宽级配粗粒土的内部侵蚀试验及其稳定性判别

强降雨入渗条件下宽级配粗粒土中的细颗粒会由于孔隙流体的作用发生内部侵蚀。细颗粒的运移改变了土体的微观结构,土体的水力、力学性质随之变化。利用自行研发的刚性壁渗流侵蚀实验装置,对颗粒粒径介于0.002～10 mm的9种间断及连续颗粒级配粗粒土试样进行渗流侵蚀试验,提出一种新的基于试验的内部稳定性判别标准。实验结果表明:对于宽级配粗颗粒土,内部侵蚀改变了土体的渗透系数,最终导致渗透系数下降;粗颗粒的缺失导致内部稳定性降低,渗流作用下,连续颗粒级配土也可能是内部不稳定土;侵蚀土颗粒累计质量可以度量土体内部稳定性,在容许水力梯度范围内侵蚀量超过总质量5%的土体可划分为内部不稳定土;Kezdi几何标准更适用于评价宽级配粗粒土的内部稳定性。     

基于离散元法的接触冲刷影响因素研究

成层土间容易发生接触冲刷破坏,对水工建筑物的安全运行有不利影响。为此探讨了粗层孔隙率、粗层颗粒形状和剪切位移对接触冲刷的影响,采用离散元法对成层无粘性土进行了接触冲刷数值模拟,得到以下结论:粗土层孔隙率的增加对土层抗渗流冲刷不利,对于D₁₀ /d₁₀比值为10的土层,当粗土层的孔隙率相对较大时,在一定的渗流压力作用下,试样的渗透流速在初始阶段会有一定减小,随着细颗粒流失比的不断增大,渗透流速也随之增大,土层结构发生较大改变,也会发生接触冲刷破坏,在工程实践中应该引起一定的重视;当粗层颗粒形状为非球形时,细土层颗粒流失比减小,土层抗冲刷破坏能力有所提高;剪切变形后试样中粗土层孔隙率会有一定增大,孔隙结构也会发生改变,细土层颗粒流失比增大,加剧了土层发生接触冲刷破坏的风险。     

渗流–侵蚀–应力耦合管涌试验装置的研制及初步应用

管涌是涉及孔隙水渗流,可动细颗粒侵蚀、运移,多孔介质变形等众多复杂力学行为的多相、多场耦合现象。为真实模拟管涌发展过程、探究管涌机制,研制渗流–侵蚀–应力耦合管涌试验装置。该装置包括流失细颗粒收集系统、围压系统、轴向压力系统、渗透压力系统及数据采集系统。流失细颗粒收集系统可以实时收集管涌发展过程中流出土体的细颗粒及渗流量;围压及轴向压力系统模拟土体承受的三向应力状态,最高围压可达2.0 MPa,最大轴向压力可达30 kN(试样直径101 mm);渗透压力系统模拟土体承受的渗流作用,具有高水头(200 m)与低水头(低于2 m) 2种模式;数据采集系统能够实时监测土体沉降、体积及渗流进、出端水头的变化等。无围压、等向受压、三轴受压3组管涌试验表明：应力状态对管涌发展过程影响显著。等向受压状态下管涌临界坡降远高于无围压时的结果,略高于三轴受压状态下的临界坡降。新型管涌试验装置能够真实模拟土体管涌发展过程,实时监测管涌发展过程中土体细观结构、几何、水力、力学特性的演变,将成为深入研究管涌机制的可靠技术工具。     

Examining the link between terrestrial and aquatic phosphorus speciation in a subtropical catchment: the role of selective erosion and transport of fine sediments during storm events

