典型膳食来源亚硝酸钠暴露对我国人群健康风险的研究

目的 评估中国居民膳食因素亚硝酸钠摄入量及对健康影响的潜在风险,为食品安全风险管理提供科学依据.方法 应用典型食品(酱类、肉制品和腌菜)中亚硝酸钠含量的实际监测结果和我国居民对含亚硝酸钠食品实际的膳食消费量数据,采用简单分布模型方法,对我国居民全人群的膳食亚硝酸钠摄入量进行估计,并与国际组织JECFA制定的亚硝酸钠每日允许摄入量(ADI)进行比较.结果 全人群的亚硝酸钠平均摄入量为0.021 mg/kgBW/day,占ADI的30.0％,而高暴露人群(亚硝酸钠摄入量的P97.5)的亚硝酸钠摄入量为0.150 mg/kg BW/day,是ADI的2.1倍;各性别-年龄组人群的膳食亚硝酸钠平均摄入量均未超过ADI,但就各组高暴露人群而言,亚硝酸钠摄入量范围为0.124 8 ～0.275 0 mg/kg BW/day,是ADI的1.8～3.9倍;酱/咸菜是我国居民膳食亚硝酸钠摄入的主要来源,占总摄入量的61.9％.结论 我国全人群平均膳食亚硝酸钠摄入量处于安全水平,但高暴露人群摄入的亚硝酸钠具有较高的健康风险,需予以重点关注;调整饮食习惯和行为,改进食品加工工艺,最大限度地减少外源性亚硝酸盐的添加和内源性亚硝酸钠的产生是降低我国居民膳食亚硝酸钠摄入的有效手段.     

梅州金柚中金属元素分析及膳食风险评估

目的 通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测梅州金柚中12种金属元素含量, 分析其分布特征, 并对梅州金柚进行膳食风险评估。方法 样品经硝酸消化, 微波消解, 赶酸后上机测定。采用风险指数(risk index, RI)及目标危害系数(target hazard quotient/total target hazard quotient, THQ/TTHQ)对梅州金柚进行重金属污染风险评估。结果 金柚中含有丰富的金属元素。果皮中Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Se、Cu、Cr、As、Mn、Al元素含量普遍大于果肉中各元素含量, 以Mg、Ca元素最为明显。除4批次金柚果皮硒含量稍大于0.01 mg/kg以外, 其他批次样品硒含量均小于0.01 mg/kg, 所以所检梅州金柚并不富硒。金柚样品中Cd的检测值≤0.007mg/kg,Pb检出值≤0.091mg/kg, 低于国家限量标准。结论 RI及THQ/TTHQ评估结果表明, Fe、Zn、Se、Cu、Cr、As、Mn、Al元素RI小于9.321%, Cd及Pb元素THQ/TTHQ小于1, 表明梅州金柚无明显膳食风险。     

中国地区干酪生物胺风险评估中膳食暴露评估模型的构建

基于对中国地区市售97份干酪样品获得的8种生物胺检测数据,以及2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告中的膳食消费数据,采用Monte Carlo模拟和@Risk软件量化人群干酪生物胺膳食暴露量的变异度和不确定度,构建中国地区干酪生物胺风险评估中膳食暴露评估模型。按不同地区、性别和年龄段差异的人群,分析其干酪生物胺膳食暴露量分布的统计量和90%置信区间。评估结果显示,中国城市人群的干酪生物胺暴露量明显高于同年龄段的农村人群;且城市地区女性暴露量通常高于男性,而农村地区则相反。干酪生物胺膳食暴露概率评估方法相比点评估和简单分布评估方法,能够定量评估结果的变异度和不确定度,评估更为准确。      

烟台居民膳食来源总砷暴露健康风险评价

目的了解烟台居民膳食来源总砷暴露量,评价其潜在健康风险。方法按照GB 5009.11-2014中第二法氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定总砷含量,采用危害商数判定其膳食暴露风险,依据美国环保总署给定的剂量-效应模型,进行人体健康风险评价。结果烟台市居民摄入的主要食物中总砷的平均含量为0.75 mg/kg,其中藻类的总砷含量最高,居民膳食来源总砷的日均膳食暴露量为0.00166 mg/(kg·d)。藻类、水产品、鲜蔬菜,谷物及制品是烟台居民膳食总砷暴露的主要来源,其贡献率分别为28.16%、24.31%、7.64%、3.93%。居民膳食来源总砷暴露的HQ远小于1,参照无机砷致癌风险因子计算,膳食来源总砷导致的疾病负担高于10-6人/年的参考水平。结论烟台居民膳食来源总砷暴露量处在可接受安全范围,但其存在的风险、导致的疾病负担高于参考水平值。     

