The content of high-intensity sweeteners in different categories of foods available on the Polish market

The objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of nine high-intensity sweeteners (acesulfame-K, aspartame, alitame, cyclamate, dulcin, neohesperidin DC, neotame, saccharin and sucralose) in different categories of food available on the Polish market. Over 170 samples of different brands of beverages, yoghurts, fruit preparations, vegetable preserves and fish products were analysed using an analytical procedure based on SPE and LC/MS. The results indicated that foodstuffs under the study generally comply with European Union legislation in terms of sweetener content. However, a few cases of food product mislabelling were detected, i.e. the use of cyclamate for non-approved applications.     

食品中甜蜜素的应用及检测方法的比较

近年来食品中甜蜜素的添加情况,成为食品安全检测的重点。我国已经明确规定了甜蜜素的使用范围和最大使用量,但超范围、超限量的使用情况却屡见不鲜。甜蜜素的分析方法包括样品前处理方法和甜蜜素的检测方法。根据不同的食品种类,需要选择合适的样品前处理方法,具体方法包括:透析法、除油脂蛋白沉淀法、挥发法、超声离心法和固相萃取法。甜蜜素的检测方法包括:常规理化法、色谱法、质谱法。本文从甜蜜素在国内食品行业的应用现状、样品前处理技术、检测方法及不确定度等方面进行综述,旨在找到最合适且快速准确的测定甜蜜素的方法,为食品安全监督检测提供参考。     

食品中甜蜜素检测方法的研究进展

甜蜜素又称环己基氨基磺酸钠,是常见的食品高倍甜味剂之一。目前我国允许在冷冻饮品、蔬菜水果制品和焙烤食品等添加甜蜜素,并明确规定了各类食品中甜蜜素的最大使用量,但仍有部分食品超范围、超量添加甜蜜素。研究发现长期过量食用甜蜜素不利于人体健康,因此符合规定的使用甜蜜素,严格控制甜蜜素的用法用量至关重要。本文总结了多种食品基质中甜蜜素检测方法,重点阐述了气相色谱法、液相色谱法、离子色谱法以及分光光度法检测甜蜜素的区别,比较各种方法的优缺点,探讨了未来甜蜜素的检测方向,以期为提升我国食品添加剂合理使用提供支撑。     

湖北省食品中甜蜜素和安赛蜜的风险评估

目的 为对湖北省食品中添加剂进行风险分析,为相关部门制定管理措施提供依据,降低食品安全潜在的危害因素及概率.方法 本文主要运用水晶球软件,应用蒙特卡洛模拟法,对湖北省食品中甜蜜素和安赛蜜的每日平均暴露量和风险概率进行评估.结果 腌菜制品中甜蜜素的每日平均暴露量和风险熵最高,分别为3.98E-4 g/kg·BW·d和0....     

气相色谱法测定食品中甜蜜素的深入研究

通过气相色谱和质谱方法定性,确定了甜蜜素衍生化产物的目标峰和干扰峰,目标峰为环己醇亚硝酸酯,即甜蜜素定量峰,干扰峰为环己醇,目标峰会随着时间的变化逐渐转化成干扰峰。通过对不同时间段的甜蜜素衍生化目标产物回收率进行统计,分析表明在样品处理完24 h之内进样,甜蜜素回收率在85%~95%之间,甜蜜素在1 mg/L~5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.998 3。因此在样品处理完24 h之内上机检测,能保证结果的准确可靠。     

成都市中小学生膳食甜蜜素暴露现状评估

目的评估成都市中小学生膳食中甜蜜素暴露水平及对青少年健康状况的潜在风险。方法根据GB2760-2014中允许使用甜蜜素的食品及2015～2017四川省食品检测实测甜蜜素数据,结合成都市中小学生食品消费量数据,采用简单分布模型法,对目标人群甜蜜素的膳食暴露量进行估算,并与欧盟食品科学委员会(Scientific Committee on Food,SCF)制定的甜蜜素每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake,ADI)值进行比较。结果使用甜蜜素含量均值进行个体评估时,最大个体暴露量为4.62 mg/kg·bw,低于SCF制定的ADI值(7 mg/kg·bw),使用甜蜜素含量P97.5评估超过ADI的个体比例为9.9%。对调查人群全体进行甜蜜素含量均值及P90评估均低于ADI值,P97.5含量暴露值占ADI比例为243.6%。在甜蜜素含量P97.5高暴露量情况下,小学生暴露量高于初中生。甜蜜素含量P97.5高暴露量情况下,男生暴露量略高于女生。甜蜜素暴露的贡献率最高的食品为熟制坚果与籽类(27.98%)。结论在日常生活中,家长或者学生自身应多关注科学饮食,避免偏食带来健康风险。     