This study examined the link between terrestrial and aquatic phosphorus (P) speciation in the soils and sediments of a subtropical catchment. Specifically, the study aimed to identify the relative importance of P speciation in source soils, erosion and transport processes upstream, and aquatic transformation processes as determinants of P speciation in lake sediments (Lake Wivenhoe). Using a sequential extraction technique, NH₄Cl extractable P (NH₄Cl-P; exchangeable P), bicarbonate-dithionite extractable P (BD-P; reductant soluble P), NaOH extractable P (NaOH-rP; Al/Fe oxide P), HCl extractable P (HCl-P; apatite-P), and residual-P (Res-P; organic and residual inorganic P) fractions were compared in different soil/sediment compartments of the upper Brisbane River (UBR) catchment, Queensland, Australia. Multidimensional scaling identified two distinct groups of samples, one consisting of lake sediments and suspended sediments, and another consisting of riverbed sediments and soils. The riverbed sediments and soils had significantly higher HCl-P and lower NaOH-rP and Res-P relative to the lake and suspended sediments (P < 0.05). Analysis of the enrichment factors (EFs) of soils and riverbed sediments showed that fine grained particles (<63 μm) were enriched in all but the HCl-P fraction. This indicated that as finer particles are eroded from the soil surface and transported downstream there is a preferential export of non-apatite P (NaOH-rP, NaOH-nrP, BD-P and Res-P). Therefore, due to the preferential erosion and transport of fine sediments, the lake sediments contained a higher proportion of more labile forms of inorganic-P relative to the broader soil/sediment system. Our results suggest that a greater focus on the effect of selective erosion and transport on sediment P speciation in lakes and reservoirs is needed to better target management strategies aimed at reducing P availability, particularly in P-limited water bodies impacted by soil erosion.     

Experimental study on stiffness degradation and monotonic response of reconstituted volcanic ash induced by internal erosion

Volcanic ash soils are a common geological body in earthquake prone regions, and they are widely used as construction materials. The present study discusses the contribution of initial density, stress state and seepage time on seepage-induced internal instability, stiffness degradation, and monotonic response of volcanic ash collected from Satozuka, Japan. Reconstituted specimens are tested using an erosion triaxial apparatus. The results exhibit that the rate of erosion is influenced by initial density, stress state and hydraulic gradient. The mercury intrusion porosimeter tests are conducted to explore the distribution of constriction sizes after erosion. Post-erosion stress-strain responses are also affected by the stress state during erosion, initial density and seepage time. Particularly, internal erosion affects the dilatancy response of relatively loose specimens and has an impact on the critical state line, brittleness, and peak strength. Further, the maximum shear modulus of eroded soil is found to be greater than that of non-eroded soil, mainly due to the particle rearrangement and removal of fines. However, a sharp reduction in stiffness during monotonic shearing is maybe evidence that temporary reinforced soil packing collapses at a large strain. This indicates that the elastic yield surface has expanded for eroded soils.     

Critical appraisal of piping phenomena in earth dams

This paper presents a comprehensive review of published literature on soil piping phenomena. The first tools to design earth dams to resist piping were developed during 1910–1935. Filter criteria for dispersive soils was refined in the 1970’s. Piping phenomena are generally defined as: (1) heave, (2) internal erosion, (3) backwards erosion, although other modes are possible. Recent work on piping highlights the limitations of the occurrence of piping and the role that design and construction may play in a large percentage of piping failures. Standardized laboratory procedures are available to assess piping potential in cohesive materials, but no such methods exist for non-cohesive soils. However, methods are available for evaluation of self-filtration potential. Recent advances in computer technology have facilitated the evaluation of seepage and deformation in embankments but computational methods for evaluation of piping potential are currently limited.      

Experimental study on suffusion under multiple seepages and its impact on undrained mechanical responses of gap-graded soil

An experimental investigation of multiple seepage-induced suffusion and its impact on the mechanical responses of internally unstable gap-graded soil, with a fines content of 25%, is presented in this paper. Using a modified triaxial erosion apparatus, with a redesigned seepage control system, erosion tests under multiple seepage conditions, as well as undrained monotonic and cyclic compression tests, are performed. It is found that multiple seepages cause an eroded mass without a marked change in volume and with a change in hydraulic conductivity as the number of seepage cycles increases. The monotonic compression tests show that eroded soil presents a smaller peak strength, residual strength, and a greater contractive response than non-eroded soil. The peak strength and stiffness of eroded soil are seen to decrease considerably as the number of seepage cycles increases. Multiple seepage-induced suffusion may create a collapsible soil structure in eroded soil, as shown by sudden decreases in deviator stress and stiffness, coupled by sharp increases in pore water pressure at small strain levels. As eroded soil might already be unstable, cyclic loading causes it to collapse, revealing a sudden increase in the generation of cyclic pore water pressure and a decrease in liquefaction resistance. The results highlight the importance of conducting laboratory tests to determine the impact of internal erosion on the strength and liquefaction resistance.     