Probabilistic acute dietary exposure assessment of the Chinese population to cypermethrin residues

A probabilistic estimation of dietary exposure to cypermethrin residues for the Chinese population was performed. Cypermethrin residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program for 2001–2006, encompassing 14,096 samples from 36 commodities with a detection rate of 10.4%. Food consumption data were gathered from the national nutrition and health survey conducted in 2002, comprising 65,915 consumers aged 2–100 years and 3701 children of 2–6 years old. The whole country was roughly divided into six regions and the ranges of the median and of P99.9 exposure estimated for these regions were 0.018–0.026 and 3.131–7.095?µg?kg^?1?bw?day^?1, respectively. Pak-choi and Chinese cabbage contributed 33.9 and 13.2%, respectively, to the cypermethrin intake for the general population, while pak-choi and citrus covered 30.7 and 22.5% of the total intake for children, respectively. The exposure of the rural population was higher than urban populations. Rural areas mainly located in the plains of central China had among the highest exposure of the six regions, accounting for 17.7% of the ARfD at P99.9, while the 99.99th percentile of exposure for children, especially rural children, far exceeded the ARfD, which is a cause for concern.     

总膳食研究在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用

本文通过介绍总膳食研究实施的方法步骤,阐明其在食品安全风险评估中,尤其是在人群膳食暴露评估中的应用进展。     

叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留及膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解叶菜类蔬菜农药残留现状,并评估农药残留的膳食暴露风险.方法 随机采集主要叶菜类样品682批,采用NY/T761—2008《蔬菜和水果中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨甲基酸酯类农药多残留的测定》方法检测105项农药残留,分析叶菜类蔬菜农药残留现状,并结合我国居民蔬菜消费情况,用每日允许摄入量和急性参考剂量分别对...     

持久性有机污染物膳食摄入的研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在环境中能够普遍存在并且通过食物链能够富集,已经影响到了食品的安全。由于人们通过膳食摄入持久性有机污染物是一个主要的因素,所以人们在日常膳食的过程中持久性有机污染物在一定程度上对人们的健康存在着潜在健康风险。本文综述了近年来国内外有关人们通过膳食摄入不同POPs的膳食暴露情况,包括持久性有机氯农药、二噁英及其类似物、多溴联苯醚、全氟有机化合物等,并且将不同国家和地区的人们对这些化合物膳食摄入量的不同进行了比较和分析。在此基础上,评估了人们对不同POPs膳食摄入的健康风险,希望为进一步开展和健康风险评估相关的研究提供依据。     

辽宁省大米中无机砷残留的膳食风险评估

目的 评估辽宁地区大米中无机砷残留量暴露对我省居民健康的潜在危险。方法 辽宁省随机选择在大型商场和小型农贸市场共采集样品300份, 采用液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中亚砷酸盐As(Ⅲ), 砷酸盐As(Ⅴ)的含量。基于点评估和概率评估两种评估方式,对大米中无机砷膳食暴露进行风险评估。结果 经检测的大米中亚砷酸盐As(Ⅲ), 砷酸盐As(Ⅴ)的慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI）值均远小于100%,急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD）值均远小于100%。运用风险评估软件@risk7.6概率评估中,在50%,75%,90%,99%暴露量位点下,大米中亚砷酸盐As(Ⅲ), 砷酸盐As(Ⅴ)的风险商(Hazard Quotient,HQ)值均远小于1。表明辽宁地区大米中亚砷酸盐As(Ⅲ), 砷酸盐As(Ⅴ)残留量在人体可接受范围内,无明显膳食风险。结论 辽宁地区大米中无机砷含量的暴露对人体健康处于安全水平。     

浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的含量分析及膳食风险评估

目的 掌握浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的污染状况及其对人群膳食暴露影响。方法 采集2022年浙江温州地区30个品种217批次海产品, 取各样品可食部分, 经组织匀质后, 经6 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液40℃恒温振荡皂化6 h、二氯甲烷萃取、旋转蒸发浓缩至干、脱芳石油醚复溶, 取上清液采用分子荧光仪测定其石油烃含量。采用单因子指数法和商值法分别评价其污染程度和膳食暴露健康风险。结果 所有海产品均存在不同程度的石油烃检出(范围1.06~26.6 mg/kg, 均值9.70 mg/kg), 其中13.4%的样品中石油烃含量超出NY 5073—2006《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》中规定的限值, 分别为缢蛏、泥蚶、馒头蟹。总体上检出浓度依次排序, 养殖贝类>海捕头足类>海捕蟹>海捕虾>海捕鱼>养殖藻类。所测海产品石油烃危害商在0.01226~0.3076之间, 均小于1, 致癌风险指数范围为4.9×10-7~7.6×10-5, 小于1×10-4, 其中养殖贝类中缢蛏、泥蚶、贻贝的危害商和致癌风险指数相对较高。结论 浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的健康风险较低, 但应密切关注长期或大量食用缢蛏、泥蚶、贻贝带来的不利影响。     

