植物中吡咯里西啶生物碱的检测分析方法研究进展

吡咯里西啶类生物碱（Pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs）是植物次生代谢产生的一类天然毒素,其中大部分不饱和型PAs及其氮氧化物（Pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides,PANOs）具有多种毒性作用,并可通过膳食补充剂或食物链的形式进行传递从而威胁人类健康。PAs已被发现广泛存在于茶叶、蜂蜜等多种食品基质中,其污染成为令人担忧的食品安全问题。鉴于此,本文详尽梳理了不同国家不同食品基质中PAs的污染水平与可能的污染路径,综述了近年来PAs检测的前处理方法和分析检测技术的最新进展及发展趋势,分析了不同食品加工技术或烹饪制备对PAs污染物稳定性的影响,旨在为食品中PAs的检测研究、安全风险评估及控制提供警示和参考依据。

     

Investigation of targeted pyrrolizidine alkaloids in traditional Chinese medicines and selected herbal teas sourced in Ireland using LC-ESI-MS/MS

Publications linking hepatotoxicity to the use of herbal preparations are escalating. Herbal teas, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and dietary supplements have been shown to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Acute PA toxicosis of the liver can result in sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome, also known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD). This paper describes a sensitive and robust method for the detection of targeted PAs and their N-oxides (PANOs) in herbal products (selected herbal teas and TCMs) sourced within Ireland. The sample preparation includes a simple acidic extraction with clean-up via solid-phase extraction (SPE). Sample extracts were accurately analysed by using LC-ESI-MS/MS applying for the first time a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) core-shell column to the chromatographic separation of PAs and PANOs. The method was validated for selectivity, taking into consideration matrix effects, specificity, linearity, precision and trueness. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were quantified for all PAs and PANOs ranging from 0.4 to 1.9 µg kg^?1 and from 1.3 to 6.3 µg kg^?1, respectively. In this study 10 PAs and four PANOs were targeted because they are commercially available as reference standards. Therefore, this study can only report the levels of these PAs and PANOs analysed in the herbal teas and TCMs. The results reported represent the minimum levels of PAs and PANOs present in the samples analysed; commercially available herbal teas (n = 18) and TCMs (n = 54). A total of 50% herbal teas and 78% Chinese medicines tested positive for one or more PAs and/or PANOs included within this study, ranging from 10 to 1733 and from 13 to 3668 µg kg^?1, respectively.     

液相色谱-串联质谱技术在食品中抗菌药物残留分析中的应用

对液相色谱-串联质谱技术在食品中常用抗菌药物残留分析中的应用进展进行了综述,重点论述了近年来该技术在几种常用抗菌药物如β-内酰胺类、四环素类、大环内脂类、氨基糖苷类、酰胺醇类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类和硝基呋喃类的残留分析中的应用。同时,介绍了食品中多种类别抗菌药物残留同时检测的液相色谱-串联质谱方法,提出四极杆串联飞行时间质谱在多类别抗菌药物残留同时分析中具有广阔的应用前景,并对液相色谱-串联质谱技术在食品中抗菌药物残留分析领域未来的发展趋势进行了展望。      

液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定花茶中5种吡咯里西啶类生物碱

目的 建立液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) 同时测定花茶中5种吡咯里西啶类生物碱含量的分析方法。方法 将花茶样品均质粉碎后, 经0.1%甲酸水溶液浸泡, 涡旋, 超声提取, 高速离心后取上清液过固相萃取柱, 洗脱液氮吹吹干后用流动相复溶, 经ZORBAX Eclipse PLUS C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)分离, 以0.1%甲酸溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 流速为0.30 mL/min, 柱温为30 ℃, 多反应监测模式测定, 外标法定量。结果 该方法线性关系良好, 相关系数为0.997~0.998; 方法的检出限(S/N=3)为3~5 μg/kg、定量限(S/N=10)为10~15 μg/kg; 在15、30、150 μg/kg添加水平下的平均回收率为89.69%~102.12%, 相对标准偏差为0.3%~5.4%。结论 该方法样品前处理简单快速、萃取效果好、灵敏度和选择性高, 适用于常规检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法与离子色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐方法比较研究