砂土渗流过程的细观数值模拟

基于散体介质理论,利用PFC2D内置FISH语言定义的流固之间的作用力方程和压力梯度方程,求解不可压缩流体中两相介质的连续方程和Navier-Stoke方程。并尝试用该理论模拟不同水压下渗流引起砂土特性变化的全过程,数值试验得到了流速、渗透系数、孔隙率和砂的流失量等参量的定性变化规律,表明水土相互作用贯穿于渗流的全过程。模拟结果与试验结果相符,且流速与压力梯度满足达西定律,表明应用该理论来模拟复杂的水土相互作用是可行的,它具有一定的理论意义,为进一步研究多孔介质中考虑流固耦合的渗透破坏研究如流土、管涌等奠定了一定的理论基础。     

对管涌机理的新认识

基于原状土的实际受力特点,提出新的管涌机理：管涌是涉及孔隙水渗流、可动细颗粒侵蚀运移、多孔介质变形等众多复杂力学行为的多相多场耦合现象。在详细归纳评述最新研究进展的基础上,提出了今后研究的总体思路：首先利用三向受压状态下土体的渗流–侵蚀–应力耦合管涌试验,建立耦合管涌本构方程,揭示三向受压状态下土体管涌发展的渗流–侵蚀–应力耦合机理;然后基于溶质运移的思想,建立预报原状地基土体管涌发展过程的渗流–侵蚀–应力耦合数学模型。同时指出渗流–侵蚀–应力耦合试验的可重复性及三相三场全耦合纯对流管涌模型的高效求解策略是需要重点解决的关键科学问题。提出的新的管涌机理为客观认识管涌问题的本质提供了一种新的角度,今后的研究成果将对堤坝管涌险情的科学预报和有效治理具有重要的指导作用。     

单层堤基管涌侵蚀过程的模型试验及数值分析

利用砂槽模型试验研究单层堤基的管涌侵蚀破坏过程,并建立单层堤基管涌侵蚀破坏发展过程的概化数学模型和数值模拟方法。结合模型试验结果和数值模拟结果,分析单层堤基管涌侵蚀破坏的机理及侵蚀破坏过程。研究管涌局部破坏的临界比降及不同渗径长度对管涌侵蚀破坏的影响。计算结果表明:①模型试验和数值模拟结果较好地揭示单层堤基管涌侵蚀破坏过程,即当上游水头低于临界水头时,管涌存在发生、发展和停止的过程。当上游水头大于临界水头时,管涌将持续发展并最终导致溃堤破坏,计算结果和试验结果吻合较好;②得到砂样内部的渗流场分布和一些难以观测到的数据,较好地解释模型试验的一些现象,提高对管涌溃堤机理和过程的认识;③单层堤基管涌破坏的临界水头和临界水平平均比降与砂层局部破坏的临界水平比降近似呈线性关系;④单层堤基管涌破坏的临界水平平均比降随着渗径长度的增大而增大,并且大体上呈线性关系。     

准饱和正冻土水热力耦合模型的扩展有限元程序研发

针对冻土冻融过程中存在移动相变界面及材料分区不断变化的特点,基于已建立的能全面地描述冻土的水、热、力与变形实际状态的准饱和冻土耦合模型,推导土颗粒、水和冰颗粒的温度场、变形场及水分场的扩展有限元解析格式,构建水热力相互作用在程序中实现的具体方法,开发一款能够为实际冻土工程服务的耦合分析平台3GEXFEM,利用程序对Fukuda系列试验进行数值模拟,分析得到的温度场、水分场与变形场与试验结果较一致,验证了程序的合理性和先进性。此外,基于程序系统地研究不同环境条件:上覆压力、温度梯度、变温模式、温变速率对冻土冻结过程中水热力耦合的影响,为模型及程序的工程应用奠定了基础。     

How groundwater seepage and transport modelling software can be useful for studying gaseous transport in an unsaturated soil

