Determination of atrazine and degradation products in Luxembourgish drinking water: origin and fate of potential endocrine-disrupting pesticides

Several pesticides have been hypothesized to act as endocrine-disrupting compounds, exhibiting hormonal activity and perturbing normal physiological functions. Among these, especially s-triazine herbicides have received increased attention. Despite being banned in many countries, including the European Union, atrazine is still the world's most widely used herbicide. Despite its discontinued use, considerable concentrations of atrazine and its degradation products, mainly desethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA), are still found in the environment, including drinking water sources. The aim of this investigation was to study concentrations of especially s-triazine herbicides and major degradation products in drinking water, including spring water, tap water and bottled water in Luxembourg. Spring water (2007/2008/2009, n?=?69/69/69), tap water (2008/2009, n?=?19/26), and bottled water (2007/2008/2009, n?=?5/13/7) were sampled at locations in Luxembourg and investigated for pesticides by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Atrazine was the predominant triazine, detectable in many spring water locations, tap and bottled water, ranging (mean) from 0-57 (9), 0-44 (4), and 0-4 (1) ng?l(-1), respectively. DEA and DIA in spring water ranged (mean) from 0-120 (19) and 0-27 (3) ng?l(-1), with higher concentrations from agricultural areas and low molar ratios of DEA:atrazine <0.5 and high ratios of atrazine:nitrate suggesting point-source contamination. Levels (mean) of DEA and DIA in tap water were 0-62 (14) and 0-6 (<1) ng?l(-1) and in bottled water 0-11 (2) and 0-7 (2) ng?l(-1). Simazine and other triazines were detected in traces (<5?ng?l(-1)). Thus, the conducted monitoring suggested the presence of low concentrations of s-triazines in raw and finished water, presumably partly due to non-agricultural contamination, with concentrations being below thresholds advocated by the European Union Directive 98/83/EC.     

生活饮用水中砷含量的测定

以镍作为基体改进剂，选择合适的仪器分析条件，用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定砷的含量，该法具有样品处理简单、快速、准确、选择性高且试样用量少等优点，具有较强的适用性，方法的精密度和准确度都令人满意。     

Determination of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in drinking water from the Netherlands and Greece

In the present study 11 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were analysed in drinking tap water samples from the Netherlands (n = 37) and from Greece (n = 43) by applying LC-MS/MS and isotope dilution. PFASs concentrations above the limit of quantification, LOQ (0.6 ng/l) were detected in 20.9% of the samples from Greece. Total PFAS concentrations ranged between <LOQ and 5.9 ng/l, with the highest concentrations noted for the three Aegean islands Mykonos, Kalymnos and Syros and for the town Tripoli in the Peloponnese. In the Dutch situation, total PFASs concentrations above the LOQ were detected in 48.6% of the samples, varying from <LOQ to 54 ng/l. The highest concentrations were detected around Amsterdam (including Schiphol airport) and more generally, PFASs were detected in the drinking water from the western part of the Netherlands. This seems attributable to the source, which is purified surface water in this area. Short-chain PFASs and especially perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were detected most frequently, whereas long-chain PFASs (C > 8) were only rarely detected. In the drinking water samples from the eastern part of the Netherlands, where drinking water is sourced from groundwater reservoirs, no PFASs were detected. This demonstrates that exposure to PFASs through drinking water in the Netherlands is dependent on the source. Additionally, five samples of bottled water from each country were analysed in the current study, with all of them originating from ground wells. In these samples, all PFASs were below the LOQ.     

气相色谱法测定黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物

目的建立黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺及其降解产物残留的气相色谱分析方法。方法样品用丙酮提取,二氯甲烷萃取,固相萃取弗罗里硅土小柱净化,气相色谱仪氮磷检测器检测,外标法定量。结果吡唑萘菌胺及其降解产物在0.5~10μg/m L范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.998),黄瓜中的吡唑萘菌胺及其降解产物的添加浓度为0.02、0.10、1.0 mg/kg 3个水平时,回收率在73.5%~110%之间,相对标准偏差在1.63%~13.5%之间;吡唑萘菌胺及其降解产物的检出限均达到了0.02 mg/kg。结论该方法操作简单,准确度和回收率能满足残留测定需要,适合黄瓜中吡唑萘菌胺其降解产物的残留分析。     

Estimation of ruminal and intestinal digestion profiles,hourly effective degradation ratio and potential N to energy synchronization of co‐products from bioethanol processing