离子色谱法直接测定食品添加剂中的甜蜜素

建立离子色谱法直接测定食品添加剂中的甜蜜素的方法。利用甜蜜素具有较大水溶性、在水中易电离的特性,采用去离子水振荡提取样品中的甜蜜素,30mmol/L氢氧化钾溶液作为淋洗液,经阴离子交换色谱柱分离,电导检测器-离子色谱法直接测定甜蜜素。结果表明：甜蜜素含量在5～200μg/mL范围内,方法的线性关系良好(相关系数为0.9999),加标回收率为95.54%～99.24%,检出限为0.087μg/mL,方法的日内相对标准偏差小于3%,日间相对标准偏差小于2%。方法简便、稳定性好,不需对样品进行复杂的预处理,可实现对食品添加剂中甜蜜素的便捷、快速、准确测定。     

Low-calorie sweeteners in food and food supplements on the Italian market

This study determines the occurrence and concentration levels of artificial low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) in food and food supplements on the Italian market. The analysed sample set (290 samples) was representative of the Italian market and comprised of beverages, jams, ketchups, confectionery, dairy products, table-top sweeteners and food supplements. All samples were analysed via UPLC-MS/MS. The method was in-house validated for the analysis of seven LCSs (aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate, neotame and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone) in food and for five LCSs (aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, cyclamate and sucralose) in food supplements. Except for cyclamate in one beverage which exceeded the maximum level (ML) with 13%, all concentrations measured in food were around or below the ML. In food supplements, 40 of the 52 samples (77%) were found to be above the ML, with exceedances of up to 200% of the ML.     

气相色谱法测定蜜饯中甜蜜素含量的不确定度评定

目的评定气相色谱法测定蜜饯中甜蜜素含量的不确定度。方法通过建立不确定度数学模型,根据GB 5009.97-2016《食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠的测定》气相色谱法测定蜜饯中甜蜜素含量,分析该方法测量不确定度的主要来源,幵评定了各标准不确定度的分量。结果在蜜饯中的甜蜜素含量测定中,当样品的甜蜜素含量为8.91 g/kg,其扩展不确定度为0.631 g/kg (k=2),结果表示为(8.9±0.6) g/kg。结论本研究掌握了引入不确定度的因素,通过降低可控不确定度来提高测量的准确度,该质量控制手段可用于合理的体现测定结果的可靠程度。     

气相色谱法测定不同种类食品中甜蜜素的分析方法优化

目的优化气相色谱法测定不同类别食品中甜蜜素的分析方法。方法选用DB-1701毛细管色谱柱和氢火焰离子检测器(flame ionization detector,FID)对不同种类食品中甜蜜素的含量进行测定,对程序升温和提取液进行优化。结果与GB 5009.97-2016方法相比,本方法实验时间缩短,分离效果高,进样针推杆寿命延长。甜蜜素的加标回收率为90.0%～105.2%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)3.5%。结论该方法具有快速准确、对进样针损耗小的优势,可以满足不同类别食品的甜蜜素检测要求。     

气相色谱法对不同食品中甜蜜素测定的改进

对气相色谱法测定食品中甜蜜素含量的方法进行优化和改进。结果表明:以蛋白沉淀法作为半固体和固体样品预处理的回收率最好,在优化的色谱条件下,甜蜜素和内标物分离度高,测定甜蜜素含量以乙酸丁酯为内标来定量,线性范围为0.1 g/L～1.0 g/L,相关系数为0.999 6,检出限为0.01 g/kg,精密度<5%,回收率为85%～98%。     

