Analysis of non-cleaned QuEChERS extracts for the determination of pesticide residues in fruit,vegetables and cereals by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

This paper investigated the possibility of leaving out the traditional clean-up step in the QuEChERS procedure and analysing non-cleaned extracts from fruit, vegetables and cereals with a combination of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), back-flush technology and large-volume injection. By using calibration standards in cucumber matrix, recovery and precision were calculated in lettuce, orange and wheat for 109 pesticides at 0.01 and 0.1 mg kg^?1 in two sets of samples: one with and one without clean-up. For both spiking levels, 80–82% of the pesticides in the non-cleaned extracts and 80–84% of the pesticides in the cleaned extracts were within the acceptable recovery range of 70–120%. Precision data for both levels showed that 95% of the pesticides in the non-cleaned extracts and 93–95% of the pesticides in the cleaned extracts had RSDs below 20%. Recovery and precision data were determined using a two tailed t-test (p = 0.05). By using calibration standards in the respective matrix, we studied if the non-cleaned calibration standards gave an extra matrix effect compared with the cleaned standards by using the slope from calibration graphs and plotting the calculated extra matrix effect minus 100 for each compound. The results showed that for 79% of the pesticides, the extra matrix effect minus 100 was within the acceptable range of ?20% to 20%. Five European Union proficiency tests on rye, mandarin, rice, pear and barley, respectively, from 2010 to 2012 were reanalysed omitting the clean-up step and showed satisfactory results. At least 70 injections of non-cleaned extracts were made without detecting any increased need for maintenance during the experimental period. Analysing non-cleaned QuEChERS extracts of lettuce, orange and wheat are possible under the conditions described in this paper because recovery, precision and specificity showed satisfactory results compared with samples subjected to traditional dispersive clean-up.     

Combination of QuEChERS and DLLME for GC-MS determination of pesticide residues in orange samples

A new method combining QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) and DLLME (dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (SIM) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 19 pesticides from nine chemical groups exhibiting or suspected to exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties in orange samples. Acetonitrile extract obtained from QuEChERS extraction was used for DLLME as dispersive solvent and carbon tetrachloride as extractive solvent to increase the enrichment factor of the extraction procedure. The effect of several extraction parameters, such as volume extract achieved by the QuEChERS method and subsequently used for DLLME, selection of extractive solvent and its volume, was tested. Under optimum conditions, good linearity, satisfactory recoveries and repeatability were obtained. Limits of quantification (LOQs) achieved (ranging from 0.02 to 47?ng/g) were below the maximum residue limits established by the European Union. The proposed method was applied to the monitoring of pesticide residue levels in oranges commercialised in Portugal.     

GC-MS/MS同时测定枸杞籽油中28种农药残留

建立了气相色谱三重四级杆串联质谱法（GC-MS/MS）同时测定枸杞籽油中28种农药残留的方法。枸杞籽油经乙腈提取,以QuEChERS方法为前处理技术,优化PSA、C18、MgSO4净化吸附剂组合和用量,改进净化方式,在质谱多反应监测（MRM）模式下,进行基质外标法定量。结果表明,净化吸附剂组合为PSA、C18、MgSO4用量各为100 mg,28种农药在5～200 μg/L的范围内线性关系良好,回归方程相关系数（R2）均＞0.996,样品在添加水平为0.100 mg/kg下的平均回收率为63.20%～105.10%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.53%～9.82%。该方法准确度、精密度高,能够满足枸杞籽油中28种农药残留的定性和定量分析。     

QuEChERS结合气相色谱－负化学源质谱法测定蔬菜水果中37种农药残留

目的建立气相色谱-负化学源质谱法(gaschromatography-negativechemicalionization,GC-MS/NCI)测定果蔬中37种农药残留量的方法。方法蔬菜水果样品由乙腈提取、QuEChERS净化,采用GC-MS/NCI测定,外标法定量。结果在20～500μg/L范围内37种农药的线性良好(相关系数r20.995),所有农药的方法定量限在0.03～0.67μg/kg之间;芹菜和梨在0.01 mg/kg加标水平下, 37种农药的平均回收率范围为86.2%～110%且相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于10%。结论该方法简便、快捷、回收率及精密度好,可以成为检测果蔬中农药残留的常规检测技术,其建立的质谱条件也可以成为农药确证的另一手段。     

Simultaneous multiresidue analysis of 41 pesticide residues in cooked foodstuff using QuEChERS: Comparison with classical method

