复杂条件下挡土墙主动土压力解析解

基于库仑理论的平面滑裂面假设,综合考虑填土具有黏聚力和内摩擦角、挡土墙墙背和填土面均倾斜、填土与墙背间具有摩擦和黏着力、填土浅表具有张拉裂缝和表面有连续均布超载的复杂情况,采用薄层单元法,导出了作用于挡土墙上的主动土压力的解析解,可适用于黏性和无黏性填土的复杂条件;且证明现行经典朗肯理论和库仑理论主动土压力是解析解相应简化假设下的特例。多个工程实例计算均表明,公式计算结果与实测主动土压力非线性分布曲线吻合良好,因而解析解对实际工程中主动土压力的计算精度是可靠的,具有推广应用价值。     

Reexamination of Mononobe-Okabe Theory of Gravity Retaining Walls Using Centrifuge Model Tests

Gravity retaining walls are widely used in Japan because of their simplicity of structure and ease of construction. In design procedure, the seismic coefficient method is widely employed, in which the earth pressure and inertia force are calculated by converting the seismic force into a static load. Earth pressure is usually calculated by the Mononobe-Okabe formula, which applies Coulomb's earth pressure computed from the equilibrium of forces in the static state. However, the Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake of 1995 prompted the need to reexamine seismic design methods for various civil engineering structures. Gravity retaining wall is one of such structures whose seismic design has to be reexamined and rationalized. At this moment there is no clear empirical basis for converting the seismic force into a static load. The design method has to take into account the behavior of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes. At the Public Works Research Institute, model tests were conducted on gravity retaining walls using a centrifuge. The acceleration and displacement of a retaining wall and its backfill as well as the earth pressure acting on the wall were measured simultaneously together with the deformation behavior of the wall and its backfill, using a high-precision high-speed camera. The data show that the hypothetical conditions of the Mononobe-Okabe formula do not appropriately express the real behavior of backfill and gravity retaining walls during earthquakes.     

重力码头地震旋转与滑动耦合运动下的残余位移简易算法

预测重力码头的地震残余位移是码头工程地震设计的关键,而码头墙后回填砂土因地震引起的超静孔隙水压力发展水平对码头墙体运动具有一定的影响。引用液化度概念考虑超静孔隙水压力影响来修正Mononobe-Okabe拟静力法计算的动主动土压力和回填土地震孔隙水产生的动水压力;同时考虑水平和竖向地震载荷,采用Steedman的旋转块体法,根据力与力矩极限平衡确定码头的滑动与旋转门槛加速度系数,分别对码头滑动先开始与倾斜先开始两工况下的耦合运动模式进行详细分析,修正码头因耦合运动影响的滑动与旋转门槛加速度系数,计算码头耦合运动下的地震残余位移计算。选用正弦脉冲的地震运动特征,应用该计算方法对码头耦合运动的残余位移的闭合解进行了推算,分析了码头残余位移随着液化度变化的规律。     

1 g Shaking table model tests on seismic active earth pressure acting on retaining wall with cohesive backfill soil

The effects of backfill cohesion on the seismic behavior of a retaining wall are discussed on the basis of a series of 1 g shaking table model tests. The model test results show that a retaining wall having cohesive backfill soil is more stable than a wall without it. The following aspects are observed in the cases of cohesive backfill soil from a detailed analysis using the measured seismic active earth pressure acting on the retaining wall: 1) the existence of a stable region at the top part of the backfill soil, 2) the increase in shear force acting on the boundary between the back face of the wall and the backfill soil, and 3) the mobilization of cohesion along the failure plane in the backfill soil.The existence of a stable region results in reductions in both the driving force and the overturning moment, while it tends to disappear under a high seismic load. The increase in shear force acting on the back face of the wall contributes to an increase in the resistant moment against the overturning of the wall with respect to the base of the footing, and it mobilizes even under a high seismic load. Mobilized cohesion along the failure plane contributes to the support of the soil wedge, resulting in a decrease in the seismic active earth pressure. It also continuously mobilizes even under a high seismic load.These observations indicate that giving consideration to the backfill cohesion when calculating the seismic active earth pressure leads to the rationalization of the evaluation of the seismic performance of the retaining wall even though further study is required, namely, carrying out the validation in the prototype scale and setting the applicable conditions for the seismic design.     