目的 考察离子色谱-串联质谱法（ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,IC-MS/MS）和液相色谱-串联质谱法（liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）在测定不同食品中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的一致性。方法 利用乙腈/水（3:2, V:V）提取鸡蛋、奶粉和菠菜中的目标物,经石墨化炭黑（graphitized carbon black, GCB）小柱净化,以IonPacTM AS20离子色谱柱和CSHTM Fluoro-Phenyl液相色谱柱为分析柱,三重四极杆质谱仪检测,内标法定量。对两种方法测得的数据进行正态性检验和差异性分析。比较两种方法的保留时间漂移,考察色谱稳定性。对两种方法测得的浓度进行线性回归和B-AbBland -aAltman（B-A）图可视化考察方法一致性。结果 两种方法测得氯酸盐（高氯酸盐）的浓度在1~500（0.1~50.0） ?g/L范围内线性良好（r2＞0.999）。IC-MS/MS与LC-MS/MS测定高氯酸盐的定量限均为0.5 ?g/kg,氯酸盐的定量限分别为5.7 ?g/kg和4.2 ?g/kg。回收率范围分别为82.3%~107.4%和94.8%~109.4%,相对标准偏差分别为1.5%~13.6%和1.2%~9.6%。IC-MS/MS（LC-MS/MS）测得鸡蛋、奶粉、菠菜中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的基质效应分别为12.1%（22.1%）、9.0%（27.4%）、-11.8%（-24.0%）和-16.8%（-18.5%）、-18.6%（-28.4%）、-20.2%（-21.1%）。线性回归法显示两种方法测定氯酸盐和高氯酸盐浓度的回归曲线斜率分别为1.0144和1.0908。B-A图显示绝大多数数据点位于平均值±1.96标准偏差范围。结论 两种方法的准确度和精密度均符合化学检验方法验证通则的要求,两种方法测得的氯酸盐、高氯酸盐浓度结果基本一致,但氯酸盐在LC-MS/MS系统中的保留时间稳定性更好,IC-MS/MS在测定食品中氯酸盐、高氯酸盐时的抗基质干扰能力更强。     

QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测甘草中吡咯里西啶生物碱与风险分析

目的 建立QuEChERS和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)测定甘草中吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs)。方法 甘草样品经0.05 mol/L硫酸水QuEChERS自动样品制备系统振荡提取后,用混合型阳离子交换固相萃取小柱(PCX SPE)进行净化,以5 mmol/L甲酸铵水(含0.1%甲酸) -5 mmol/L甲酸铵甲醇为流动相,Agilent Proshell 120 EC-C18柱进行分离,利用三重四极杆检测器在多反应监测模式下进行检测。结果 利用建立的前处理方法对甘草中34种PAs做添加回收实验,在10、20和50 μg/kg 3个浓度下的回收率为71.3%~112.0%,相对标准偏差为0.29%~8.18%,满足检测要求。利用建立的提取和检测方法对172个甘草样品中34种PAs进行监测,阳性样品检出率为22.1%,PAs总含量在9.5~118 μg/kg之间。其中石松胺、石松胺 N-氧化物、天芥菜碱和大尾摇碱N-氧化物的检出率最高。结论 本研究开发的甘草中PAs的提取和检测方法快速、准确,可同时测定甘草中34种PAs阳性。所有监测的甘草样品中PAs总量低于欧盟限量标准。     

超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱法同时测定茶叶中15种吡咯里西啶类生物碱

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱法同时测定茶叶中15种吡咯里西啶类生物碱(PAs)的分析方法.方法 以甲醇甲酸水溶液作为提取溶剂,经超声提取,采用阳离子交换(MCX)固相萃取柱净化,以4.0 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液(含0.1％甲酸)和甲醇为流动相梯度洗脱,HSS T3柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)分离...     

应用液质联用技术诊断两起河豚毒素食物中毒

目的 快速查明食物中毒的原因, 为中毒事件的调查提供技术支持。方法 通过现场流行病学调查分 析中毒原因, 运用液质联用方法对样品进行检测确证。结果 两起食物中毒样品均检出河豚毒素。结论 本方法检测快速、准确、结果可靠, 对快速查明中毒原因和患者的临床救治提供可靠的诊断依据。     

Influence of grass pellet production on pyrrolizidine alkaloids occurring in Senecio aquaticus-infested grassland

1,2-Dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their N-oxides (PANO) exhibit acute and chronic toxic effects on the liver and other organs and therefore are a hazard for animal and human health. In certain regions of Germany, an increasing spread of Senecio spp. (ragwort) on grassland and farmland areas has been observed during the last years leading to a PA/PANO-contamination of feed and food of animal and plant origin.

This project was carried out to elucidate whether the process of grass pellet production applying hot air drying influences the content of PA and PANO. Samples of hay (n = 22) and grass pellets (n = 28) originated from naturally infested grassland (around 10% and 30% dominance of Senecio aquaticus) and from a trial plot with around 50% dominance. Grass pellets were prepared from grass originating from exactly the same plots as the hay samples. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PA/PANO typically produced by this weed.

