围护结构霉菌种类识别及生长风险研究

围护结构霉菌生长不仅会影响围护结构的热工性能,还会危害室内空气质量和人员健康.以上海市某居民小区为研究对象,通过现场采集和DNA高通量测序,对围护结构中的霉菌种类进行了识别.基于菌种识别结果,选择文献中相应菌属的培养数据,建立了用于霉菌生长风险预测的等值线模型.基于最佳温度下霉菌生长速率和相对湿度的函数关系式对该模型进...     

Internal surface condensation risk in façades of Spanish social dwellings

ABSTRACT

The poor maintenance of social dwellings causes the possible building deficiencies to be significantly increased, especially when most of these dwellings have been built before any thermal standard and without considering the effect of climate change. Façades are one of the building elements which are most degraded by the contact with the exterior, and surface condensation is the most common cause. This study applies the calculation of surface condensation from ISO 13788 to a representative case of social dwelling in Spain for all climate zones, both in the current and 2050 scenarios. Risks of corrosion, mould formation, and surface condensation were studied in nine different points of the façade, which were validated by in-situ measurements. The results determined that there was a greater risk of condensation or mould depending on the climate zone, and thermal resistance significantly influenced data variation in future scenarios. The results also showed that an adequate ventilation generally decreased risks, removing the risk of mould and surface condensation by 2050. To predict the results obtained, a model based on artificial neural networks was generated, and it could also be used to estimate risks in the future.     

建筑火灾风险动态评估实体关系图

建立现有建筑个体火灾风险动态评估系统的实体关系图,介绍实体关系图的设计步骤、思路和方法,包括核心实体、相关实体、关联和关系、属性和规范化、细节调整等.给出了建筑个体火灾风险动态评佑系统实体关系图.利用该方法可对现有建筑个体火灾风险进行动态评估,当现有建筑个体的结构、用途、内部或外部火灾危险源发生变化时,通过实体关系图进行火灾风险分析,确定风险等级.     

我国不同气候区典型外墙的热湿迁移特性及霉菌生长风险评估

针对国家建筑标准设计图集09J908-3中常见建筑外墙的热湿迁移特性及霉菌生长风险展开研究,以5个代表城市(沈阳、北京、上海、福州和昆明)为例,采用WUFI Pro 6.2软件模拟了外墙的非稳态热湿传递过程.结果表明:墙体内部的热湿动态迁移过程受主体材料、保温材料和当地气象条件等多个因素的共同影响;加气混凝土(AAC)...     

Stochastic analysis of building thermal processes

A methodology is presented for investigating the uncertainty properties of the building thermal processes caused by the random behaviour of the meteorological processes and the casual gains. A detailed building thermal model is used with a stochastic weather model and a random casual gain model. The probability distribution of the zone temperature of the building is calculated directly from these models. The overheating risk has been analysed as an example. The probability distribution of the periods when the zone temperature is higher than the demand temperature is calculated. The result shows all the possible situations rather than only a sample as would be obtained by running a normal simulation using given weather data. The influence of different building components on the overheating risk has been studied. The result shows that the most likely component for overheating risk in a residential building in Beijing is the window size. The thermal mass of the internal walls and the placing of windows have little effect on overheating risk.     

The modifying effect of the building envelope on population exposure to PM2.5 from outdoor sources

A number of studies have estimated population exposure to PM_2.5 by examining modeled or measured outdoor PM_2.5 levels. However, few have taken into account the mediating effects of building characteristics on the ingress of PM_2.5 from outdoor sources and its impact on population exposure in the indoor domestic environment. This study describes how building simulation can be used to determine the indoor concentration of outdoor‐sourced pollution for different housing typologies and how the results can be mapped using building stock models and Geographical Information Systems software to demonstrate the modifying effect of dwellings on occupant exposure to PM_2.5 across London. Building archetypes broadly representative of those in the Greater London Authority were simulated for pollution infiltration using EnergyPlus. In addition, the influence of occupant behavior on indoor levels of PM_2.5 from outdoor sources was examined using a temperature‐dependent window‐opening scenario. Results demonstrate a range of I/O ratios of PM_2.5, with detached and semi‐detached dwellings most vulnerable to high levels of infiltration. When the results are mapped, central London shows lower I/O ratios of PM_2.5 compared with outer London, an apparent inversion of exposure most likely caused by the prevalence of flats rather than detached or semi‐detached properties.     

Uses for plastics composites in the building industry tomorrow

Floating pavements for the use of aircraft, built at a cost lower than the cost of an equivalent area of land reclamation, are among possible innovations in the development of plastics for building applications put forward in this paper by two representatives of Shell International Chemical Co Ltd at the EFTA Plastics Association conference 'Plastics in building tomorrow' held at Copenhagen in April last year. Dr McRoberts is now manager of environmental technology, QMC Industrial Research, London.     