Centrifuge model study on geogrid reinforced soil walls with marginal backfills with and without chimney sand drain

The objective of this paper is to investigate the performance of geogrid reinforced soil walls with panel facing using marginal backfill with and without chimney sand drain subjected to seepage. A series of centrifuge model tests were performed at 40 gravities using a 4.5 m radius large beam centrifuge facility available at IIT Bombay. The results revealed that a geogrid reinforced soil wall with low stiffness geogrid and without any chimney drain experienced a catastrophic failure due to excess pore water pressure that developed in the reinforced and backfill zones at the onset of seepage. In comparison, a soil wall reinforced with stiff geogrid layers was found to perform effectively even at the onset of seepage. Provision of chimney sand drain effectively decreased pore water pressure not only at the wall toe but also at mid-distance from toe of the wall and thereby resulted in enhancing the wall performance under the effect of seepage forces. However, a local piping failure was observed near the toe region of the wall. The observed centrifuge test results were further analysed by performing seepage and stability analyses to evaluate the effect of thickness of sand layer in a chimney drain. An increase in thickness of sand layer in chimney drain was found to improve the discharge values and thereby enhancing the factor of safety against piping near the toe region. Based on the analysis and interpretation of centrifuge test results, it can be concluded that marginal soil can be used as a backfill in reinforced soil walls provided, it has geogrid layers of adequate stiffness and/or proper chimney drain configuration.     

双面加筋路堤的地震动力响应分析

双面加筋路堤作为加筋土挡土墙的一种衍生结构,沿袭了加筋土挡土墙优良的抗震性能,被广泛应用于道路建设工程,然而国内外关于双面加筋路堤的抗震设计还不够完善,采用的基于极限平衡法的抗震设计仍存在诸多问题。采用基于PLAXIS软件的有限元分析方法,对双面加筋路堤进行了较为全面的动力特性分析,结果表明,地震作用下双面加筋路堤的各层筋材最大内力分布、单侧面板侧移形式及路面沉降形式同单一的加筋土挡土墙表现形式相似;通过对不同宽高比结构筋材内力的分析得出,在地震作用下,加筋区及非加筋区之间存在第二潜在破裂面发育的可能。基于单自由度强迫振动理论及数值分析结果,建立了整体最大筋材内力与地震动及结构参数的关系。     

Seismic analysis of semi-gravity RC cantilever retaining wall with TDA backfill

The seismic behavior of Tire Derived Aggregate (TDA) used as backfill material of 6.10 m high retaining walls was investigated based on nonlinear time-history Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The retaining walls were semi-gravity reinforced concrete cantilever type. In the backfill, a 2.74 m thick conventional soil layer was placed over a 3.06 m thick TDA layer. For comparison purpose, a conventional all soil-backfill model was also developed, and the analysis results from the two models under the Northridge and Takatori earthquakes were compared. The FEA results showed that both models did not experience major damage in the backfill under the Northridge earthquake. However, under the Takatori earthquake, the TDA-backfill model developed substantially large displacement in the retaining walls and in the backfill compared with the soil-backfill model. Regions of large plastic strain were mainly formed in the TDA layer, and the soil over the TDA layer did not experience such large plastic strain, suggesting less damage than the soil-backfill model. In addition, the acceleration on the backfill surface of the TDA-backfill model decreased substantially compared with the soil-backfill model. If an acceleration sensitive structure is placed on the surface of the backfill, the TDA backfill may induce less damage to it.     

Seismic effects on reinforcement load and lateral deformation of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls

Current design methods for the internal stability of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls postulate seismic forces as inertial forces, leading to pseudo-static analyses based on active earth pressure theory, which yields unconservative reinforcement loads required for seismic stability. Most seismic analyses are limited to the determination of maximum reinforcement strength. This study aimed to calculate the distribution of the reinforcement load and connection strength required for each layer of the seismic GRS wall. Using the top-down procedure involves all of the possible failure surfaces for the seismic analyses of the GRS wall and then obtains the reinforcement load distribution for the limit state. The distributions are used to determine the required connection strength and to approximately assess the facing lateral deformation. For sufficient pullout resistance to be provided by each reinforcement, the maximum required tensile resistance is identical to the results based on the Mononobe–Okabe method. However, short reinforcement results in greater tensile resistances in the mid and lower layers as evinced by compound failure frequently occurring in GRS walls during an earthquake. Parametric studies involving backfill friction angle, reinforcement length, vertical seismic acceleration, and secondary reinforcement are conducted to investigate seismic impacts on the stability and lateral deformation of GRS walls.     