食品添加剂监管热点和甜蜜素安全性探讨

回顾中国卫生部门近二年来对食品中因滥用食品添加剂而被判为不合格品基本情况,其中频率最高的为甜蜜素;在输日和输美食品中,因检出日、美禁用甜蜜素而遭退回比例也居第一位。甜蜜素安全性一直是各国议论热点,虽中国、JECFA等80多个国家允许使用;但日、美等45国至今仍未批准使用;近年来对其致癌性、遗传毒性等研究均有进一步报导,以供读者参考。     

广东部分地区食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠的含量调查

目的了解广东部分地区食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠添加情况。方法采用气相色谱法对458个随机在大型商场和小型超市售卖的包装食品进行环己基氨基磺酸钠含量的检测。结果本次测试共458个,14大类食品,其中19.2%食品添加了环己基氨基磺酸钠,且大部分食品中的添加量在GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》内,属于可放心食用的食品,不过其中有2.8%的食品超出了标准范围。14大类中饮料类、腌渍的蔬菜、脱壳熟制坚果与籽类、熟制豆类、凉果类、冷冻饮品、果冻糕点、复合调味料、腐乳、带壳熟制坚果与籽类、饼干类食品的风险较低,方便食品(调味面制品)、蜜饯凉果食品的风险较高。结论食品监管部门仍需要继续保持在食品生产消费中对环己基磺胺酸钠的安全风险管理。     

优化气相色谱法测定食品中的甜蜜素

目的优化气相色谱法测定食品中甜蜜素的方法。方法选用氢火焰离子化检测器和U型玻璃填充柱,对衍生化条件(亚硝酸钠用量、硫酸用量、衍生温度、衍生时间)进行优化,结果得到最适衍生化条件为:亚硝酸钠用量:2.5 mL;硫酸用量:2.5 mL;冰浴中衍生35 min。最佳条件下得到的检出限20 mg/kg。甜蜜素的加标回收率在96.8%~105.8%之间,甜蜜素相对标准偏差在2.5%~3.2%之间。结论该方法具有快速准确、回收率高、检出限低等优势,可以满足食品中甜蜜素的分析测定要求,为实践生产中食品甜蜜素的检测和食品质量安全的控制起到指导作用。     

SWEETNESS EQUIVALENCE OF DIFFERENT SWEETENERS IN STRAWBERRY‐FLAVORED YOGURT

ABSTRACT

To successfully substitute sucrose for sweeteners, further studies must be carried out based on previous knowledge of sweetener concentration to determine the equivalent sweetness of such compounds. In this work, sweetness equivalence of strawberry‐flavored yogurt with different sweeteners and/or their combinations (aspartame, acesulfame‐K, cyclamate, saccharin, stevia and sucralose) and yogurt sweetened with 11.5% w/w sucrose was measured using the sensory magnitude estimation method. The sweetness concentrations equivalent to strawberry yogurt sweetened with 11.5% w/w sucrose in the tested sweeteners were 0.072% w/w for aspartame, 0.042% w/w for aspartame/acesulfame‐K (2:1), 0.064% w/w for cyclamate/saccharin, 0.043% w/w for cyclamate/saccharin (2:1)/stevia (1.8:1) and 0.30% w/w for sucralose. These results can promote the use of different sweetener combinations in strawberry‐flavored yogurt, specially acesulfame‐K and stevia, once they produce more pleasing in this product.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study provides some useful information, since there is no data in the literature about sweetness equivalence of sweeteners in yogurt, but only in simpler matrices such as pure water, juices, coffee and teas. The use of stevia blend presented several advantages such as increased sweetening power, demonstrating the potential of this natural sweetener. The magnitude estimation method has been successful in this study, being an important tool for development of new low‐calorie products. It may be noted that when evaluating different types of food using the same kinds of sweeteners, these promote distinct characteristics and that reflect directly on the sensory quality of the final product. Thus, such studies generate important information for the food industries working with dietetic food.     

