rate and breathing rate were compared to ECG, pulse oximetry, and respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP). The subjects were split into a training dataset and a validation dataset, maintaining similar demographics in each set. The NAPS system accurately detected heart rate, averaged over the prescribed 30-s epochs, to within less than 2.72 beats per minute of ECG, and accurately detected breathing rate, averaged over the same epochs, to within 2.10 breaths per minute of RIP bands used in polysomnography.     

Correction to: A Detailed Evolutionary Scrutiny of PEIS with GPS Fleet Tracker and AOMDV-SAPTV Based on Throughput,Delay, Accuracy,Error Rate,and Success Rate

Wireless Personal Communications - Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a promising and widespread wireless communication technology for entity identification or authentication. By the emerging...     

Amplify-and-Forward in Wireless Relay Networks: Rate, Diversity, and Network Size

A wireless network with fading and a single source-destination pair is considered. The information reaches the destination via multiple hops through a sequence of layers of single-antenna relays. At high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the simple amplify-and-forward strategy is shown to be optimal in terms of degrees of freedom, because it achieves the degrees of freedom equal to a point-to-point multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. Hence, the lack of coordination in relay nodes does not reduce the achievable degrees of freedom. The performance of this amplify-and-forward strategy degrades with increasing network size. This phenomenon is analyzed by finding the tradeoffs between network size, rate, and diversity. A lower bound on the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff for concatenation of multiple random Gaussian matrices is obtained. Also, it is shown that achievable network size in the outage formulation (short codes) is a lot smaller than the ergodic formulation (long codes).     

深入理解失效率和瞬时失效率

对失效率λ(t)和瞬时失效率h(t)所具有的实际含义和表征内容进行了深入的探讨。同时详解了失效密度函数f(t)在可靠性工程计算中具有将随机失效数转变为连续变化量的作用。对这几个可靠性参量在工程应用和计算时的适用场合作了分析。通过简洁易懂的论述和实际的计算实例,重点说明了瞬时失效率的3个特点,希望在可靠性基础理论的学习中正确地理解失效率和瞬时失效率的意义。     

Rate, Sub-Carrier, and Power Allocations for Multi-Carrier CDMA with LMMSE Multiuser Detection

Multi-carrier code-division-multiple-access (MC-CDMA) is a promising transmission technique for high-speed wireless multimedia communication in frequency-selective fading channels. In this letter, allocations of physical transmission rate, sub-carrier, and power are proposed for a MC-CDMA system that applies multi-code (MC)/variable-spreading-length (VSL) multi-rate access to minimize total transmitted power, where we consider users have different data rate and BER.requirements and LMMSE multiuser detection is used in the receivers. We derive transmission rate capacity and propose a simple admission control criterion that linearly relates the code length, data rate and BER requests of all users. The proposed iterative allocation algorithm jointly allocates the sub-carrier power of each user and solves the sub-carrier allocation problem     

心率监测定位报警系统设计

为实现一种低成本的心率监测定位报警系统,在掌握全球定位系统(Global Position System,GPS)、全球移动通信系统(Global System for Mobile Communications,GSM)和光电式心率监测传感器工作原理的基础上,进行了基于STC12C5A60S2单片机、瑞士u-blox公司的GPS模块、SIMCOM公司的SIM300通信模块和脉搏传感器的系统实验,实验结果表明,在脉搏传感器监测到佩戴者心率突变超出正常水平时,系统能及时地将佩戴者的实时地理位置信息发送到与之绑定的手机上,实现了对佩戴者身体突发意外时准确及时的定位。系统各部件协作完成了实时定位、心率监测以及信息发送报警的功能。     

符号速率相关的带通采样速率选取及其仿真

带通采样速率选取是软件无线电技术的关键问题之一。分析了常用带通采样速率选取方法的不足：采样速率一般不是符号速率的整数倍,后续基带数字信号处理需要进行复杂的小数内插或抽取算法运算,实现相当困难且运算量很大。为解决这一问题,提出了一种实用的与符号速率相关的带通采样速率选取方法,在满足带通采样定理基础上,附加频谱间隔最大条件选取符号速率整数倍的采样速率,最后通过软件仿真验证了符号速率相关的带通采样速率选取方法的正确性和可行性。     

Biodegradable Polymer Crosslinker: Independent Control of Stiffness,Toughness, and Hydrogel Degradation Rate