The aim of this paper is to show how standard hydrogeologic software, usually used to model contaminant transport in groundwater under unsaturated conditions, can also be used to model gas transport in unsaturated porous media. Physical processes involved in the interaction between the atmosphere and the unsaturated soils are considered: transport by diffusion through the air and the groundwater, exchange between the liquid and gas phases and consumption. These physical processes are incorporated into the governing equations of a groundwater numerical code; by considering air, contained in the unsaturated soil, as water in the seepage numerical model, the air effectively becomes fluid within the numerical code. Then, the investigated gas is defined as the contaminant in the transport model, which is transported by -the air for the modeller-, and -water for the numerical code-. The over-riding assumption is that the air profiles and, therefore, water profiles of volume contents remain constant. The approach is illustrated using two examples, which consider the transport of oxygen. The first deals with oxygen distribution through a laboratory-cell diffusion containing reactive mining tailings. The second deals with the oxygen fluxes through the vadose zone, between the atmosphere and an unconfined aquifer's water table. Both examples consider different cases of oxygen consumption.     

Simulation of pipe progression in a levee foundation with coupled seepage and pipe flow domains

A very large percentage of piping cases have been brought about by internal erosion, which is the primary cause of dam failures. This study developed a numerical model to simulate the pipe progression in a levee foundation by analyzing the inception and transportation of erodible particles from the soil fabric. An approach that considers the turbulent flow in an erodible pipe and the seepage flow in the remaining area of a levee foundation is employed to capture the main hydraulic characteristics of piping. The mechanical analysis of individual erodible particles is considered to quantify the critical condition for particle inception in an erodible pipe. In addition, physical piping model tests are numerically simulated to examine the proposed approach. The simulation demonstrates that the flow in a pipe can progress backward from downstream to upstream when the upstream water head reaches a critical value. Furthermore, the function mechanism of a cut-off wall can be explained by this model. The results have revealed that this model can reproduce the experimental data, such as the critical water head and the progression time, which are obtained from the physical model. The relationship between the depth of a suspended cut-off wall and the critical water head is obtained; this relationship facilitates the practical design of the critical depth of a cut-off wall for a given water head.     

酸性溶液对花岗岩残积土物理力学特性的影响

花岗岩残积土是华南地区进行工程建设时的常见地层之一,它的工程性质易受到周围环境的影响。采用人工方法制备了4种不同浓度的硫酸溶液浸泡后的试样,同时与原状试样进行对比,系统研究了不同浓度的硫酸溶液、不同的酸液溶蚀时间对花岗岩残积土试样物理、力学特性的影响。试验结果表明:(1)随着酸液浓度及酸液溶蚀时间的增大,试样的土粒比重减小、孔隙比增大、颗粒粒径级配变差;(2)试样的剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线类型会随着法向压力及酸液溶蚀作用而发生变化;(3)硫酸溶液浸泡后,试样的抗剪强度参数粘聚力和内摩擦角都降低了,但粘聚力的降低效果更明显。     

无黏性土管涌出砂与渗透性非均匀发展试验研究

管涌对堤防与大坝的危害严重而常见,但对管涌发生后期细颗粒涌出以及地基土体渗透性非均匀发展的研究不够深入。由于管涌发生发展的随机性和复杂性,通过自行设计试验装置,在特定试验条件下,利用3组级配不同孔隙比变化的12种试样,从测压管水头、流量、渗透系数、细颗粒变化趋势、累计涌砂量等方面进行对比分析,研究渗透系数、孔隙比、试样内部细颗粒运动趋势和剩余细颗粒含量等的变化规律;结合理论计算,揭示试样内部细颗粒运动趋势、剩余细颗粒含量以及渗透系数非均匀变化的相关关系;利用渗透系数与孔隙率的关系,推导出上游水头固定下的累计涌砂量随时间变化的理论公式。     

