Comparison of the relative dissipation rates of endosulfan pesticide residues between oolong and green tea

The dissipation behaviour of endosulfan in dry made-tea leaves of oolong and green tea was compared to establish whether there was any difference in dissipation rates between the two teas. The dissipation of endosulfan in oolong and green tea corresponded with a first-order kinetics curve. The average half-life of endosulfan (n = 12) was 1.60 ± 0.44 days in green tea and 2.01 ± 0.55 days in oolong tea, showing a statistically significant difference, and indicating that the dissipation of the pesticide was significantly slower in oolong tea than that in green tea. Although the initial levels of residual endosulfan were lower in oolong tea, due to the slower dissipation rate, the residues 5-7 days after application were higher in oolong than in green tea. It is suggested that the minimum interval between endosulfan application and tea leaf harvesting is 7 days for green tea and 10 days for oolong tea in the case where the maximum residue limit of endosulfan in made-tea is fixed as 10 mg kg^-1.     

Comparison of the relative dissipation rates of endosulfan pesticide residues between oolong and green tea

The dissipation behaviour of endosulfan in dry made-tea leaves of oolong and green tea was compared to establish whether there was any difference in dissipation rates between the two teas. The dissipation of endosulfan in oolong and green tea corresponded with a first-order kinetics curve. The average half-life of endosulfan (n = 12) was 1.60 ± 0.44 days in green tea and 2.01 ± 0.55 days in oolong tea, showing a statistically significant difference, and indicating that the dissipation of the pesticide was significantly slower in oolong tea than that in green tea. Although the initial levels of residual endosulfan were lower in oolong tea, due to the slower dissipation rate, the residues 5–7 days after application were higher in oolong than in green tea. It is suggested that the minimum interval between endosulfan application and tea leaf harvesting is 7 days for green tea and 10 days for oolong tea in the case where the maximum residue limit of endosulfan in made-tea is fixed as 10 mg kg^?1.     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200 g a.i. ha^-1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5 ± 0.01, 1.1 ± 0.01 and 0.4 ± 0.02, 0.9 ± 0.01 mg kg^-1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30-40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10-30% for both seasons, whereas 50-70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2-3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200?g a.i.?ha^?1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5?±?0.01, 1.1?±?0.01 and 0.4?±?0.02, 0.9?±?0.01?mg?kg^?1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30–40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10–30% for both seasons, whereas 50–70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2–3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

Residues and contaminants in tea and tea infusions: a review

Consumers are very aware of contaminants that could pose potential health hazards. Most people drink tea as an infusion (adding hot water); however, in some countries, including India, China and Egypt, tea is drunk as a decoction (tea and water are boiled together). An infusion usually brings the soluble ingredients into solution, whereas a decoction brings all soluble and non-soluble constituents together. Therefore, a cup of tea may contain various kinds of contaminants. This review focuses on green and black tea because they are most commonly consumed. The target was to examine the transfer rate of contaminants – pesticides, environmental pollutants, mycotoxins, microorganisms, toxic heavy metals, radioactive isotopes (radionuclides) and plant growth regulators – from tea to infusion/brewing, factors contributing to the transfer potential and contaminants degradation, and residues in or on the spent leaves. It is concluded that most contaminants leaching into tea infusion are not detected or are detected at a level lower than the regulatory limits. However, the traditional practice of over-boiling tea leaves should be discouraged as there may be a chance for more transfer of contaminants from the tea to the brew.     

酶对改善茶汤萃取品质的研究

在茶饮料生产过程中,使用酶可改善茶汤品质。结果表明,纤维素酶能有效提高红茶茶汤可溶性固形物含量和茶多酚含量。茶叶粒径也会对加酶茶汤的萃取品质产生很大影响,当茶叶平均粒径小于105μm时,茶汤内在品质会得到明显改善。     

Tracking residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in green,herbal, and black tea leaves and infusions of commercially available tea products marketed in Poland

The content of residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was examined in green, herbal, and black tea leaves as well as in their infusions prepared from tea products marketed in the main supermarkets in Poland. It was found that the detected mean levels of organochlorine residues in tea leaves ranged from ?1 dry weight. Among hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, γ-HCH in green tea occurred in the highest concentrations. Among dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites the highest level of p,p′DDT (1.96 ng g^?1 dw) was in green tea samples. The transfer of OCPs from tea leaves to brew was investigated. The present study revealed that during the infusion process, a significant percentage of the residues, particularly pesticides with high water solubility, were transferred to the infusions. The obtained results show that the percentage transfer of each pesticides from tea to the tea infusions ranged from 6.74% (heptachlor) to 86.6% (endrin). The detected residues were below current MRLs for these pesticides.     