Seismic Earth Pressure Exerted on Retaining Walls Under a Large Seismic Load

In recent years, serious damage has been done to retaining structures because of large earthquakes. In order to establish practical methods for evaluating the seismic earth pressure, which is one of the important external forces acting on retaining structures during large earthquakes, a series of shaking table tests was conducted on retaining wall (RW) models. The experiments revealed that the seismic active earth pressure was considerably smaller than that obtained by the Mononobe-Okabe theory, particularly under a large seismic load. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the seismic earth pressure had an upper limit, which was determined by the force equilibrium of the soil wedge at the critical state when the RW lost its stability. On the basis of the test results, a new method to evaluate the seismic earth pressure for practical designs under a large seismic load has been suggested. This proposed method provides a reasonable earth pressure as well as an angle of failure plane, those of which depend on the seismic stability of the retaining wall. It has been confirmed that earth pressure obtained by the proposed method agrees well with the measured seismic earth pressure exerted on several retaining walls with different degrees of stability.     

挡土墙与土界面摩擦角为负的地震被动土压力解析解

目前大多数被动土压力问题研究的是挡土墙背与土界面摩擦角为正的情况（墙身相对土体向下移动）,而挡土墙与土界面摩擦角为负(墙身相对土体向上移动)的被动土压力问题则研究的较少。在平面滑裂面假设的基础上,利用散粒体Kötter方程得到破裂面土抗力的分布,结合拟静力法通过极限平衡分析得到了挡土墙与土界面摩擦角为负时的地震被动土压力系数、被动土压力合力和被动土压力合力作用点高度的理论公式。在地震荷载作用下,竖向地震加速度系数总是减小被动土压力,水平向地震加速度系数或减小或增加被动土压力系数取决于挡土墙倾角、挡土墙背与填土界面摩擦角、填土摩擦角。随地震加速度系数的增加,地震被动土压力系数变化越明显。利用破坏土楔弯矩平衡条件得到了地震被动土压力的作用点高度,且土压力作用点高度随水平向地震加速度系数的增加而减小。地震被动土压力系数和土压力作用点高度与相关文献结果吻合较好,可为锚、输电线路等基础受上拔荷载时设计所采用。     

回填EPS混合土的防滑悬臂式挡墙地震稳定性分析

以一种带防滑齿的"T"型悬臂式挡土墙为对象,采用振动台模型试验揭示了分别回填EPS混合土和天然南京细砂时的挡墙地震稳定性特征。分析并比较了墙–土体系的地震反应以及墙背动土压力分布,重点讨论了试验的防滑悬臂式挡墙位移模式以及回填土性质对墙背动土推力的影响。试验结果表明,回填EPS混合土时,填土地表加速度反应相对更小。回填土的动土推力对墙体转动位移的贡献随激励峰值的增大而增大;墙–土惯性相互作用效应与回填土的动力变形模式密切相关。两种回填料下的墙背动土压力分布形态具有显著差异;砂土–挡墙体系的动土推力与地表峰值加速度间趋向非线性关系,作用点接近2/3墙高。回填EPS混合土时两者更接近线性关系,且动土推力作用点接近1/3墙高。两种体系的动土推力作用点随地表峰值加速度增大均略有下移。基于试验结果与几种经典的解析方法预测结果比较,给出了EPS混合土柔性挡墙抗震分析的几点建议。     

一种考虑主应力偏转的平移挡墙地震土压力算法

遵循 Mononobe-Okabe理论,考虑墙后破裂体内的主应力偏转,并假设小主应力偏转迹线形状为圆形下段部分的一段,通过转动挡土墙的解析模型,再结合库伦土压力的相关概念得到地震主动破裂角。采用微分薄层法,对墙后滑裂微元体进行应力解析,推导得到平移模式(T模式)下的地震主动土压力的计算公式,并分析了土中各参数以及地震动系数对地震土压力的影响情况。本文旨在改进地震土压力算法,不仅在计算中考虑了主应力的偏转,而且大大简化了地震土压力的计算过程。最后将计算值与前人方法及试验数据进行对比,结果显示本文算法得到的地震主动土压力分布与模型试验数据更为吻合。     

Experimental investigation on the performance of multi-tiered geogrid mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls with wrap-around facing subjected to earthquake loading