Comparison of building load performance between first principle based and implementable shading control algorithms

This paper presents the findings on the impact of two window shading control strategies on office building thermal and lighting loads over a year’s period through energy simulation in four different climatic contexts in the United States. While it is well known that window shades affect heat gain and loss through windows and thus building energy loads, there is limited information on the actual magnitude and specific behavior of their effects on the building thermal and lighting loads. The objective of the described study is to generalize the magnitude of the impact from window shading control strategies on building thermal and lighting loads over a year by modeling a representative office building construction in indicative geographical locations as well as internal window shades representative of those that are commonly used. Two control algorithms are developed and evaluated which are the ideal algorithm and implementable. The basic principle of both algorithms is to maximize heat gain and minimize heat loss when the building is in heating condition, and performs the opposite when the building is in cooling condition, subject to glare control. Some of the information that is used in the ideal algorithm is not available for a “real world” controller. Therefore, an implementable shading control algorithm is also described, which will take sensor measurable conditions as input. EnergyPlus is used to conduct the thermal and lighting loads computation. The control algorithm is implemented through the BCVTB (Building Control Virtual Test Bed). BCVTB is a software environment that allows expert users to couple different simulation programs for distributed simulation.     

Modelling the compressive mechanical behaviour of granite and sandstone historical building stones

Building stones, particularly sandstone and granite, are very important in the building elements of Portugal’s historical and cultural heritage. Experimental research, based on uniaxial compressive tests, was carried out on selected representative samples of lithotypes of rocks used in historic built heritage, with a view to evaluating the compressive mechanical behaviour of different building stones. The results showed that porosity plays a central role in the compressive behaviour of granites and sandstones. As porosity can be evaluated in field conditions with non-destructive tests it was decided to derive an analytical model to predict compressive behaviour based on the knowledge of porosity of the building stones. A cubic polynomial function was adopted to describe the pre-peak regime under compression to implement the model. Furthermore, a statistical correlation between mechanical and porosity data had to be defined. Good agreement between experimental and analytical compressive stress-strain diagrams, from which the mechanical properties like compressive strength and modulus of elasticity can be derived, was achieved.     

巨构式教学建筑的认知地图设计

巨构式教学建筑是在中国高校扩招背景下一种短时间之内迅速建成的巨型建筑,由于其体量巨大,内部空间复杂,导致空间意象的模糊和缺失,通过对这种巨型建筑内部空间特征的剖析,研究如何通过认知地图的方式设计和强化空间意象感,并以华侨大学厦门校区教学办公大楼的标识系统的设置具体实践认知地图的应用。     

Effects of combined heat and mass transfer on heating load in building drying period

In initial used building with EPS walls, the wall still contains a considerable amount of water that evaporates over time. In order to analyze the effect of moisture levels on a drying building energy performance, the heat and moisture coupling transfer of building wall with multilayer composition in the cold serious area Harbin, China, was simulated. The freezing of liquid moisture in exterior envelope was considered and the moisture content gradient was used as mass transfer driving forces. The effect of some impact factors, as initial moisture content, vapor retarder, interior wallpaper and exterior glazed brick on the wall energy consumption were also analyzed. It is concluded that the effect of drying are most significant during the first year of building initial use. The drying rate of the new building was significantly high in the first year, especially in the first few months. These changes during initial drying often account for a significant fraction of the overall load and have notable effect on the building energy performance.     

Energy efficiency and building construction in India

The energy conservation has become an important issue in building design, it is logical to apply the principle of energy costing to building projects, and to look for ways to minimize the total energy consumed during their lifetime. Even though the total quantity of energy consumed in a building during its lifetime may be many times than that consumed in its construction, there are number of reasons why the energy use in the construction process, and in particular in the building materials used, should be treated as a matter of importance in looking for ways to minimize energy use in the built environment as a whole. In this paper the energy costs of alternative construction techniques using an optimization framework are assessed and compared. The techniques of construction evaluated in this paper are commonly used pucca techniques as well as low-cost construction techniques. Energy consumption and resource requirements due to the use of alternative techniques of construction for a representative room of size 3.5 m×3.5 m×3.14 m are evaluated. An assessment of the magnitude of energy consumption, if housing shortages have to be met, shows that a huge amount of energy would be consumed in housing sector alone. The associated levels of carbon dioxide emissions associated with this construction would also be prohibitively high. Finally the paper concludes with recommendations for structural changes in the energy and construction policy in India to minimize energy consumption in building construction.     

Probabilistic risk analysis of building contamination

We present a general framework for probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of building contamination. PRA provides a powerful tool for the rigorous quantification of risk in contamination of building spaces. A typical PRA starts by identifying relevant components of a system (e.g. ventilation system components, potential sources of contaminants, remediation methods) and proceeds by using available information and statistical inference to estimate the probabilities of their failure. These probabilities are then combined by means of fault-tree analyses to yield probabilistic estimates of the risk of system failure (e.g. building contamination). A sensitivity study of PRAs can identify features and potential problems that need to be addressed with the most urgency. Often PRAs are amenable to approximations, which can significantly simplify the approach. All these features of PRA are presented in this paper via a simple illustrative example, which can be built upon in further studies. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The tool presented here can be used to design and maintain adequate ventilation systems to minimize exposure of occupants to contaminants.     