高效液相色谱-串联飞行时间质谱法测定茶叶中6种农药的残留量

建立了茶叶中噻嗪酮、毒死蜱、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、乐果、多菌灵等6种农药残留量的高效液相色谱-串联飞行时间质谱检测方法。茶叶样品经酸化乙腈提取,基质分散固相萃取净化。经高效液相色谱分离后进入飞行时间质谱检测。6种农药浓度在1～50μg/kg下线性关系良好,相关系数R2在0.995～0.999之间,检测限在0.01～1μg/kg之间,回收率在80%～102%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在4%～6%之间。该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,能够满足茶叶中多种农药残留的定性、定量检测需求。     

茶皂素对草莓农药残留去除效果的研究

使用清水、质量浓度5%茶皂素溶液和稀释3 000倍的洗洁精对草莓进行清洗后,通过气相色谱对草莓中的农药残留含量进行检测。试验结果显示,质量浓度5%的茶皂素溶液对水溶性和脂溶性的农药去除效果均优于清水和稀释3 000倍的洗洁精,可以显著的降低草莓中的农药残留含量。结果表明,质量浓度5%茶皂素溶液对农残的洗涤效果较优,具有开发成果蔬洗涤剂的价值。     

QuEChERS结合实时直接分析串联质谱法检测茶叶中的农药残留

目的 建立一种茶叶中烯酰吗啉、噻虫嗪、吡唑醚菌酯、吡虫啉、灭多威、吡蚜酮、杀线威、仲丁威、啶虫脒等9种常见农药残留的实时直接进样串联质谱(DART-MS-MS)分析方法。方法 样品采用QuEChERS 方法进行前处理,粉碎茶样通过乙腈提取,无水MgSO4和NaCl盐析,PSA、C18 和GCB分散固相萃取净化,用玻璃棒蘸取上清液DART-MS-MS检测。结果 9种化合物在0.5～50 μg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数(r)均大于0.9, 9种农药在20、50和100 μg/kg添加水平的回收率为70.7％～107.6％, 相对标准偏差为15.5％～18.8％,9种农药的定量限均为5 μg/kg。结论 该方法提取、净化环节简单、快速,无需氮吹转溶;上机检测环节无需色谱分离,直接通过实时直接质谱分析,大大节省了分析时间。该方法的建立为现有茶叶农药残留检测方法和标准提供了一种有益的补充。     

绿茶汁蒸发浓缩过程品质损失动力学

运用均匀设计和逐步回归议程,建立了绿茶汁在蒸发浓缩过程中的品质损失动力学,并在异形竖板降膜蒸发器中验证了所得的动力学模型,结果表明动力学模型的准确性较高。     

Irreversible sediment formation in green tea infusions

The formation of irreversible tea sediment (IRS) and its chemical components in green tea infusions were investigated. The results showed that the amounts of IRS in the green tea infusions from various tea cultivars ranged from 0.10 to 1.47 mg/mL. The amount of IRS was influenced remarkably by the chemical components in the green tea infusion. Principal component analysis and regression analysis indicated that gallated catechins, Mn, Ca, caffeine, Na, and (-)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG) were the principal components. IRS (mg/mL) = -4.226 + 0.275 gallated catechins + 79.551 Na + 7.321 Mn + 21.055 Ca + 0.513 caffeine - 0.129 GCG (R2 = 0.697). The contents of the main chemical components in the reversible tea sediment (RTS) and IRS were markedly different, especially the minerals. Large amount of minerals participated in the formation of irreversible green tea sediment. The amount of IRS increased with the extraction temperature.     

