Coupled heat transfer modes for calculation of cooling load through hollow concrete building walls

A CFD model was developed to study thermal performance of hollow cement wall constructions of buildings under hot summer conditions. The approach employed couples conjugate, laminar natural convective flow of a viscous fluid in hollow building blocks with long-wave radiation between the cavity sides. Realistic boundary conditions were employed at the outdoor and indoor surfaces of the wall. A state-of-art building energy simulation program, ESP-r, was used to determine the outdoor thermal environment that included solar radiation, equivalent temperature of the surroundings and convective heat transfer coefficient. The CFD problem is put into dimensionless formulation and solved numerically by means of the control-volume approach. The study yielded comprehensive, detailed quantitative estimates of temperature, stream function and heat flux throughout the wall domain. A detailed parametric study showed that using a wider cavity within a building block does not necessarily reduce heat flux through the block. Radiation heat transfer between cavity sides may account for a significant fraction of heat flux through the block and neglecting its effect can lead to errors that could be as large as 46%. The geometry of the hollow blocks was demonstrated to affect the heat flux by as much as 30%.     

Conjugate conduction convection and radiation heat transfer through hollow autoclaved aerated concrete blocks

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to study thermal performance of hollow autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks in wall constructions of buildings under hot summer conditions. The goal is to determine size and distribution of cavities (within building blocks) that reduce heat flow through the walls and thereby lead to energy savings in air conditioning. The model couples conjugate, laminar natural convective flow of a viscous fluid (air) in the cavities with long-wave radiation between the cavity sides. Realistic boundary conditions were employed at the outdoor and indoor surfaces of the block. A state-of-the-art building energy simulation programme was used to determine the outdoor thermal environment that included solar radiation, equivalent temperature of the surroundings, and convective heat transfer coefficient. The CFD problem is put into dimensionless formulation and solved numerically by means of the control-volume approach. The study yielded comprehensive, detailed quantitative estimates of temperature, stream function and heat flux throughout the AAC block domain. The results show a complex dependence of heat flux through the blocks on cavity and block sizes. In general, introducing large cavities in AAC blocks, being a construction material of low thermal conductivity, leads to greater heat transfer than the corresponding solid blocks. Several small cavities in a block may lead to small reductions in heat flux, but the best configuration found is a large cavity with a fine divider mesh in which case heat flux reductions of 50% are achievable.     

Towards developing skylight design tools for thermal and energy performance of atriums in cold climates

This paper presents an analysis of the impact of selected design alternatives on the thermal and energy performance of atriums based on the methodology outlined in the accompanying paper. Computer simulation programs were used to predict the impact of the selected design alternatives on the design performance outputs of atriums. Design alternatives focused on fenestration glazing types, fenestration surface area, skylight shape, atrium type, and interaction of the atrium with its adjacent spaces. Design performance outputs, evaluated with respect to a basecase design, included seasonal solar heat gain ratio, cooling and heating peak load ratios and annual cooling, heating and total energy ratios. Design tools were developed to quantify the impact of the design alternatives on the performance outputs. The design tools were cast into two-dimensional linear relationships with the glazing U-value and SHGC ratios as independent parameters. The results for enclosed atriums showed that the annual cooling energy ratio increased at a rate of 1.196 per unit of SHGC ratio and decreased at a rate of 0.382 per unit of U-value ratio. However, the annual heating energy ratio increased at a rate of 1.954 per unit of U-value ratio and decreased at a rate of 1.081 per unit of SHGC ratio. Similar trends were also found for the three-sided and linear atriums. Pyramidal/pitched skylights increased the solar heat gain ratio by up to 25% in the heating season compared to flat skylights. The effect of the skylight shape on the annual cooling and heating energy may be positive or negative, depending on the glazing U-value and SHGC ratios and the atrium type. Atriums open to their adjacent spaces reduced the annual cooling energy ratio by up to 76% compared to closed atrium spaces. However, open atrium spaces increased the annual heating energy ratio by up to 19%.     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics of the LED module using passive heat sinks

ABSTRACT

Light-emitting diode (LED) has several advantages and applications due to energy efficiency, versatility, performance, and long life. LED converts only 20–30% of the power input into light, converting the remaining 70–80% of the energy into heat that must be conducted from the LED die to the underlying circuit board, heat sinks, and housings. Improper thermal management will lead to an increase in the junction temperature above the safe limit, thus leading to premature failure of the LED. The present investigation aims to study the variation of case and junction temperature for three types of heat sinks, namely, diagonal, cylindrical, and spiral using 16?W LED. Light output in terms of lux is measured. Experiments were conducted by varying currents from 100 to 300?mA. It was observed that the spiral heat sink has the least junction temperature and thermal resistance among the three heat sinks at all current ratings.     

Sinusoidal geometry effects on heat transfer and environment in a cylindrical configuration

Several heat transfer expressions have been developed for the local and average Nusselt numbers in a vertical cylindrical configuration to reduce heat losses around a device. Three cases are considered: first, the two cylinders are stationary, second, the inner cylinder rotates about the vertical axis and the outer cylinder is kept stationary and third, the cylinders walls make the object of the two sinusoidal protuberances. One protuberance on the inner cylinder (external surface) and the other one on the external cylinder (internal surface). Numerical solutions are obtained for laminar natural and mixed convection using the control volume method in the case of uniform heating and uniform wall temperature. The obtained heat correlations provide a basis for estimating transfer rates for Newtonian fluids. These are obtained for restricted ranges of conditions and are compared with representative theoretical and experimental expressions.     

