Risk assessment of dietary exposure to perchlorate for the Austrian population

Perchlorate is frequently found as contaminant in a variety of food. Based on analytical data of perchlorate occurrence in food products from the Austrian market, this study calculated dietary perchlorate exposure of the Austrian population for the three age classes of adults, children and infants. Furthermore, a detailed risk assessment was conducted based on the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.3 µg/kg body weight/day, established by the European Food Safety Authority in 2014. Calculations of a scenario of average food consumption did not indicate elevated health risks by dietary perchlorate uptake. Exposure estimates reached only 12%, 26% and 24% of the TDI for adults, children and infants, respectively. However, in a scenario of high consumption, the TDI was exceeded by all age classes with 132%, 161% and 156%. The major cause for this exceedance is the comparatively high perchlorate contamination of spinach, but also other leaf vegetables, legumes and pineapples, leading to elevated exposure of high consumers. Our calculations reveal that the current provisional intra-Union trade reference level for perchlorate in spinach of 0.2 mg/kg, advocated by the European Commission, is not sufficient to protect high consumers against possible health risks. In order to reduce health risks to a tolerable level for all consumers, lowering of the regulatory maximum perchlorate concentrations is indicated. Moreover, a generally diversified diet can also counteract excessive exposure to perchlorate as well as to other harmful food contaminants.     

中国地区干酪生物胺风险评估中膳食暴露评估模型的构建

基于对中国地区市售97份干酪样品获得的8种生物胺检测数据,以及2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告中的膳食消费数据,采用Monte Carlo模拟和@Risk软件量化人群干酪生物胺膳食暴露量的变异度和不确定度,构建中国地区干酪生物胺风险评估中膳食暴露评估模型。按不同地区、性别和年龄段差异的人群,分析其干酪生物胺膳食暴露量分布的统计量和90%置信区间。评估结果显示,中国城市人群的干酪生物胺暴露量明显高于同年龄段的农村人群;且城市地区女性暴露量通常高于男性,而农村地区则相反。干酪生物胺膳食暴露概率评估方法相比点评估和简单分布评估方法,能够定量评估结果的变异度和不确定度,评估更为准确。      

烟台市居民熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐膳食暴露健康风险评估

目的了解熟肉制品来源亚硝酸盐的暴露对烟台市居民潜在的健康风险及影响因素。方法基于蒙特卡罗方法 ,拟合烟台市市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量,结合2009年中国健康与营养调查数据库中山东省熟肉类消费量和人口学数据,拟合计算膳食暴露风险概率。以食品添加剂联合专家委员会规定的亚硝酸盐的每日允许摄入量(ADI)0.07 mg/kg BW为健康指导值,采用危害商(hazard quotient,HQ)进行风险特征描述。结果烟台市市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量数值范围为未检出(ND)～130.00 mg/kg,均值为5.48 mg/kg,概率分布为指数分布。烟台市居民2～6、7～12、13～17、18～59、≥60岁组熟肉制品来源亚硝酸盐的日暴露量(EDI)均值分别为0.004 27、0.004 02、0.003 31、0.002 48、0.002 08 mg/kg BW,其HQ大于1的概率值分别为0.80%、0.43%、0.59%、0.12%、0.02%。全人群组的HQ最敏感因素为熟肉制品亚硝酸盐含量,其贡献率为91.1%,消费量/体重的贡献率为8.9%。各人群分组的HQ分析显示,亚硝酸盐含量、消费量/体重因素对HQ的贡献率不尽相同。结论烟台市市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量具有导致部分人群(总体约0.05%)健康危害的风险,主要敏感因素为亚硝酸盐含量。     