土层结构对管涌发展影响的试验研究

不同的土层结构对管涌的发生发展有着很大影响,对3种典型的土层结构进行了管涌发展的砂槽模型试验,观察并分析了管涌发生、发展的机理和过程。试验结果表明,双层堤基的砂砾石表面夹一层很薄的无黏性粉细砂时,管涌破坏前出水口的流量很小,临界水力梯度也较小,管涌破坏发生后通道发展速度很快,较短的时间内就会贯通,管涌破坏的机理与双层堤基不同;而在砂砾石层一定深度内夹有一层粉细砂将使堤基管涌破坏的临界水力梯度大大提高,然而一旦管涌破坏发生后涌砂量和侵蚀速率将很大,形成的通道深度较大,若不及时采取有效措施,当通道规模发展到一定程度后,通道上部会发生塌落而使堤坝产生溃口,进而使堤坝溃决。     

3D finite element method (FEM) simulation of groundwater flow during backward erosion piping

Backward erosion piping is an important failure mechanism for cohesive water retaining structures which are founded on a sandy aquifer. At present, the prediction models for safety assessment are often based on 2D assumptions. In this work, a 3D numerical approach of the groundwater flow leading to the erosion mechanism of backward erosion piping is presented and discussed. Comparison of the 2D and 3D numerical results explicitly demonstrates the inherent 3D nature of the piping phenomenon. In addition, the influence of the seepage length is investigated and discussed for both piping initiation and piping progression. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the presented 3D numerical model compared to the established 2D approach. Moreover, the 3D numerical results enable a better understanding of the complex physical mechanism involved in backward erosion piping and thus can lead to a significant improvement in the safety assessment of water retaining structures.     

降雨触发不同级配堆积体滑坡模型试验研究

深入研究降雨条件下堆积体坡失稳规律对滑坡预测预报和防灾减灾具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。开发研制了降雨滑坡室内模型试验系统,对3种配制的堆积体土样进行了模型试验。研究了降雨条件下堆积体土坡的渗流、变形、破坏和颗粒运移的规律,探讨颗粒级配对堆积体土坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:坡内土体体积含水率、孔隙水压力和吸力随降雨历程响应明确;湿润锋到达后体积含水率和孔隙水压力持续增加而吸力持续减小,达到峰值后稳定;降雨停止后体积含水率和孔隙水压力立即降低而吸力逐渐增大。坡体破坏瞬时土体位移有一个加速过程。颗粒级配(含石量)对土坡破坏模式具有显著的影响;堆积体含石量为13%,19%,41%的土坡破坏模式分别为多级后退式破坏、冲蚀引起的局部浅层滑动破坏和块状滑动破坏;含石量越小,滑裂面越明显;含石量对细颗粒流失也有影响,含石量越大细颗粒流失越显著,坡脚细颗粒含量越大。     

水泥加固砂性土微观特征试验研究

通过电动体视显微镜微观试验手段,研究了不同水泥掺量下水泥加固砂性土加载前后微观特征,并分析了水泥加固砂性土孔隙的形状系数、定向角和孔径大小等参数的变化规律,揭示了水泥砂性加固土体强度及承载机制的演化特征。结果表明:(1)水泥砂性加固土在加载前后孔径分布和孔隙形状系数在水泥掺量5%~10%范围内同时存在剪缩和剪胀;但水泥掺量高(＞10%)的加固土加载后整体宏观表现为剪胀;(2)在加载条件下,水泥加固砂性土体的颗粒或团粒会发生定向滑移或转动,并在一定程度上孔隙长轴的方向会发生改变。且孔隙定向角分布形式逐步由均匀向集中转变,孔隙分布呈现显著的定向性。     

电渗作用下软土细观孔隙结构

软土细观孔隙结构变化是其宏观变形的根本原因。为了探索电渗中软土细观孔隙结构变化以及与宏观变形之间的关联机制,采用杭州软土开展电渗试验,监测了电渗中土体孔隙结构分布特征和含水量,从定性和定量两个方面对试验结果进行分析。研究发现,电渗过程中,粘土颗粒重新排列形成面面接触的片堆结构,土体孔隙比降低,孔隙空间形态变光滑,结构复杂性减弱。通过含水量计算所得孔隙比较实测孔隙比小,说明电渗排水量大于土体收缩量,这是因为,电渗本质为离子带动水分子的迁移,不能直接引起土骨架压缩。实际工程中,电渗法应与堆载、真空预压等联合使用。