Construction of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls in multi-tiered configurations is a promising solution for increasing the height of such walls. The good performance of this type of walls after recent major earthquakes was reported in a number of technical studies. In the present study, an experimental approach was adopted to compare the seismic performance of single-tiered and multi-tiered MSE walls using physical modeling and through conducting a series of uniaxial shaking table tests. To do so, several geogrid-reinforced soil walls with wrap-around facing (i.e., three-, two-, and single-tiered) with a total height of 10 m were designed in the form of prototypes of 1-m-height wall models. The step-wise intensified sinusoidal waves were applied to the models in 14 typical forms. Comparing the shaking table test results confirmed the post-earthquake advantages of multi-tiered MSE walls. The results revealed that tiered walls exhibited better behaviors under earthquake loading in terms of the seismic stability of the wall, displacement of the wall crest, horizontal displacement of the wall facing, deformation mode and failure mechanism of the wall, settlement of backfill surface, and seismic acceleration responses.     

Observations of dynamic and non-dynamic interactions between a quay wall and partially stabilised backfill

The dynamic and non-dynamic interactions between a gravity-type quay wall and a backfill ground were investigated by centrifuge model testing, considering cases in which a rigidly cement-stabilised ground existed at varying distances from the quay wall. In conducting the centrifuge tests, the performance of the instrumentation applied to measure the pressure from granular soils was critically assessed. At non-dynamic states, the backfill confined between the quay wall and the rigidly stabilised soil block exerted smaller earth pressure at deeper locations, at both apparently active and transient states. The calculation, based on perfect plasticity and considering friction arching, was useful in explaining these results. A similar feature was also observed during the steady-state oscillations, in the case of dry sand backfill, and was associated with the system’s increased seismic stability. In underwater cases, the pore water fluctuations in the backfill dominated the total earth pressure behaviour, with the active pressure being smaller again from a confined fill than from a fully extending one. Despite the reduced active pressure, placing the stabilised soil in the proximity of the quay wall increased the wall’s permanent seaward movement, unless the two bodies were in direct contact. This ostensible association of smaller active pressure with greater instability in the underwater cases cannot be explained by the conventional, simplified conception of the active earth pressure as a unilateral cause of instability. The evaluation of such unconventional backfill conditions seems to require rigorous consideration of the simultaneous soil–water-structure interactions.     

不平衡土压力对整体式桥台-H型钢桩-土体系力学性能影响试验

为研究不平衡土压力对整体式桥台-H型钢桩-土体系力学性能的影响,在已开展的不平衡土压力下整体式桥台-H型钢桩-土相互作用拟静力试验研究基础上,进一步开展了更大不平衡土压力(台后土表面均布荷载增大了3.81 kPa)下整体式桥台-H型钢桩-土相互作用拟静力试验研究,对比分析了更大不平衡土压力对桩身水平变形、桩侧土压力、应变和弯矩等方面的影响。结果表明:在试验条件下,更大不平衡土压力对桩身水平变形、土抗力、应变和弯矩的分布规律无影响; 正向加载时,更大不平衡土压力使得桩身累积变形的位置更深,桩侧最大土抗力和桩身弯矩增大; 负向加载时,更大不平衡土压力也使得桩身累积变形的位置更深和弯矩增大; 正向加载时,更大不平衡土压力使得累积变形减小,负向加载时则相反; 正向加载时LAHP模型的桩侧土抗力、应变和弯矩显著大于负向加载时的,正向加载时的最大桩侧土抗力和弯矩分别为负向加载时的2.2倍和2.1倍。     

Numerical simulation of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls under seismic shaking

This paper presents the results of numerical simulation of three full-scale geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls that were seismically loaded by a shaking table. Material model parameters were determined from the available laboratory data. In particular, the backfill was simulated with a cap model with parameters dependent of stress level. Hardening parameters of cap model were determined from hyperbolic relation derived from the relevant hydrostatic compression tests. A discussion on the calibration of modeling parameters is presented. Responses compared include (a) maximum wall displacement, (b) maximum backfill settlement, (c) maximum lateral earth pressure, (d) maximum bearing pressure, (e) maximum reinforcement tensile load, (f) absolute maximum acceleration in reinforced soil zone, and (g) absolute maximum acceleration in retained soil zone. Qualities of simulations were evaluated and are discussed. It was found that not all the calculated results agree well with the measured data. However, strong inference or high confidence is anticipated for the closely matched responses such as lateral earth pressure and horizontal displacement utilizing the calibrated model described herein. As indicated by the calculated results, seismic wall displacement decreases with decreasing reinforcement spacing. Factors responsible for comparison discrepancy are discussed. Variability within the measured data is thought to have contributed to some of the comparison discrepancies.     