Risk assessment of dietary exposure to aluminium in the Chinese population

In order to address the issue of excessive intake of aluminium (Al) from Al-containing food additives in the Chinese diet, this study conducted a dietary exposure assessment of Al in the general population based on the national surveillance data of Al content in foods and national food consumption data. It was found that the mean dietary exposure of the whole Chinese population to Al from Al-containing food additives was 1.795 mg kg^?1 bw week^?1, not exceeding the PTWI, while high dietary exposures (e.g., 97.5^th percentile) to Al were 7.660 and 2.103–2.903 mg kg^?1 bw week^?1 for children, respectively, both exceeding the PTWI. It was found that the dietary exposure to Al for 32.5% of the total Chinese population and 42.6% of children aged 4–6 years exceeded the PTWI. Wheat flour and wheat-based products are the main source of dietary A l exposure (85% of the total intake); and puffed foods are the major source of Al intake for children. These findings suggested that consumption of Al-containing food additives could be a health concern for consumers with high food consumption (97.5^th percentile) and children under the age of 14 years.     

Dietary exposure to furan of the Austrian population

ABSTRACT

In the period from 2007 to 2017 furan levels of foods were analysed by the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. Based on these analytical data and the Austrian consumption data the dietary exposure of children and adults to furan was estimated by using a deterministic approach. For the adult population the mean and 95^th percentile dietary exposures to furan were estimated at 0.31 µg/kg bodyweight per day and at 0.72 µg/kg bodyweight per day, respectively. The mean dietary exposure of children was estimated at 0.18 µg/kg bodyweight per day and is thus only about half as high as for Austrian adults. At the 95^th percentile the dietary exposure of children was estimated at 0.49 µg/kg bodyweight per day. The main contributor to the total dietary exposure for adults is coffee followed by convenience products and for children the main contributors are grain products as well as convenience products, bread and snacks. Based on the BMDL₁₀ of 0.064 mg/kg bodyweight per day for the development of cholangiofibrosis, the MOE-calculation revealed that the current levels of dietary exposure to furan are of concern for Austrian adult high consumers. The MOE-calculation, based on the BMDL₁₀ of 1.31 mg/kg bodyweight per day for the development of hepatocellular adenomas, indicated a health concern for Austrian children and adults.     

典型膳食来源亚硝酸钠暴露对我国人群健康风险的研究

目的 评估中国居民膳食因素亚硝酸钠摄入量及对健康影响的潜在风险,为食品安全风险管理提供科学依据.方法 应用典型食品(酱类、肉制品和腌菜)中亚硝酸钠含量的实际监测结果和我国居民对含亚硝酸钠食品实际的膳食消费量数据,采用简单分布模型方法,对我国居民全人群的膳食亚硝酸钠摄入量进行估计,并与国际组织JECFA制定的亚硝酸钠每日允许摄入量(ADI)进行比较.结果 全人群的亚硝酸钠平均摄入量为0.021 mg/kgBW/day,占ADI的30.0％,而高暴露人群(亚硝酸钠摄入量的P97.5)的亚硝酸钠摄入量为0.150 mg/kg BW/day,是ADI的2.1倍;各性别-年龄组人群的膳食亚硝酸钠平均摄入量均未超过ADI,但就各组高暴露人群而言,亚硝酸钠摄入量范围为0.124 8 ～0.275 0 mg/kg BW/day,是ADI的1.8～3.9倍;酱/咸菜是我国居民膳食亚硝酸钠摄入的主要来源,占总摄入量的61.9％.结论 我国全人群平均膳食亚硝酸钠摄入量处于安全水平,但高暴露人群摄入的亚硝酸钠具有较高的健康风险,需予以重点关注;调整饮食习惯和行为,改进食品加工工艺,最大限度地减少外源性亚硝酸盐的添加和内源性亚硝酸钠的产生是降低我国居民膳食亚硝酸钠摄入的有效手段.     