The principal objective of this study was to develop a simple multiresidue method involving a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method for the identification and quantification of 41 pesticide residues in cooked foodstuffs including cooked potatoes, radishes, and rice using GC-μECD. The analytes were subsequently confirmed via GC–MS. The results were then compared using the classical method established by the KFDA. The quantitation of individual pesticides was based on matrix-matched calibration curves with a correlation coefficient in excess of 0.993 for the 41 pesticides selected herein. Using QuEChERS, the mean recoveries ranged between 68.6 and 130.0% for the majority of the tested pesticides; however, the classical method exhibited low recoveries for dichlofluanid, tetraconazole, oxadixyl, fenbuconazloe, and paclobutrazol. After QuEChERS, the LODs and LOQs ranged between 0.004 and 0.3 μg/kg and 0.0125 and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. The proposed method was applied successfully to determine the residue levels in cooked foodstuffs, and none of the samples contained detectable amounts of pesticide residues.     

改良QuEChERS法在农药多残留检测中的应用

QuEChERS法是一种用于检测蔬菜水果中农药多残留的前处理方法,因其简单高效而得到广泛的应用。随着面对的基质越来越复杂,QuEChERS法也在不断地进行优化改良。因此研究人员会根据基质的不同性质,在提取溶剂、缓冲盐、盐析、净化材料等方面不断的进行优化,得到更好的实验效果。本研究在阐述传统QuEChERS法的基础上,从方法的关键步骤,提取和净化2方面进行分析,系统阐述了近几年QuEChERS法的改良过程及其在农药多残留检测方面的应用,为QuEChERS法在不同类型基质的检测应用提供参考。     

农药残留QuEChERS前处理方法研究进展及应用探讨

农药残留事关环境污染、食品安全等系列问题,而样品处理是整个分析检测过程中关键的一环,建立可靠安全的农药检测前处理技术则具有深远意义。QuEChERS（quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe）作为一种农药残留分析过程前处理方法,基于其快速、简单、廉价及高效的特点广泛应用于测试分析领域。本文基于6种常见的农药残留前处理技术对比分析的基础上,选取QuEChERS作为讨论对象,分析研究QuEChERS方法中涉及的提取剂、分析保护剂、净化剂等材料的选用及配比优化对提高前处理效能的影响,并综述以QuEChERS方法为手段联用不同色谱、质谱分析技术在农药残留检验方面的应用情况;针对QuEChERS技术在实际应用过程中所面临的困扰,进一步探讨新型净化材料在改进QuEChERS方法方面的开发前景,以期为拓展该前处理技术提供进一步的技术参考。     

直接进样气相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定白酒中的有机氯农残

建立直接进样气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS/MS）测定白酒中14种有机氯农药残留,该方法经HP-5MS色谱柱对样品进行分离后进行质谱分析,采用多反应监测（MRM）模式将白酒中的复杂基质的干扰除去,以保留时间和特征离子的丰度比定性,外标法定量,在该实验条件下,方法的检出限为0.01～0.11 μg/L,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.7%～11.1%,样品的平均加标回收率为80.88%～115.28%。该方法操作简单、回收率高,结果稳定,可满足白酒中有机氯农残分析的要求。     

QuEChERS结合GC-MS/MS法测定果蔬汁中21种农药残留

建立一种采用QuEChERS前处理结合Quick Pro净化柱-气相色谱串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）法测定果蔬汁中的21种农药残留量的方法。样品采用乙腈提取,EN方法盐包盐析,经Quick Pro净化柱净化,DB-35MS UI色谱柱分离,采用选择离子监测（SIM）模式扫描,外标法定量。在质量浓度0.01～0.50 μg/mL范围内相关系数（R）均＞0.995,样品在0.01 mg/kg、0.02 mg/kg、0.10 mg/kg的添加水平下,21种农药的回收率在75.2%～117.8%之间,回收率实验结果相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.9%～11.5%之间。该方法操作简便,分析时间短,精密度好,适用于果蔬汁中多种农药残留的检测。     

QuEChERS结合实时直接分析串联质谱法检测茶叶中的农药残留

目的 建立一种茶叶中烯酰吗啉、噻虫嗪、吡唑醚菌酯、吡虫啉、灭多威、吡蚜酮、杀线威、仲丁威、啶虫脒等9种常见农药残留的实时直接进样串联质谱(DART-MS-MS)分析方法。方法 样品采用QuEChERS 方法进行前处理,粉碎茶样通过乙腈提取,无水MgSO4和NaCl盐析,PSA、C18 和GCB分散固相萃取净化,用玻璃棒蘸取上清液DART-MS-MS检测。结果 9种化合物在0.5～50 μg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数(r)均大于0.9, 9种农药在20、50和100 μg/kg添加水平的回收率为70.7％～107.6％, 相对标准偏差为15.5％～18.8％,9种农药的定量限均为5 μg/kg。结论 该方法提取、净化环节简单、快速,无需氮吹转溶;上机检测环节无需色谱分离,直接通过实时直接质谱分析,大大节省了分析时间。该方法的建立为现有茶叶农药残留检测方法和标准提供了一种有益的补充。     