Full-scale mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls under strip footing load

This study analyses two full-scale model tests on mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls. One test was conducted with a rigid and one with a flexible wall face. Other parameters were the same in these two tests, like the number and type of geogrid layers, the vertical distance between the layers and the soil type. The loads and strains on the reinforcement are measured as function of the horizontal and vertical earth pressure and compared with analytical models. Specifics regarding the behavior of the geogrids under the compaction load during the construction of the model and under strip footing load are included in the study. Results are compared with AASHTO and the empirical K-stiffness method. In this study, an analytical method is developed for the MSE walls taking into account the facing panel rigidity both after backfill construction and after strip footing load. There is good agreement between the proposed analytical method and the experimental results considering the facing panel rigidity. The results indicate that the tensile force on reinforcement layers for rigid facing is less than the flexible facing. The maximum strains in the reinforcement layers occurred in the upper layers right below the strip footing load. The maximum wall deflection for the flexible facing is more than for the rigid facing. The maximum deflection was at the top of the wall for the rigid facing and occurred at z/H?=?0.81 from top of the wall for the flexible facing.     

扶壁码头刚性模型土压力量测

试验模型是以黄埔新港二期工程所用的扶壁作为原型,按照一定的比例进行制作,试验时,在模型的后面填砂,同时,进行土压力量测。通过试验,得到如下结果:1.由于回填砂和扶壁壁面之间的摩擦作用,作用在板壁的侧向土压力的实测值与按古典理论（库伦和朗金）计算的土压力值有很大的差别。2.扶壁肋的摩擦作用使得作用在立板上的侧向土压力大大降低,同时作用在底板上的垂直土压力也比其上载压力小得多。3.作用在肋背斜面上部和中部的实测土压力比朗金土压力稍有增加。     

考虑中间主应力的非饱和土上埋式涵洞竖向土压力公式

基于非饱和土的平面应变抗剪强度公式,考虑中间主应力和基质吸力的共同影响,分别建立了均匀与线性2种吸力分布下非饱和土上埋式涵洞的竖向土压力公式,并对其进行可比性分析,对比文献数值模拟和模型试验进行正确性验证,最后探讨了各参数的影响特性。研究结果表明:所建立的上埋式涵洞竖向土压力公式为系列化的有序解析解,可退化为文献已有解答并包含众多新解答,并能计算涵顶上方不同高度处的竖向土压力,工程应用前景广泛; 基质吸力对涵顶竖向土压力具有重要影响,且线性吸力影响不如均布吸力明显,应考虑回填土的非饱和特性并实测吸力分布; 中间主应力效应随基质吸力和填土高度的增大而更加显著,同时均布吸力下中间主应力效应较明显,应合理选取强度准则以反映回填土强度的中间主应力作用; 等沉面高度与回填土物理力学性质、中间主应力效应、基质吸力及分布形式等有关; 基质吸力及其分布影响、中间主应力效应均与填土高度密切相关,体现了多因素对涵顶竖向土压力的综合影响。     

沟埋涵洞土拱效应及涵顶垂直土压力研究

采用细观颗粒流软件PFC^2D对沟埋涵洞上方填土内土拱效应及涵顶垂直土压力进行研究。结果表明:涵洞上方填土越高,土拱效应越明显;沟槽越宽,土拱效应越弱。土拱形态为上凸形,拱脚位于两侧沟壁上,可以根据填土内竖向位移等值线是否出现椭圆形来判断填土内是否产生明显土拱效应。沟槽宽度大于7倍涵洞宽度时,涵顶垂直土压力可按上埋式涵洞土压力的方法进行计算。涵顶土压力系数随着填土高度的增加呈先增后减的变化趋势。当填土高度达到初始等沉面高度时,土压力系数达到最大值。等沉面高度随着填土高度的增加而下降,随着沟槽宽度的增加而上升。并在此基础上得出了考虑土拱效应的涵顶垂直土压力计算判别准则及计算方法。