北京市S区居民熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解北京市S区居民通过熟肉制品暴露亚硝酸盐的潜在健康风险及影响因素。方法 采用分光光度法对S区2013—2019年市售535份熟肉制品中的亚硝酸盐含量进行监测,结合S区不同年龄组居民肉制品的个体消费量数据,并与联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会（FAO/WHO JECFA）规定的亚硝酸盐每日允许摄入量（ADI）0.07 mg/kg·BW进行比较,评价其膳食暴露健康风险。结果 北京市S区市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐的检出率为94.02%,总体超标率为9.16%。2岁以上人群通过熟肉制品的亚硝酸盐每日暴露量范围为0.000 0~0.390 0 mg/kg·BW,平均暴露量为0.018 8 mg/kg·BW,其中有2.5%人群的暴露量超过了ADI。除50~64岁组和≥80岁组外,其他年龄组人群熟肉制品来源亚硝酸盐日暴露量均超过了ADI。2~5岁组和6~12岁组熟肉制品来源亚硝酸盐日暴露量在P₉₅百分位上超过了ADI,处在不可接受水平;13~17岁组熟肉制品来源亚硝酸盐日暴露量在P₉₅百分位上等于ADI。结论 S区市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留有导致部分人群存在慢性毒害的风险,应加强监管和抽检力度,向公众普及亚硝酸盐相关知识,最大限度地减少外源性亚硝酸盐的添加和内源性亚硝酸盐的产生。     

Probabilistic acute dietary exposure assessment of the Chinese population to cypermethrin residues

A probabilistic estimation of dietary exposure to cypermethrin residues for the Chinese population was performed. Cypermethrin residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program for 2001–2006, encompassing 14,096 samples from 36 commodities with a detection rate of 10.4%. Food consumption data were gathered from the national nutrition and health survey conducted in 2002, comprising 65,915 consumers aged 2–100 years and 3701 children of 2–6 years old. The whole country was roughly divided into six regions and the ranges of the median and of P99.9 exposure estimated for these regions were 0.018–0.026 and 3.131–7.095?µg?kg^?1?bw?day^?1, respectively. Pak-choi and Chinese cabbage contributed 33.9 and 13.2%, respectively, to the cypermethrin intake for the general population, while pak-choi and citrus covered 30.7 and 22.5% of the total intake for children, respectively. The exposure of the rural population was higher than urban populations. Rural areas mainly located in the plains of central China had among the highest exposure of the six regions, accounting for 17.7% of the ARfD at P99.9, while the 99.99th percentile of exposure for children, especially rural children, far exceeded the ARfD, which is a cause for concern.     

杭州市居民膳食中铝暴露风险评估

目的 评估杭州市居民膳食中铝的暴露水平及其潜在健康风险。方法 利用2015—2021年杭州市食品中食品添加剂铝含量的数据和2015年杭州市居民食物消费量调查数据,采用简单分布评估法计算杭州市居民膳食中铝的暴露水平,进行健康风险评估。结果 杭州市居民膳食中铝每周平均暴露量及每周高食物量消费人群暴露量（P95）分别为0.416、1.986 mg/kg·BW,均低于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）制定的每周可耐受摄入量（PTWI,2 mg/kg·BW）。包子、面条、中式糕点、油条、馒头是杭州市居民膳食中铝暴露的主要来源,累计贡献率达到85.9%。如果严格执行食品安全国家标准关于含铝食品添加剂的限量规定,杭州市居民膳食中铝每周平均暴露量和P95暴露量将分别下降88.2%和84.0%。结论 目前杭州市居民膳食中铝每周平均暴露量对人群健康造成的风险较低,处于可接受水平。但高食物消费人群每周暴露量（P95暴露量）接近PTWI,其中18岁以下未成年人P95暴露量已超过PTWI,应引起重视,并采取措施以降低铝暴露过量可能带来的健康风险。     

广西主要食品中砷污染及居民膳食暴露风险评估

目的掌握广西主要食品中砷污染的水平,评估居民膳食无机砷暴露量及其潜在健康风险。方法利用2010-2015年广西主要食品中总砷及无机砷含量数据和食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估的方法 ,计算广西居民膳食中无机砷暴露水平及其分布情况,并利用暴露限值(MOE)法评估其潜在健康风险。结果 16 567份食品样品中,总砷检出率为42.71%(4 735/11 087),无机砷检出率为48.07%(2 634/5 480)。总砷平均含量以海洋甲壳类最高,其次是海水鱼类和软体动物;检测无机砷食品样品中,平均含量为0.018~0.072 mg/kg,其中以大米无机砷平均含量最高。除大米、新鲜水果、蛋及其制品、畜禽内脏直接采用其检测的无机砷结果外,其他食品均通过总砷转换到无机砷而进行暴露评估。一般人群和高消费量人群膳食中无机砷的平均每天暴露量MOE值均1,但18~34岁男性组高消费量人群每天无机砷暴露量的MOE值≤1。大米的贡献率远高于其他食物,是居民膳食中无机砷的主要来源。结论广西居民膳食中无机砷暴露风险总体上是安全的,而对于18~34岁男性组高暴露量人群可能存在一定的健康风险,大米是广西居民的主要食品,大米的安全问题需加以关注。     