BACKGROUND: Little research has been conducted to determine the magnitude of the differences in nutritive value among wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), corn DDGS and blend DDGS, or between different bioethanol plants. The objectives of this study were to compare different types of DDGS and different bioethanol plants in terms of: (1) rumen degradation kinetics profile of each DDGS component and rumen availability; (2) intestinal digestion profile of rumen undegraded protein; (3) hourly effective rumen degradation ratio and potential N‐to‐energy synchronization; (4) the role of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen in the determination of nutrient availability of DDGS. In addition, these parameters were compared in DDGS as opposed to parental grain. RESULTS: (1) The effective degradability of dry matter in DDGS samples increased as the content of feedstock wheat increased. DDGS are a good source of rumen‐undegradable protein. The protein content of DDGS derived from wheat is higher relative to that derived from corn; however, the undegradability of the protein fraction increases as the proportion of corn in the feedstock augments. (2) In addition, DDGS provide significant amounts of rumen‐degradable protein, which increased as the content of wheat in the feedstock increased. This indicates a potential loss of N when high levels of DDGS are included in the diet. (3) Acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) levels were low across DDGS samples, revealing no effect on ruminal and intestinal disappearance of protein. However, consideration should be given to the numerical differences in digestibility of rumen‐undegradable protein and the relation to ADICP content. (4) Further research with a higher number of samples and higher variability in the ADICP content should be undertaken to investigate the effect of ADICP on rumen and intestinal disappearance of DDGS protein. CONCLUSION: The digestive characteristics of each DDGS component (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber), the hourly effective degradation ratio between N and organic matter, and the intestinal availability of rumen‐undegradable protein differed significantly (P < 0.05) among wheat DDGS, blend DDGS and corn DDGS, and to a lesser extent between the different bioethanol plants. These results indicate that it is inappropriate to assume fixed rumen and intestinal degradation characteristics for DDGS without considering factors such as DDGS type and bioethanol plant origin. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

水产品及养殖水中丁香酚类化合物风险研究

目的 检测水产品及养殖水中丁香酚类化合物.方法 应用食品补充检验方法BJS 201908《水产品及水中丁香酚类化合物的测定》,以海水鱼、淡水鱼、海水虾、淡水虾及养殖水作为基质,测定6种丁香酚类化合物的含量.结果 通过对实际样品测定后发现,在水产品中检出了丁香酚类化合物,主要为丁香酚,检出率为28.9％,其中海水鱼相对突...     

分散固相萃取结合HPLC-MS/MS同时测定茶叶中丁醚脲及其降解产物

建立分散固相萃取(QuEChERS)—高效液相色谱—串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法同时测定茶叶中丁醚脲及其降解产物残留量的方法。样品中丁醚脲及其降解产物用乙腈提取,提取液经过分散固相萃取法(QuEChERS)净化后,采用C_(18)色谱柱分离,以0.1%乙酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源正离子模式下采用质谱多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,丁醚脲的定量限为0.01mg/kg,丁醚脲—甲酰胺的定量限为0.005mg/kg、丁醚脲—脲的定量限为0.003mg/kg。在3个浓度水平下平均回收率为62.2%~99.6%;相对标准偏差(RSD%)为1.3%~9.4%。该方法能同时对茶叶中丁醚脲及其降解产物进行定性、定量检测,方法简单、快速,准确度、灵敏度高,且减少了前处理过程中丁醚脲的分解。可同时对茶叶中丁醚脲及其降解产物进行定性、定量检测,满足残留检测的需要。     

吹扫捕集-气质联用法测定天然饮用水中挥发性有机物

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用法,测定天然饮用水中35种挥发性有机化合物,包括三卤甲烷、卤代苯类、苯系物以及多环芳烃类等。方法检出限范围为0.05～0.17μg/L,35种有机物加标5μg/L测定回收率为86.5%～113%,RSD(n=6)为1.6%～6.1%。调研了市售的44个瓶装天然饮用水和5个水源水样品:瓶装天然饮用水中检出1,2-二氯乙烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、三溴甲烷、苯、三氯甲烷、1,2,4-三甲苯、甲苯共8个化合物,其中三氯甲烷的检出率达到49%,但检测结果均在相关标准的限量要求范围内;水源水样品中均未测得挥发性有机化合物。     

Comparison of sun protection factors determined by an in vivo and different in vitro methodologies: a study with 58 different commercially available sunscreen products

An extensive study on the sun protection factors (SPF) of sun care products was carried out using the COLIPA (The European Cosmetic Toiletry and Perfumery Association) method, which relates to in vivo experiments. Furthermore, in vitro methods were tested with sunscreen formulations that were prepared as films on surface-roughened plates of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). One of the in vitro methods, i.e. using the sunscreen tester, has been recently developed, whereas the second has been defined by a pure spectroscopic approach, which is based on spectral transmission measurements of sunscreen films. Altogether 58 different sunscreen formulations, with manufacturer declared SPF values ranging from 4 to 60 and currently available on the European market, were investigated. The quality of correlations with results from the individual products based on the different in vitro methods versus the COLIPA values that were considered as generally accepted standard values was assessed. In this context, also variations because of sample preparation and spectral measurement were discussed. For sunscreen products with in vivo SPF values larger 25, the spectral transmittance within the UVA/UVB range is rapidly decreasing, which is experienced even for products with reduced amounts reaching 0.5 mg cm(-2) and still leading to unsatisfactory correlation of the spectroscopically derived SPF values versus the results from the alternative assays. Opposite to these small amounts, a sunscreen product spread of 2 mg cm(-2) is standard for the in vivo COLIPA method, whereas an area-normalized amount of 1 mg cm(-2) is currently routinely used for the sunscreen tester method. Furthermore, an overview of the individual product characteristics, such as their specific critical wavelengths and their UVA/UVB ratios is provided; both parameters can also be calculated from the spectral absorbances of the standardized sunscreen films.