Hydrogels are being increasingly studied for use in various biomedical applications including drug delivery and tissue engineering. The successful use of a hydrogel in these applications greatly relies on a refined control of the mechanical properties including stiffness, toughness, and the degradation rate. However, it is still challenging to control the hydrogel properties in an independent manner due to the interdependency between hydrogel properties. Here it is hypothesized that a biodegradable polymeric crosslinker would allow for decoupling of the dependency between the properties of various hydrogel materials. This hypothesis is examined using oxidized methacrylic alginate (OMA). The OMA is synthesized by partially oxidizing alginate to generate hydrolytically labile units and conjugating methacrylic groups. It is used to crosslink poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate and poly(N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide) to form three‐dimensional hydrogel systems. OMA significantly improves rigidity and toughness of both hydrogels as compared with a small molecule crosslinker, and also controls the degradation rate of hydrogels depending on the oxidation degree, without altering their initial mechanical properties. The protein‐release rate from a hydrogel and subsequent angiogenesis in vivo are thus regulated with the chemical structure of OMA. Overall, the results of this study suggests that the use of OMA as a crosslinker will allow the implantation of a hydrogel in tissue subject to an external mechanical loading with a desired protein‐release profile. The OMA synthesized in this study will be, therefore, highly useful to independently control the mechanical properties and degradation rate of a wide array of hydrogels.     

Rate Variable, Multi-Binary Turbo Codes with Controlled Error-Floor

In this letter we propose rate variable turbo codes based on the parallel concatenation of tailbiting Recursive Systematic multi-binary (m-ary) convolutional codes. Rate variability is not achieved by puncturing, which can have adverse effects on the minimum distance of the code. Using a variable number of input lines of the encoder, we obtain several different overall rates ranging from 1/2 to 7/8. The most suitable Soft-In- Soft-Out decoding algorithm for these turbo codes is based on the Dual Reciprocal Code, which is very efficient for high rate codes. A particular interleaver design, namely the ?backbone? interleaver, guarantees a high Hamming weight in codewords with information weight 2 and 3, as well as good minimum distances and fairly low multiplicities for higher information weights. Therefore, these codes have very low error floors.     

Fast, Memory Efficient Flow Rate Estimation Using Runs

Per-flow network traffic measurements are needed for effective network traffic management, network performance assessment, and detection of anomalous network events such as incipient denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Explicit measurement of per-flow traffic statistics is difficult in backbone networks because tracking the possibly hundreds of thousands of flows needs correspondingly large high-speed memories. To reduce the measurement overhead, many previous papers have proposed the use of random sampling and this is also used in commercial routers (Cisco's NetFlow). Our goal is to develop a new scheme that has very low memory requirements and has quick convergence to within a pre-specified accuracy. We achieve this by use of a novel approach based on sampling two-runs to estimate per-flow traffic. (A flow has a two-run when two consecutive samples belong to the same flow). Sampling two-runs automatically biases the samples towards the larger flows thereby making the estimation of these sources more accurate. This biased sampling leads to significantly smaller memory requirement compared to random sampling schemes. The scheme is very simple to implement and performs extremely well.     

频次合格率与频时合格率的关系

频次合格率和频时合格率是一类特定的短波广播效果收测数据统计的两个重要指标。本文讨论频次合格率与频时合格率之间存在的内在联系。通过对收测对象电台的所有播出时段进行分类统计,建立了频次合格率和频时合格率的计算公式,分析了频次合格率与频时合格率之间存在一定关系应满足的条件,该条件与每个播出时段类中含有不同的效果不合格次数的播出时段数量以及播出时段的时长有关。     

MIMO Channels in the Low-SNR Regime: Communication Rate, Error Exponent, and Signal Peakiness

We consider multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels and characterize the reliability function in the low signal-to-noise (SNR) regime as a function of the number of transmit and receive antennas. For the case when the fading matrix H has independent entries, we show that the number of transmit antennas plays a key role in reducing the peakiness in the input signal required to achieve the optimal error exponent for a given communication rate. Further, by considering a correlated channel model, we show that the maximum performance gain (in terms of the error exponent and communication rate) is achieved when the entries of the channel fading matrix are fully correlated. The results we presented in this work in the low-SNR regime can also be applied to the infinite bandwidth regime     

A Review of Transmission Rate over Wireless Fading Channels: Classifications,Applications, and Challenges

To address the explosive traffic demands, the capacity of the fading channel is increasingly becoming a prime concern in the designing of the wireless communication system. The channel capacity is an extremely important quantity, since it allows the transmission of the data through the channel with an arbitrarily small probability of error. In other words, capacity dictates the maximum rate of information transmission, called as ‘capacity’ of channel, determined by the intrinsic properties of the channel and is independent of the content of the transmitted information. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the existing work related to the channel capacity model over various fading channels. With an elaborated explanation of the theory of channel capacity, definitions of channel capacity based on the channel state information are reviewed. To compliment this, review of the technique to enhance the channel capacity is discussed and reviewed. An effective capacity model to overcome the channel capacity limitation is also explained. Furthermore, as the secure transmission of data is of utmost importance, to address this physical layer security model is also reviewed. We also summarize the work related to channel capacity in various types of wireless networks. We finally cover the future research directions, including less explored aspects of the channel capacity that can be studied to design efficient communication systems.