Risk assessment of dietary exposure to phytosterol oxidation products from baked food in China

Phytosterols are nutritional phytochemicals that may undergo oxidation and be transformed into phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), thus inducing pathological and toxic effects. This work investigated four main phytosterols and 28 POPs in 104 kinds of commercial baked food by using GC-MS. The dietary exposure and hazard index values (HI) associated with POPs from baked food consumption in China were estimated by using Monte Carlo simulation. Concentrations of the total phytosterols were between 3.39 and 209.80 μg/g. The total concentrations of POPs, including 5α,6α/5β,6β-epoxysterols, 7-ketosterol, 7α/7β-hydroxysterols, 6-hydroxysterols, and triols, ranged from 0.37 to 27.81 μg/g. The median dietary exposure of POP contents in baked food for four age groups in China were 10.91 (children), 6.20 (adolescents), 3.63 (adults), and 3.40 (seniors) mg/(kg×day). Risk assessment of median HI with respect to POPs indicated no risk (HI <1) for people in adolescents, adults, and seniors in the country area of China, while a risk (1 < HI < 10) would refer to the baked food consumption of people in urban area and children in country area of China. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis showed that the most significant variables for each age group in China were POP concentration, body weight, and ingestion rate.     

吉林省主要食品中砷污染状况及居民膳食暴露风险评估

目的掌握吉林省主要食品中砷污染水平,评估吉林省居民砷暴露风险及对人体潜在的健康危害。方法 2012—2017年吉林省居民主要食品中砷的含量数据来自国家食品风险监测,共11种类别4 532份样品。食物消费量的数据来自2012年吉林省居民营养与健康调查。采用确定性评估方法 ,结合无机砷的原暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)和暴露边距(MOE),评价吉林省居民膳食中砷暴露情况。结果 11类食品中砷平均含量为0.030 mg/kg,谷物类、蔬菜类和水产类是膳食中砷的主要来源,三者贡献率之和为76.59%,其中谷物类贡献率高达54.44%。10个不同性别-年龄组平均摄入量为0.73～1.31μg/kg BW,一般人群暴露量MOE均1。结论吉林省居民膳食中砷暴露风险总体上是安全的。     

中国居民水产品中四种常见重金属暴露评估

目的评估中国居民水产品中铅、镉、汞、砷四种重金属的暴露水平和健康风险。方法利用2013—2017年水产品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量监测数据和相应食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估方法,计算中国居民水产品中四种重金属的摄入情况,依据相应健康指导值或基准剂量评估其潜在危险。结果各性别-年龄组人群镉、甲基汞的暴露量均低于其相应健康指导值,但除66岁以上女性组镉平均暴露量外,平均暴露量均在相应健康指导值的5%以上,高端暴露量(P95)超过健康指导值的20%。各人群铅、无机砷的暴露限值(MOE)均高于1。2～6岁性别-年龄组除无机砷外,另三种重金属平均暴露量和P95在各性别-年龄组中均最高。水产品中四种重金属贡献率最高的为海蟹和鱼类。结论中国居民通过水产品的铅、镉、汞、砷暴露量总体上低于相应的健康指导值或基准剂量,但达到通过制定限量标准进行管理的水平。鱼类和海蟹是对四种重金属暴露贡献率最高的水产品,高消费人群的重金属暴露需要加以关注,建议进一步开展重金属的累积暴露评估研究,明确水产品中重金属的累积暴露风险。     