The results of the study revealed that PA/PANO levels (predominantly sum of senecionine, seneciphylline, erucifoline and their N-oxides) in hay ranged between 2.1 and 12.6 mg kg^?1 dry matter in samples with 10% and 30% dominance of S. aquaticus, respectively. Samples from the trial plot (50% dominance) had levels of up to 52.9 mg kg^?1. Notably, the hot air drying process during the production of grass pellets did not lead to a reduction of PA/PANO levels. Instead, the levels in grass pellets with 10% and 30% S. aquaticus ranged from 3.1 to 55.1 mg kg^?1. Grass pellets from the trial plot contained up to 96.8 mg kg^?1. In conclusion, hot air drying and grass pellet production did not affect PA/PANO contents in plant material and therefore, heat-dried products cannot be regarded as safe in view of the toxic potential of 1,2-dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids.     

Determination of selected mycotoxins in mould cheeses with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem with mass spectrometry

A simple and feasible method is described for analysing nine mycotoxins in cheese matrix. The method involves liquid extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of the analytes, and allows the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, ochratoxin A, mycophenolic acid, penicillic acid and roquefortine C simultaneously. Average recoveries of the mycotoxins from spiked samples at concentration levels of 5-200 µg kg^-1 ranged from 96-143%. Within-day relative standard deviations at these concentration levels varied from 2.3-12.1%. The limit of quantification for aflatoxin M1 was 0.6 µg kg^-1 and for the other compounds 5 µg kg^-1. The method developed was applied for analysing these mycotoxins in blue and white mould cheeses purchased from Finnish supermarkets. Roquefortine C was detected in all of the blue mould cheese samples in concentrations of 0.8-12 mg kg^-1. One blue cheese contained also 0.3 mg kg^-1 mycophenolic acid. The other investigated mycotoxins were absent in the samples.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定食品中的可乐定

目的 采用超高压液相色谱-电喷雾串连四极杆质谱分析食品基质中的可乐定, 为可乐定中毒事件的 样本分析提供依据。方法 食物样本粉碎后经甲醇水溶液超声提取, 低温离心后, 上清液用 Waters ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18 色谱柱分离, 以 0.1%甲酸和甲醇溶液为流动相梯度洗脱, 最后用串联四极杆质谱在正离子 MRM 模式下进行测定。结果 以淀粉和炸鸡为加标基质, 三个加标水平下可乐定的平均回收率为 91.5%~127.8%, 相对标准偏差小于 16%, 定量限为 0.02 mg/kg。结论 该方法操作快速简单、重现性好, 成功 用于 2010 年 4 月怀柔水岸山吧可乐定中毒事件的食品检测。     

HPLC-MS法测定食品中生物碱的研究

建立了一种高效液相色谱电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS)法同时测定食品中六种生物碱的方法。采用ZORBAX SB-C8(2.1mm×150mm,3.5μm)色谱柱,乙腈(A)和pH5的4mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱使所有分析物均达到基线分离。采用ESI+一级质谱扫描模式得到甜菜碱、胆碱、苦参碱、阿托品、马钱子碱和乌头碱的定性离子,分别为m/z118.2、104.2、249.5、290.3、395.4和646.4,结合质谱保留时间检测六种生物碱。结果表明,采用1.0mg/mL混合标准溶液,准确性好,RSD<0.59%。该方法应用于检测实际样品荒漠肉苁蓉、山药、宁夏枸杞,添加回收率分别为81.7%~112.9%、80.8%~117.5%、96.9%~119.3%,说明建立的方法可以快速准确的检测实际样品中的生物碱成分。     

Multi-targeted screening of botanicals in food supplements by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Safety, quality and composition assessments of food supplements based on botanical ingredients are of major concern, as they have usually not been through a rigorous testing process as required for the approval of therapeutic phytopreparations. Therefore, an efficient multi-targeted method was developed to screen selected botanicals of interest in herbal food supplements. Liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap was used for this purpose. Botanicals were characterised by means of appropriate biomarkers, which were unambiguously identified by mass spectrometry using an information dependent acquisition experiment which combined a multiple reaction monitoring survey with dependent enhanced product ion scans. During this procedure, product ion scans of targeted analytes were generated at three collision energies and compared with an in-house library of MS/MS spectra acquired from reference standards of all biomarkers. This generic method enables detection, identification and quantification of 98 biomarkers intended to characterise 79 selected plants.     