2009年大连市部分食品中化学污染物监测分析

目的了解大连市部分食品中重金属、有机磷及氨基甲酸酯农药残留、有机氯及菊酯农药残留以及环己基氨基磺酸钠的污染现状,对食品安全进行有效控制。方法按GB/T 5009—2003《食品卫生检验方法理化部分》检测铅、镉、汞、有机氯及菊酯农药残留、环己基氨基磺酸钠、有机磷及氨基甲酸酯农药残留。结果 39份样品中铅超标5份;镉和汞无超标样品。50份蔬菜样品中检出毒死蜱农药残留1份,超标1份;氯氰菊酯农药残留2份,超标1份。10份茶叶样品中检出联苯菊酯农药残留1份,无超标样品。有机磷及氨基甲酸酯农药、有机氯及菊酯农药、环己基氨基磺酸钠均无检出。结论大连市部分水产品中铅含量较高,污染较明显。需要进一步加强监测,控制污染。农药残留水平较低,只在个别蔬菜和茶叶中有不同程度的检出。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定食品中的甜蜜素

介绍了一种用毛细管柱气相色谱法测定食品中甜蜜素的 方法,甜蜜素含量在0.0-10.0mg/mL范围内呈良好的线 性关系,相关系数为0.9993,加标回收率在92.5％-99.9％ 之间,相对标准偏差0.98％-1.10％。该方法简便、快捷、准 确度高、重现性好。     

调味面制品中甜蜜素的测定

目的 测定调味面制品中的环己基氨基磺酸钠(甜蜜素)。方法 采用毛细管气相色谱法(氢火焰离子化检测器FID)测定食品添加剂甜蜜素在调味面制品中的残留量。结果 该法定量线性关系良好, 回归方程为: Y=0.489876X?1.12084(r =0.99976), 最低检测限为: 0.002 g/kg, 加标回收率为85.2%~105.3%。结论 该方法灵敏度高、操作方便、准确、稳定性好, 适合调味面制品中甜蜜素的测定。     

Carrez试剂沉淀-气相色谱法测定复杂基质食品月饼中的甜蜜素

建立了应用Carrez试剂沉淀、亚硝酸酯化和气相色谱、氢火焰离子化检测器测定复杂基质食品月饼中甜蜜素的方法.考察了不同提取方式(高速匀浆、超声和研磨)的提取效率和Carrez试剂用量对甜蜜素测定的影响.试样经高速匀浆提取、Carrez试剂沉淀分离杂质后,在硫酸介质中经亚硝酸酯化,衍生物经气相色谱分离、氢火焰离子化检测器测定.方法的检出限为2mg/kg(S/N=3).在添标水平为0.25、0.50和1.0 mg/g时的平均添加回收率为85.12%～99.38%,相对标准偏差6.44%～8.31%.衍生物的峰面积与样品浓度在0.125～1.0g/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9992.该方法仪器设备简单,测定结果准确、可靠,适合复杂基质食品中甜蜜素的测定.     

Estimated intake of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin in a group of Swedish diabetics.

Few sweetener intake studies have been performed on the general population and only one study has been specifically designed to investigate diabetics and children. This report describes a Swedish study on the estimated intake of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin by children (0-15 years) and adult male and female diabetics (types I and II) of various ages (16-90 years). Altogether, 1120 participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their sweetener intake. The response rate (71%, range 59-78%) was comparable across age and gender groups. The most consumed 'light' foodstuffs were diet soda, cider, fruit syrup, table powder, table tablets, table drops, ice cream, chewing gum, throat lozenges, sweets, yoghurt and vitamin C. The major sources of sweetener intake were beverages and table powder. About 70% of the participants, equally distributed across all age groups, read the manufacturer's specifications of the food products' content. The estimated intakes showed that neither men nor women exceeded the ADI for acesulfame-K; however, using worst-case calculations, high intakes were found in young children (169% of ADI). In general, the aspartame intake was low. Children had the highest estimated (worst case) intake of cyclamate (317% of ADI). Children's estimated intake of saccharin only slightly exceeded the ADI at the 5% level for fruit syrup. Children had an unexpected high intake of tabletop sweeteners, which, in Sweden, is normally based on cyclamate. The study was performed during two winter months when it can be assumed that the intake of sweeteners was lower as compared with during warm, summer months. Thus, the present study probably underestimates the average intake on a yearly basis. However, our worst-case calculations based on maximum permitted levels were performed on each individual sweetener, although exposure is probably relatively evenly distributed among all sweeteners, except for cyclamate containing table sweeteners.