QuEChERS/气相色谱三重四级杆质谱法测定枸杞籽油中多环芳烃类物质

建立了同时检测保健食品枸杞籽油中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的QuEChERS/气相色谱三重四级杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)方法。样品(0. 5 g)经3 mL乙腈提取2次,采用含200 mg PSA和100 mg C18吸附填料粉进行净化,净化后采用GC-MS/MS进行分析测定。结果表明:在优化条件下,16种PAHs分离度良好,在1. 0～200 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好;回收率为60. 04%～119. 00%,RSD在2. 92%～13. 03%之间;检出限在0. 2～3. 5μg/kg之间,定量限在0. 7～11. 5μg/kg之间。该方法数据可靠、简便快速、灵敏度高,适合保健食品枸杞籽油中多环芳烃的测定。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定茶叶中21种农药残留

该实验建立了茶叶中21种农药残留的气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）多反应监测模式（MRM）定性、定量分析检测方法,探讨不同 提取方法、提取溶剂、浓缩方式等试验因素对茶叶农药多残留测定结果的影响。 结果表明,以正己烷-丙酮（1∶1,V/V）混合溶剂超声提 取、氮吹浓缩,用气相色谱-质谱法对茶叶样品中21种农药进行定性定量检测,21种农药在0.05～1.00 μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性 关系,相关系数（R2）为0.998 0～0.999 9。 在茶叶样品中分别添加质量浓度0.05 mg/kg、0.20 mg/kg、0.40 mg/kg的农药组分,平均回收率 为83.46%～92.13%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.88%～8.51%,检出限为0.002 7～0.021 9 mg/kg,该方法具有前处理简便快捷、灵敏度 高、成本低等优点,在实际茶叶农药残留检测中得到了广泛应用,能满足日常的茶叶农药残留检测。     

基于QuEChERS-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中48种农药残留

目的建立基于QuEChERS前处理方法结合气相色谱-串联质谱测定鸡蛋中48种农药残留的检测方法。方法样品用1%乙酸乙腈、MgSO4和NaOAC混合盐包脱水提取,经MgSO4、PSA、GCB和C18混合净化管净化,净化液经氮吹浓缩后乙酸乙酯定容,利用气相色谱分离,MRM模式测定,内标校正,外标法定量。结果 48种农药在线性范围为5～100 ng/mL内关系良好, r2均在0.995以上。方法检出限在0.03～5.00μg/kg之间,方法定量限在0.12～17.00μg/kg之间。48种农药在5、10和50μg/kg 3个加标水平上,平均回收率在70%～120%的占比分别为97.92%、97.92%、95.83%。相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD, n=6)为2.12%～12.28%。结论该方法基本能够满足应用于实际样品的分析检测,较传统检测方法更加简便快捷,使用试剂少,灵敏度高。     

QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葵花籽中30种农药残留

目的 建立QuECHERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葵花籽中30种农药残留的分析方法.方法 葵花籽用1％乙酸-乙腈溶液提取,QuEChERS试剂净化,液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)测定,多反应监测模式(multipl...     

海南热带果蔬农药残留现状分析及对策研究

随着人们对食品安全的日益重视, 农药残留问题成为当前农业生产中的一大难题。海南省位于中国热带地区, 是我国重要的热带果蔬产区。由于气候、土壤等因素的影响, 病虫害问题较为严重, 该地区的农药使用量较高, 导致热带果蔬中农药残留问题突出, 对人体健康和环境造成潜在的风险。因此, 对海南热带果蔬的农药残留进行评估和管理尤为重要。本文从农药残留风险评估出发, 分析海南热带果蔬农药残留存在的膳食风险, 以保障果蔬农产品安全。同时, 结合海南农药残留的现状和农药残留的危害程度, 提出了有效的监管体系和控制措施, 以减少农药残留水平和规范农药使用, 进一步保障消费者健康与环境安全, 促进农业可持续发展。     