Quantitative dietary exposure assessment of the Catalonian population (Spain) to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol

The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common contaminants of cereals worldwide, and its occurrence has been widely reported in raw foods and foodstuffs, around the European region, including Catalonia. In the present work, a stochastic methodology has been applied to accurately assess the exposure of the Catalonian population (Spain) to DON through food consumption. Raw contamination data was provided by a large survey conducted in this region, in addition to the raw consumption data from a nutritional study specifically designed to assess the dietary intake of the main foodstuffs related to DON contamination for all population age groups. Contamination and consumption data were combined by simulation using an essentially parametric (P-P) method. The P-P method draws sampling values from distribution functions fitted to consumption and contamination data sets. Moreover, to quantify the accuracy and reliability of the statistics estimates, we built the related confidence intervals using a pseudo-parametric bootstrap method. Considering the results drawn from the P-P simulation method, the Catalonian population should be expected to be exposed at moderated levels of deoxynivalenol, the infants and individuals with ethnic dietary patterns being the most exposed population groups     

广西居民重金属镉膳食摄入水平及其健康风险评估

目的 分析食品中镉的污染水平,对广西居民主要膳食中镉的健康风险进行评估。方法 对2013—2018年39类食品中的镉含量进行统计分析,结合居民食物消费数据,参考镉的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI),采用简单分布评估法对广西居民主要膳食中镉的暴露进行评估。结果 39类食品中镉的平均含量为0.086 mg/kg,检出率和超标率分别为67.37%(17 025/25 271)和5.68%(1 435/25 271)。藻类食品中镉的平均含量最高,为0.769 mg/kg。大米是居民膳食中镉的主要来源,贡献率为52.57%。居民膳食中镉的月平均摄入量为30.62 μg/kg BW,为PTMI的122.48%。结论 广西居民膳食中镉的暴露水平较高,应引起重视。大米是南方地区的主粮且其对居民膳食中镉贡献率最高,应加强对大米镉污染从农田到餐桌全环节的研究,从源头控制污染。     

Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary cadmium in the South Korean population

Global interest in the adverse health effects of cadmium (Cd) has focused on dietary exposure as the principal source of Cd exposure to the general population. Common assumptions used in deterministic Cd assessment in global or regional diets have limitations when applied to specific national cases where local variation in food composition and consumption patterns are different than for global or regional norms. Stochastic dietary Cd exposure assessment was conducted for the general South Korean population to understand better Cd dietary intake. Because rice (Oryza sativa) is commonly and highly consumed by Koreans, it was the dominant contributor to Cd in the diet, representing on average 25% of the total dietary exposure for the general population. Hazard index (HI) values were below the level of concern for the 95th percentile of the general population. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that variation in rice intake and Cd concentration had the greatest influence on the Cd risk estimate for the general population. Changes in food sources, such as the use of imported rice with higher Cd levels, would lead to increased Cd exposure in the diet, thus necessitating continued vigilance as to the status of Cd within the food supply.     

Dietary exposure to aluminium of the Hong Kong population

A total of 256 individual food samples were collected in Hong Kong for aluminium testing. Most of food samples were analysed in ready-to-eat form. High aluminium levels were found in steamed bread/bun/cake (mean: 100–320 mg kg^?1), some bakery products such as muffin, pancake/waffle, coconut tart and cake (mean: 250, 160, 120 and 91 mg kg^?1, respectively), and jellyfish (ready-to-eat form) (mean: 1200 mg kg^?1). The results demonstrated that aluminium-containing food additives have been widely used in these food products. The average dietary exposure to aluminium for a 60 kg adult was estimated to be 0.60 mg kg^?1 bw week^?1, which amounted to 60% of the new PTWI established by JECFA. The main dietary source was “steamed bread/bun/cake”, which contributed to 60% of the total exposure, followed by “bakery products” and “jellyfish”, which contributed to 23 and 10% of the total exposure, respectively. However, the estimation did not include the intake of aluminium from natural food sources, food contact materials or other sources (e.g. drinking water). Although the results indicated that aluminium it is unlikely to cause adverse health effect for the general population, the risk to some populations who regularly consume foods with aluminium-containing food additives cannot be ruled out.     