Effects of lipophillic pigments on colour of the green tea infusion

Studies about effect of pigments on colour of green tea infusion will help for quality evaluation and adopting suitable measure for prevention from non‐enzyme browning. HPLC results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls and pheophytin a in green tea infusions were higher than their thresholds, and that lutein and β‐carotene were near or above the thresholds. Significant correlation between pigments concentration and colour difference index in green tea infusion was also found. Therefore, lipophillic pigments did affect the colour of green tea infusion markedly, and the ratio of chlorophylls to pheophytins could be used as an indicator of infusion colour and quality of green tea.     

茶叶农药残留与检测技术

我国是茶叶生产大国,每年种植面积大,产量位居世界首位。由于长期以来茶树病虫的发生,出现了很多不合理用药现象。大部分的茶树病虫治理只是单纯的针对一种或者多种茶树病虫害的防治,无法达到大规模的病虫治理。在防治的方法上,侧重化学治理忽视了生物之间的关系,导致茶树农药残留含量超标,茶叶质量不过关等。随着茶叶大量销售全国乃至出口,我国茶叶农药残留问题变得日益突出。本文简述了我国茶叶目前的农残情况,综述茶叶中农药残留的一些常用的检测技术以及减少茶叶农残的方法,并对其发展方向进行了展望,以期为今后开展茶叶中农药残留的分析研究提供参考。     

Fate of imidacloprid and acetamiprid residues during black tea manufacture and transfer into tea infusion

The objective of this paper is to investigate the loss/stability of neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and acetamiprid) residues during the manufacture of black tea and to study the transfer of these pesticides from made tea to its infusion. For orthodox black tea, the manufacturing process involves leaf harvesting (plucking two leaves and a bud), withering, rolling, fermentation (oxidation), and drying. Initial withering and final drying resulted in the loss of pesticide residues, but no significant reduction in residue levels resulted from the rolling and fermentation steps. The drying process resulted in a residue transfer of 64–70% and 69–74% of the initial level, whereas the brewing process resulted in a residue transfer of 37–39% and 45–49% of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively, from dried tea into the infusion. The decrease in acetamiprid levels during drying was also significant (8–13%), whereas the total loss during the manufacturing process ranged from 26 to 31%. Further, brewing for longer periods (an extended brewing time) resulted in higher transfer (up to 44% for imidacloprid and 53% for acetamiprid) of pesticides to tea infusion. Further, the extent of pesticide leaching depends on its water solubility, partition coefficient, and the brewing time.     

Comparison of the effects of black and green tea on in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in human serum

Lipoprotein oxidation is a process thought to be involved in atherogenesis. Dietary antioxidants that prevent or inhibit oxidative damage to lipoproteins may help to prevent atherosclerosis. Both black and green teas can be major dietary sources of flavonoids and other phenolics with antioxidant activity. Results of previous studies suggest that green tea may have a greater antioxidant potential than black tea. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effects of black and green tea on in vitro lipoprotein oxidation. The tea extracts were prepared using a method similar to that used to prepare infusions of tea for drinking. Antioxidant activities of seven black teas and four green teas were assessed using an in vitro assay that measures Cu²⁺ ‐induced oxidation of lipoproteins in human serum. All tea extracts inhibited in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in human serum to a similar extent. No significant difference in antioxidant activity was found between black and green tea. Caffeine prepared to a comparable concentration to that found in tea had no effect on lipoprotein oxidation. Further studies are required to determine the importance of these findings in relation to possible protective effects of black and green tea consumption against atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

气相色谱法测定茶叶中有机氯和拟虫菊酯类农药残留的基质效应

目的 测定茶叶基质中17种有机氯和拟虫菊酯类农药残留的基质效应。方法 应用QuEChERS 方法快速处理茶叶样品得到基质溶液,用基质溶液配制3个不同浓度的混合标液,用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)进行测定,其结果与正己烷溶剂配制的相同浓度混合标液进行比较。结果 不同种农药在茶叶基质中的基质效应普遍存在,随着质量浓度的减小,基质效应的影响程度会增大;大部分表现为基质增强效应,强度最大的是百菌清,也有一部分表现为基质抑制效应,强度最大的是三氯杀螨醇;在不同的茶叶基质中同种农药的基质效应程度差别不大,在相同的茶叶基质中有机氯农药比菊酯类农药的基质效应更强。结论 由于基质效应普遍存在,在较低浓度下基质效应比较显著,因此在日常的茶叶农残检测时,为了得到更准确的数据,应当采用基质标准曲线进行定量分析。