液相色谱法及液相色谱-串联质谱法测定山楂及其制品中展青霉素的结果比较与建议

目的比较液相色谱法(liquidchromatography,LC)和液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)测定山楂及其制品中展青霉素的方法学指标。方法 LC法:山楂及固体制品经粉碎酶解后,用乙酸乙酯提取,Mycosep?228Aflapat净化柱净化浓缩,以乙腈和水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,液相色谱仪被测定; LC-MS/MS法:样品处理方法同LC法(除加同位素外),以乙腈和水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,外标法定量,采用电喷雾离子源负模式测定。结果 LC法和LC-MS/MS法展青霉素在10～200 ng/mL浓度内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.9999; LC法的回收率为96.12%～104.20%, RSD均小于2.5%,检出限为0.52～0.63μg/kg,定量限为1.7～2.0μg/kg; LC-MS/MS法的回收率为94.68%～103.59%, RSD均小于2.5%,检出限为0.12～0.39μg/kg,定量限为0.38～1.29μg/kg。结论 2种方法结果无显著差异,均可适用于山楂及山楂制品中展青霉素的测定。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测食用油脂中多环芳烃

建立了有机溶剂萃取、硅胶固相萃取柱净化、液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS法)测定食用油脂中EPA 16种多环芳烃的检测方法。EPA 16种多环芳烃的定量限分别为0.02~0.43μg/kg,回收率为86.5%~104.6%,日内精密度小于6%,日间精密度小于5%。在40个受测油脂样品中,EPA 16种多环芳烃的含量范围为11.68~146.06μg/kg。对照我国GB 2716规定,所有受测样品中苯并(a)芘含量均不超过≤10μg/kg的限量标准。然而,8个油样的苯并(a)芘含量超过了欧盟≤2μg/kg的限量标准,10个油样的PAH4含量超过了欧盟≤10μg/kg的限量标准。     

全自动固相萃取-液质联用法测定动物源性食品中镇静剂类药物残留

建立全自动固相萃取-液质联用同位素内标法测定动物源性食品中13种镇静剂的方法。样品中添加同位素内标地西泮-d5和氯丙嗪-d6,经乙腈提取,全自动固相萃取仪净化,Waters ACQUITY UPLCTMBEH C18（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm）不锈钢色谱柱分离,三重四级杆质谱多反应监测方式检测,同位素内标法定量。13种镇静剂在线性范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数r≥0.999,检出限在0.030⁰.113μg/kg之间,加标回收率在88.5%¹15.0%之间,相对标准偏差在2.45%⁷.92%之间。该方法样品前处理简单,净化过程实现了自动化操作,大大提高了工作效率;该方法灵敏度高、回收率好,适用于动物源性食品中多种镇静剂的同时检测。      

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定保健品中 L-羟脯氨酸含量

目的 通过优化保健品中L-羟脯氨酸的测定条件,建立保健品中L-羟脯氨酸的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）定量检测的分析方法。方法 采用酸水解的方法处理L-羟脯氨酸,色谱柱（EC-C18, 4.6 mm×50 mm, 2.7 μm,安捷伦）,流动相为水相和乙腈按一定的梯度进行洗脱,流速0.5 mL/min,采用LC-MS/MS在正离子模式下检测,外标法定量。结果LC-MS/MS法在0.00284 mg/mL~0.0284 mg/mL范围内,L-羟脯氨酸的浓度和峰面积的线性良好,相关系数R2＞0.99,方法的检出限和定量限分别为1.42 μg/g和4.7 μg/g,放置24h内L-羟脯氨酸的稳定性良好,在不同添加水平下,方法的回收率范围为95.0%~98.8%,相对标准偏差为1.7%（n=9)。结论 高效液相色谱-串联质谱法灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,适用于保健品中L-羟脯氨酸的含量测定。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测玛咖产品中非法添加西地那非

建立了检测玛咖中西地那非的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）法。色谱条件为Agilent SB-C18柱;柱温25℃;流动相为甲醇（10 mmol/L乙酸铵）:水（10 mmol/L乙酸铵,m/V）（90∶10,v/v）等度洗脱;流速:0.3 m L/min;进样量:5μL。质谱条件为正离子模式（ESI+）,多反应监测模式（MRM）;三重四级杆质量分析器;分子离子峰[M+H]+m/z 475.3,子离子为m/z 282.9,碰撞能50 e V;m/z 58.1碰撞能为60 e V。西地那非在0.2²0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R2为0.9994。建立的方法准确可靠、灵敏度高,可应用于玛咖产品中西地那非的含量测定。      

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定普通食品基质中特征性药材表征成分

目的 建立液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)同时测定补肾壮阳类食品及保健食品中9种补肾壮阳类功能成分的定性、定量的分析方法.方法 优化前处理方法,分离条件和质谱参数.样品经70％甲醇超声提取,提取液经Agilent ZO...