内蒙古自治区居民膳食中铝暴露风险评估

目的 了解内蒙古自治区主要食品中铝的污染现状,对当地居民膳食中铝暴露风险进行评估。方法 对2010—2018年内蒙古自治区食品安全风险监测中主要含铝添加剂食品的铝残留量进行分析,结合2012年内蒙古自治区居民食物消费量数据,按照性别-年龄组计算内蒙古自治区居民膳食中铝摄入量并评估其健康风险。结果 本次评估主要的含铝添加剂食品9类共1 083份,其中铝的检出率为69.44%(752/1 083),铝残留量均值为142.81 mg/kg,含量范围为2.50～2 950.00 mg/kg;全人群膳食中铝每周平均摄入量为0.692 mg/kg BW,低于食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)制定的每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI,2 mg/kg BW),高食物消费量人群膳食中铝每周摄入量为4.868 mg/kg BW,是PTWI的2.43倍;不同性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝每周平均摄入量均未超过PTWI,但各性别-年龄组人群的平均铝摄入量随年龄增加有降低的趋势。结论 粉条、油条中含铝添加剂超标现象严重,膨化食品、发酵面制品中存在含铝添加剂超范围使用现象。各性别-年龄组高消费量人群铝的暴露风险较大,相关部门需加强含铝添加剂超范围、超标使用的监管力度。     

饼干中苯甲酸及其钠盐含量分析及其膳食暴露评估

对市场中210个饼干样品进行苯甲酸及其钠盐含量用HPLC方法进行测定,并对检测数据采用膳食暴露评估方法,评估城市居民的膳食风险。结果显示,婴儿(6～12个月)膳食暴露量为12.25～31.62μg/kg bw·d,其97.5/99百分位值的膳食暴露量为73.99～195.62μg/kg bw·d,建议婴儿(6～12个月)少量食用或食用不含苯甲酸的婴儿饼干。对于1～3岁的幼儿其膳食暴露量为10.25～13.25μg/kg bw·d,在97.5/99百分位值的膳食暴露量为105.24～139.10μg/kg bw·d,食用此类食品的风险是可以接受的。对于3岁以上人群食用此类食品的风险比1～3岁幼儿更小,风险程度更低。另外,饼干中威化和酥性类饼干中苯甲酸的残留水平相对于其他类饼干含量略高,而发酵和韧性类的饼干中苯甲酸的含量相稍低;同时显示江苏产的产品质量相对较好。     

Modelling the intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: impact of energy under-reporting and number of reporting days in dietary surveys

A probabilistic long-term intake estimation of dioxins was carried out using food consumption data obtained from the National FINDIET 2007 Survey (Paturi et al. 2008 Paturi M, Tapanainen H, Reinivuo H, Pietinen P. editors. 2008. National FINDIET 2007 Survey. Helsinki: National Public Health Institute.  [Google Scholar]). The study population consisted of 606 participants who were first interviewed with a 48-h recall and then filled in a 3-day food record twice. The concentrations of dioxins were obtained from previously published studies. The intake was estimated using a semi-parametric Monte Carlo simulation. The analyses were done separately for the whole study population and for the population excluding energy under-reporters. To diminish the impact of intra-individual variation and nuisance effects, adjustment with software (C-SIDE®) was also done after Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that when C-SIDE® was used, the 95th percentile of intake and its confidence limit was higher with 2 reporting days than with a higher number of days. However, with a crude intake estimation (no adjustment), the confidence intervals of the 95th percentile were also smaller with a higher number of days, but the 95th percentiles were higher with a higher number of reporting days. When under-reporters were excluded the intakes increased, but the impact of energy under-reporting was smaller with 8 reporting days than with 2 days and smaller using C-SIDE® than with a crude estimation. To conclude, adjustment for intra-individual variation and taking energy under-reporting into account are essential for intake estimation of dioxins with food consumption data of a limited number of reporting days.