青岛市市售蔬菜中农残特征及膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解青岛市市售蔬菜中农药残留污染水平,为青岛市蔬菜食用安全提供科学依据。方法 2020—2022年,在青岛10个区市随机采集7大类680份蔬菜样品,检测并分析蔬菜样品中28种农药残留的特征,对被检出农药进行急性、慢性膳食暴露风险评估。结果 680份蔬菜样品中,农药检出率为9.71%（66/680）;超标率为2.79%（19/680）。共检出10种农药,检出率最高的为联苯菊酯4.50%（27/600）;共超标6种农药,超标率最高的为毒死蜱1.18%（8/680）。各类农药检出率与超标率间的差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。7类蔬菜间的检出率差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001）,茄果类农残检出率最高（27.68%,31/112）,检出农残种类的数量最多（8种）。7类蔬菜中均有禁限用农药的分布。10个区市均有农残检出,除黄岛区、胶州市、平度市外均有超标现象。城阳区检出率为19.44%（7/36）,李沧区超标率为7.02%（4/57）,市北区检出农残种类的数量最多为7种。检出的各类农药的急性、慢性膳食暴露风险评估aHQ、cHQ均小于1。结论 青岛市市售蔬菜样品中仍有部分禁限用农药存在,但农药残留水平较低,居民通过膳食途径摄入蔬菜中农残的健康风险较小。要继续加强对禁限用农药的监督管理,最大限度降低食用蔬菜中农药残留对人体健康造成的风险。     

Total mercury and methylmercury in Chinese rice and dietary exposure assessment

ABSTRACT

Total mercury levels and methylmercury levels were investigated for various grain parts (whole rice, rice husk, brown rice, polished rice, and bran) of 507 rice samples from 15 main rice-producing areas of China. The average total mercury contents in brown rice samples and polished rice samples were 4.2 and 3.3 μg/kg, respectively, the percentages exceeding the national standard limit were 0.59% and 0.39%, respectively. The average methylmercury levels were 2.9 and 2.4 μg/kg in brown rice and polished rice, respectively. The order of total mercury contents in different parts of rice was bran > brown rice > whole rice > rice husk > polished rice, and the order for methylmercury was bran > brown rice > whole rice > polished rice > rice husk. Total mercury intakes and methylmercury intakes were estimated for the Chinese population and the associated health risks were assessed.     

杭州市居民膳食中铝暴露风险评估

目的 评估杭州市居民膳食中铝的暴露水平及其潜在健康风险。方法 利用2015—2021年杭州市食品中食品添加剂铝含量的数据和2015年杭州市居民食物消费量调查数据,采用简单分布评估法计算杭州市居民膳食中铝的暴露水平,进行健康风险评估。结果 杭州市居民膳食中铝每周平均暴露量及每周高食物量消费人群暴露量（P95）分别为0.416、1.986 mg/kg·BW,均低于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）制定的每周可耐受摄入量（PTWI,2 mg/kg·BW）。包子、面条、中式糕点、油条、馒头是杭州市居民膳食中铝暴露的主要来源,累计贡献率达到85.9%。如果严格执行食品安全国家标准关于含铝食品添加剂的限量规定,杭州市居民膳食中铝每周平均暴露量和P95暴露量将分别下降88.2%和84.0%。结论 目前杭州市居民膳食中铝每周平均暴露量对人群健康造成的风险较低,处于可接受水平。但高食物消费人群每周暴露量（P95暴露量）接近PTWI,其中18岁以下未成年人P95暴露量已超过PTWI,应引起重视,并采取措施以降低铝暴露过量可能带来的健康风险。     

Risk assessment of dietary exposure to aluminium in the Chinese population

In order to address the issue of excessive intake of aluminium (Al) from Al-containing food additives in the Chinese diet, this study conducted a dietary exposure assessment of Al in the general population based on the national surveillance data of Al content in foods and national food consumption data. It was found that the mean dietary exposure of the whole Chinese population to Al from Al-containing food additives was 1.795 mg kg^?1 bw week^?1, not exceeding the PTWI, while high dietary exposures (e.g., 97.5^th percentile) to Al were 7.660 and 2.103–2.903 mg kg^?1 bw week^?1 for children, respectively, both exceeding the PTWI. It was found that the dietary exposure to Al for 32.5% of the total Chinese population and 42.6% of children aged 4–6 years exceeded the PTWI. Wheat flour and wheat-based products are the main source of dietary A l exposure (85% of the total intake); and puffed foods are the major source of Al intake for children. These findings suggested that consumption of Al-containing food additives could be a health concern for consumers with high food consumption (97.5^th percentile) and children under the age of 14 years.     