改良QuEChERS/气相色谱法测定蔬菜中35种有机磷农药的残留量

目的建立改良QuEChERS/气相色谱法测定蔬菜中35种有机磷农药残留的快速分析方法。方法样品由乙腈提取,氯化钠盐析后,经PSA (primary secondary amine sorbent)填料和无水硫酸镁分散固相萃取净化,气相色谱火焰光度检测器(flamephotometricdetector,FDP)检测,基质匹配标准曲线校正,外标法定量。结果在50.0～1000.0μg·kg~(-1)线性范围内线性良好,相关系数(r)为0.9959～0.9998,在0.08、0.20、0.40 mg·kg~(-1) 3个添加水平下35种有机磷农药的平均回收率为75.32%～118.82%,相对标准偏差为0.46%～5.62%,方法检出限(limit of detection, LOD)为0.01～0.05 mg·kg~(-1),定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)为0.03～0.10 mg·kg~(-1)。结论该方法简便快速、准确灵敏,有机溶剂用量少,可满足蔬菜中35种有机磷农药残留同时快速检测的实际需要。     

基于QuEChERS的UHPLC-MS/MS同时检测鸡蛋中19种农药残留量

目的：构建一种同时、快速、高效的检测鸡蛋中多种农残方法。方法：将QuEChERS与UHPLC-MS/MS结合用于鸡蛋中19种农药残留量的检测。结果：所建方法的检出限（LOD）和定量限（LOQ）分别为（0.39±0.66）,（1.28±2.17） μg/kg;加标回收率为79.25%～102.14%,相对标准偏差均值（RSD）为9.34%～16.72%;除恶唑菌酮外,鸡蛋中其余18种农药的线性相关系数接近0.999。所测鸡蛋中鸡蛋中19种农残检出总频率为2.82%,农残问题主要涉及辛硫磷和毒死蜱,其检出频率分别为22%,15%,浓度范围分别为2.08～729.74,0.81～46.89 μg/kg。结论：所建方法准确可靠,符合相关检测要求;湖北省境内鸡蛋中农残检出频次低、安全隐患较小。     

QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测蔬菜水果中10种农药残留

目的 建立QuEChERS结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)同时检测蔬菜水果中10种农药残留的分析方法。方法 称取粉碎后的样品使用乙腈提取, 采用QuEChERS法进行前处理, 即加入硫酸镁等盐类及乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶(primary secondary amine, PSA)等吸附剂进行除水除杂等净化过程, 得到的净化液过滤膜后经高效液相色谱仪分离, 在多反应监测模式(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)下进行检测, 外标法定量。结果 10种农药在0.13~180.00 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999, 方法检出限(limits of detection, LODs)为0.13 ~3.00 μg/kg。在低、中、高3个添加水平(LOQ、3 LOQ、10 LOQ)下, 10种农药的平均回收率为69.7%~106.9%, 相对标准偏差在0.5%~9.0%之间。结论 该方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、速度快、准确可靠、稳定性强、对人员要求低、重现性强、检测成本低等的优点, 适用于蔬菜水果中10种农药残留量的同时测定。     

Evaluation of QuEChERS method for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in selected groups of fruits

This paper reports a method for organochlorine pesticide determination in selected fruit species where pesticide residues were extracted and cleaned using a buffered QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method, followed by GC–MS analysis. The method results showed the matrix-matched calibration curve linearity was >0.99 for all target analytes. With pesticide recovery rates (spiked at 0.008 mg kg⁻¹) ranging from 70% to 120%, and RSD values <17% for most compounds, the limit of quantification ranged from 0.001–0.013 mg kg⁻¹. Finally, the method ruggedness was further demonstrated by analysis of actual commercial fruits and baby food samples.     

QuEChERS结合GC-MS/MS测定酱腌菜中11种N-亚硝胺类化合物

目的 建立QuEChERS结合气相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定酱腌菜中11种亚硝胺类化合物含量的高效分析方法。方法 样品使用乙腈提取,经4 g无水硫酸镁和1 g氯化钠脱水,150 mg PSA、150 mg GCB和900 mg无水硫酸镁净化,采用HP-Innowax色谱柱分离,多反应监测模式下定量分析,并通过计算基质与溶剂标准曲线间斜率的比值来评估基质效应。结果 11种N-亚硝胺类化合物在0.5～50 μg/L线性范围内,线性决定系数均>0.999,NDBA、NMPhA、NEPhA、NDPhA呈较强的基质效应,应采用空白基质配标法,低、中、高三个水平（1、3、10 μg/kg）加标试验的平均回收率为94.8%~105.1%,RSD（n=6）为1.6%～5.8% 。结论 该方法前处理操作简单、重复性好、结果准确,适用于酱腌菜中11种N-亚硝胺类化合物的定量分析。