     

一种窄线宽的高重复频率窄脉宽主动调Q光纤激光器

提出并演示了一种基于声光调制器(AOM)主动调Q的环形腔双包层光纤激光器获得窄线宽、窄脉宽和高重复频率激光脉冲的方法。通过在腔内采用以双包层增益光纤作为输入尾纤的泵浦剥离器来缩短腔长,可以降低增益光纤正向放大自发辐射(ASE)的反射,抑制其ASE的增益自饱和效应,使腔内有效增益增大,窄线宽调Q脉冲可在环形腔中快速建立,从而不仅可使调Q脉冲脉宽变窄,还允许其重复频率大幅提升。在7 W泵浦功率下,所提出的调Q光纤激光器获得了线宽和脉宽分别窄至0.16 nm和10.4 ns、重复频率高达150 kHz的调Q激光脉冲。     

基于码率预分配自适应控制算法

在对图像熵研究的基础上,提出了一种码率预分配算法。算法通过特殊选取的模板,在对码块独立进行有效比特平面熵估计的同时,通过熵估计的总和控制码率预分配。算术编码器根据预分配的码率控制编码深度和优化截取。此算法可以有效减少算术编码时间、提高编码效率,有利于硬件实现。     

利用角度、角度变化率和ITG信息的主被动传感器数据关联

异类传感器数据关联是数据融合中的一个难点，综合利用角度和其他特征信息是改善异类传感器数据关联的一个重要途径。对于雷达在直角坐标系对目标进行跟踪、ESM传感器在修正的极坐标系对目标进行跟踪情况，本文综合利用角度、角度变化率和ITG(Inverse-Time-to-Go)信息，构建了新的关联统计量，并进行了计算机仿真。结果表明，本文给出的新关联统计量较之只利用角度和ITG信息的关联统计量有更好的关联性能。     

Joint Subchannel,Rate and Power Allocation in OFDMA-Based Cognitive Wireless Mesh Network

In this paper, the problem of resource allocation in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access-based Cognitive Wireless Mesh Network (CWMN) is addressed. The objective is to maximize the total utilities in a CWMN, which is defined as any increasing, concave and twice differentiable function of the end-to-end flow rate, by jointly allocating each link’s rate, power and subchannels under the constraints of multiple primary users’ Interference Temperature and multiple access interference. First, a centralized resource allocation algorithm is developed based on the Column Generation approach, and shown to be optimal. So it can perform as a criterion for designing other algorithms. Secondly, considering the applicability of algorithm in distributed system, a near-optimal distributed algorithm is proposed, which allocates subchannel based on routing information at first, and then jointly allocates the resource of rate and power. Finally, the simulation results validate the centralized and distributed algorithms, and show that better performance can be achieved than the conventional algorithm.     

功率VDMOS器件漏电流、热阻与软焊料空洞率的关系

现在被广泛应用的VDMOS器件存在诸多失效模式,主要表现为直流参数大漏电和热阻过高问题,限制了器件应用。通过对其失效器件进行X-RAY、SEM、EDS分析表征得到相关规律。研究结果表明空洞率相对较小时,漏电流大小、热阻值高低均与空洞率成正相关关系,只是随空洞率增长的趋势有所变化。构成器件的不同材料膨胀系数与导热率不同以及空气导热率较低是空洞率引起热阻值改变的主要原因;高热阻加速了Al的电迁移和可动污染离子移动,最终导致器件漏电流增大。     

Data on, and Investigation of, The Relation between 345 kV Transmission Line Length and Outage Rate

This paper presents the results of an analysis of outage data recorded over a 12-year period on 112 345-kV transmission lines of the Commonwealth Edison Company in Illinois; the lengths range from 3.5 to 188 miles. A linear relationship is developed between outage rate and line length; it does not pass through the origin but above it, indicating a residual outage rate corresponding to zero line length. This residual outage rate is attributed to terminal conditions and equipment, and is viewed quantitatively by equating it to a fixed number of miles of line length. Because of the wide scatter of data points, the data were grouped by line-length in 10-mile increments. The outage and years in service for each group were combined, and then analyzed by groups. The Gaussian method of least squares is used to fit a line to these points. The important value, is the outages/year due to the terminal conditions and equipment (ie, where the length of the transmission line equals zero and outages are still indicated). For accurate representation of this relation, only the values representing the largest number of data points, are included in the calculations. These show an annual failure rate of 0.7 which compares most favorably with the 0.6 found with the Markov Model (ie, by developing a failure and repair rate matrix due to the dependent outage combined with its probability matrix. A graphic method for determining the effects of terminal conditions and equipment has also been introduced.