2012~2019年云南省蔬菜中毒死蜱膳食摄入风险评估

摘 要: 目的 了解云南省蔬菜中毒死蜱残留水平, 评估蔬菜中毒死蜱膳食暴露风险。方法 2012~2019年采集云南省市售蔬菜进行毒死蜱测定, 结合我国食物消费量数据, 采用点评估方法对毒死蜱进行急、慢性膳食暴露评估, 评估结果与急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)、每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)进行比较, 从而评价蔬菜中毒死蜱的暴露风险。结果 1~4岁人群的急性暴露量大于ARfD(0.1 mg/kg bw), 其余年龄组的急性暴露量均小于ARfD(0.1 mg/kg bw); 各年龄组平均暴露量低于ADI(0.01 mg/kg bw)。结论 蔬菜中毒死蜱的慢性暴露风险低, 但需关注急性暴露风险。     

我国居民指示性多氯联苯膳食暴露分析

目的 通过开展第六次中国总膳食研究,获取我国代表性膳食样品中指示性多氯联苯（mPCBs）含量,开展我国居民对mPCBs的膳食暴露评估及时间变化趋势分析。方法 采用同位素稀释技术-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱（HRGC-HRMS）对全国代表性混合膳食样品中的mPCBs进行测定,以点评估方法对以标准人所代表的我国居民膳食暴露mPCBs开展评估工作。结果 膳食样品中mPCBs普遍检出,不同膳食样品的污染物含量不同,动物性膳食中含量显著高于植物性膳食,其中谷类含量最低（2.8 pg/g?湿质量（fw）,几何均数）,水产类含量最高（118.2 pg/g?fw,几何均数）。我国居民mPCBs膳食摄入量为0.25［0.11,0.62］ ng/kg?BW?d（几何平均数±几何均数标准差）。与第四次和第五次中国总膳食研究结果相比,我国居民膳食暴露水平显著下降（P<0.05）。结论 mPCBs虽在我国膳食样品中普遍检出,但我国居民膳食暴露水平持续下降,与欧美国家相关研究结果相比,我国居民膳食暴露处较低水平。     

Calculation of the dietary exposure of Chinese consumers to acephate residues using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

This paper compares the exposure for the Chinese populations and sub-groups to acephate, a widely applied organophosphorus pesticide, using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Acephate residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program 2001–2006, collected by multi-stage stratified sampling and with a detection rate of 3.3%. Food consumption data were gathered from the national diet and nutrition survey conducted in 2002 over three consecutive days by the 24-h recall method, and included 22,563 families or 65,886 consumers aged 2–100 years. For point estimate, it was evident that exposures were higher than the acute reference dose (ARfD) in many cases. For the probabilistic approach, the P99.9 exposures for the general population and children accounted for 11.88 and 24.15% of the ARfD, respectively, in acute intake calculations and 52.86 and 68.75%, respectively, of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) in chronic intake calculations. The exposure level of rural people was higher than urban dwellers, and vegetables contributed most to acephate intake.     

Organophosphorus pesticide residues in Greek virgin olive oil: levels,dietary intake and risk assessment

The occurrence of organophosphorus pesticide (OPs) and their metabolite residues was investigated in 167 samples of Greek virgin olive oil during a 2-year (2004–2005) sampling campaign. A total of 30.5% of samples contained detectable residues, although only one sample contained dimethoate residues above the maximum residue limit. Among the seven detected OPs, fenthion and fenthion sulfoxide residues were detected in 10.8 and 14.4% of the samples, respectively, at levels of 0.003–0.61 mg kg^?1. Dimethoate was detected in 10.2% of the samples at 0.003–0.057 mg kg^?1. The acute dietary risk assessment was undertaken by determining the national estimated short-term intake (NESTI); for chronic dietary risk assessment, the national theoretical maximum daily intake (NTMDI) and national estimated daily intake (NEDI) were calculated. The estimated intakes (NESTI and NEDI) of each pesticide were <7 and <0.86% of the corresponding acute reference doses (ARfDs) and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), respectively. A cumulative risk assessment was performed using the hazard index (HI) and toxicity equivalence factor (TEF), taking into account that OPs share the same toxicological mechanism. The determined HI and TEF values were found to represent only a small portion of the respective ADIs or ARfDs. These results indicate that there is neither acute nor chronic risk for the Greek population through olive oil consumption.