高层观景建筑防火设计探讨

随着我国旅游业进入了发展的黄金时期，一批高层观景建（构）筑物应运而生，上海东方明珠电视塔成为其中的佼佼者。由于我国尚未颁布电视塔类建筑防火设计规范，如何应用借国家现行技术规范，文章将通过银川沙湖观鸟塔的防火设计进行探讨。     

Environmental assessment of building properties—Where natural and social sciences meet: The case of EcoEffect

The EcoEffect method of assessing external and internal impacts of building properties is briefly described. The external impacts of manufacturing and transport of the building materials, the generation of power and heat consumed during the operation phase are assessed using life-cycle methodology. Emissions and waste; natural resource depletion and toxic substances in building materials are accounted for. Here methodologies from natural sciences are employed. The internal impacts involve the assessment of the risk for discomfort and ill-being due to features and properties of both the indoor environment and outdoor environment within the boundary of the building properties. This risk is calculated based on data and information from questionnaires; measurements and inspection where methodologies mainly from social sciences are used. Life-cycle costs covering investment and utilities costs as well as maintenance costs summed up over the lifetime of the building are also calculated.     

论幼教建筑室内外环境设计要点

介绍了幼儿园基地的选择要求及平面组合设计，从幼儿园建筑造型设计的原则和幼儿园建筑造型特征两方面探讨了幼教建筑的造型设计，阐述了室外游戏环境设计及色彩设计，以提高幼教建筑的设计水平。     

Iterative Anwendung zweier Rechenmodelle zur Beurteilung der Lüftungserfordernisse für eine Vermeidung von Schimmelpilzwachstum

Iterative application of two simulation tools to enable the determination of the required airing to preclude mould growth in corners. A newly developed whole building model is able to determine the effect of different ventilation schemes on indoor climate. Feeding the resulting surface temperatures and humidities to a biohygrothermal model allows to assess the risk of mould growth. For given ambient conditions it is thus possible to determine the necessary minimum ventilation rate by iteratively applying the two models. As an example, different building constructions are investigated, showing the effect of different natural ventilation schemes (continuous ventilation versus pulse ventilation by opening the window) on the minimum mean air change rate required for preventing mould growth.     

Defining resilience for the US building industry

ABSTRACT

Initiatives to operationalize the concept of resilience in the building industry are rapidly emerging. The concept of resilience has introduced a way to explore solutions to some important problems in the building industry. However, much of the work that has taken place to date represents activities generally assigned to risk management, which is discussed as being inherently insufficient for sustaining the functions of the built environment under stresses. This commentary considers the opportunities and limitations for mainstreaming resilience into building industry processes and actors. Barriers include indeterminate analytical meaning, event and performance uncertainty, immature regulatory standards setting, and untested enterprise economics. Further, the multiple outcomes of recovery and the relationship between building recovery and adaptation are discussed and, along with economics of resilience investments, a research need highlighted. A simple heuristic is presented to illustrate the complement of resilience to risk management and advance the integration of resilience into existing industry workflows.     

伦敦奥运遗产

伦敦是第一个第三次举办奥运会的城市,其传统是率先考虑每个人的参与性。全球建筑专家Populous事务所发展了一个＂拥抱临时＂的新理论,挑战永恒建筑的概念,事务所对奥林匹克体育场的设计和比赛临时设施的介入保证了所有建筑使用均能适合奥运会的目的,其结果是有史以来能够在赛后转化成更小场地的环境可持续的奥林匹克体育场的成功建造。许多其他的奥运场馆都是临时设施,为在伦敦著名地标中演绎体育比赛提供了灵活性,同时保证了一个可持续而不会为城市带来巨大负担的奥运遗产。     

Air infiltration induced inter-unit dispersion and infectious risk assessment in a high-rise residential building

Identifying possible airborne transmission routes and assessing the associated infectious risks are essential for implementing effective control measures. This study focuses on the infiltration-induced inter-unit pollutant dispersion in a high-rise residential (HRR) building. The outdoor wind pressure distribution on the building facades was obtained from the wind tunnel experiments. And the inter-household infiltration and tracer gas transmission were simulated using multi-zone model. The risk levels along building height and under different wind directions were examined, and influence of component leakage area was analysed. It is found that, the cross-infection risk can be over 20% because of the low air infiltration rate below 0.7 ACH, which is significantly higher than the risk of 9% obtained in our previous on-site measurement with air change rate over 3 ACH. As the air infiltration rate increases along building height, cross-infection risk is generally higher on the lower floors. The effect of wind direction on inter-unit dispersion level is significant, and the presence of a contaminant source in the windward side results in the highest cross-infection risks in other adjacent units on the same floor. Properly improving internal components tightness and increasing air change via external components are beneficial to the control of internal inter-unit transmission induced by infiltration. However, this approach may increase the cross-infection via the external transmission, and effective control measures should be further explored considering multiple transmission routes.