旧车间阳光板天窗施工新工艺

介绍了旧车间阳光板天窗施工新技术，简述了阳光板新材料天窗具有的特点，论述了阳光板的性能指标，指出采用拜耳阳光板新材料天窗改进了采光效果和通风效果。     

夏热冬暖地区中庭的天窗型式与耗能

通过建立中庭天窗模型,分析、探讨了不同型式、不同倾角、不同朝向的天窗与耗能的关系。     

General expressions for the calculation of air flow and heat transfer rates in tall ventilation cavities

Solar heated tall ventilation cavities including solar chimneys are used to enhance natural ventilation of buildings. A validated CFD model was used to predict the buoyancy-driven air flow and heat transfer rates in vertical ventilation cavities with various combinations of heat distribution on two vertical walls ranging from symmetrical to fully asymmetrical heating. The natural ventilation rate and heat transfer rate have been found to vary with the total heat input, heat distribution on the cavity walls, cavity width and height and inlet opening position. General expressions for these variables have been obtained and presented in non-dimensional terms, Nusselt number, Reynolds number, Rayleigh number and aspect ratio (H/b), as Nu = f(Ra, H/b) and Nu = f(Ra, Re) or Re = f(Ra, Nu), for natural ventilation design.     

室内空气自然对流换热的数值模拟研究

应用PHOENICS软件对自然对流换热条件下室内空气温度场和速度场进行了数值模拟，并对温度场的模拟结果进行了实验验证。结果表明，模拟计算值与实验值吻合得较好。     

Design and analysis to analyse the heat transfer of a space heater for a boat

As fossil fuels are depleting gradually with the course of time there is a need for developing innovative products that can extract maximum potential that the system can deliver. One of the key areas that still make use of diesel fuels for experiencing thermal comfort is the boat heating system. Due to its user-friendly characteristics with low maintenance requirements, space heater has still be the benchmark for all other types of heaters. The boat cabin heater is an essential setup for all kinds of boats and ships not just for the warmth but also to eliminate the dampness that can spread throughout the boat in cold weather. The paper presents a detailed analysis of thermal behaviour inside a space heater using computational fluid dynamics technique to study the effect of fin numbers and fin location inside the heat exchanger. A total of 11 cases were simulated to study the effect of a fin on the heat transfer rate and pressure drop. An optimisation is done to have maximum heat transfer rate with minimum pressure drop and results showed that case number 9 has satisfied the above criteria to obtain an effectiveness of 90%.     

Numerical model of natural convective heat transfer within a solar dryer using an indirect double pass collector

The double pass collector is one of the most efficient means of drying crops because heating of air takes place from both sides of the absorber plate. To investigate the performance, a double pass natural convection solar dryer was fabricated for experimentation; the results were collected and used to develop a validated numerical model using MATLAB. The experiments were undertaken during February–March 2016 in Salem Tamil Nadu, India over 10 sunshine days. The simulation was carried using the developed model under the measured ambient conditions. The results showed that the mathematical model could predict the performance of the double pass collector for a particular ambient condition to an uncertainty of ±5%. This model could be used to optimise the performance of the collector so that we can predict and investigate the actual performance of the collector with the various optimised designs before fabricating the dryer.     

Thermal convection in double glazed windows with structured gap

Convective heat transfer inside the gap of double glazed windows is studied numerically using a commercial CFD code (Fluent v6.3), for different Rayleigh numbers and aspect ratios. A reference window with empty gap is compared with windows where the gap contains fins arranged in such a way as to reduce heat transfer. The effects of convective air flow inside the cavities were estimated both at the onset of convection and at steady-state in real environmental conditions. The global Nusselt numbers were calculated for different configurations of the fins in the window gap, in order to apply the standard heat loss estimation method to this type of windows.     

Convective heat transfer enhancement techniques of heat exchanger tubes: a review

Heat exchangers are widely used in almost all industrial activities. Turbulent promoters used in heat exchanger tubes are an effective way of enhancing the performance. This paper summarises various investigations using twisted tapes, wire coil ribs, baffles, and swirl flow generators. The main objective of this paper is to review various studies, in which different obstacle roughness elements are used to enhance the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger tubes. It has been found that a lot of experimental and analytical studies reported in the literature. On the basis of correlations developed by various investigators an attempt has been made to compare the thermal hydraulic performance of obstacles in heat exchanger tubes. In this work, a comparative study is also carried out to select the best obstacle roughness shapes for higher heat transfer rate and low pressure drop losses.     

耦合扩散效应对室内VOCs对流扩散的影响

本文采用数值方法研究了建筑室内同时存在温度梯度、湿度梯度和有机污染物(VOCs)浓度梯度时的自然对流传热传质现象,展示了流场、温度场和浓度场等随浮力比N_C的变化状况,考察了多物理场(空气、水蒸气和VOCs)中交叉耦合扩散效应对流动和传热传质的影响特征,探讨了边壁处的无量纲传热努谢尔特数和传质舍伍德数的变化规律。     

混凝土结构对流换热效应的研究

综合分析了国内外学者对混凝土对流换热系数的研究成果，结合风洞实验，提出了混凝土对流换热系数计算公式，可用于混凝土结构温度效应分析。并利用有限元程序进行预应力混凝土简支箱梁的温度效应分析，计算中采用了标准化的太阳日辐射强度曲线和日气温变化曲线，以梁的跨中挠度和轴向变形的变化规律为例，讨论了对流换热系数取值对结构温度效应的影响。     

低气压条件下电加热器自然对流换热性能测试

从理论上分析了表面传热系数与气压的关系,实验测试了电加热器在低压与常压下的换热性能,得出以下结论:低压与常压下表面传热系数的比值与气压比值的0.2次幂成正比;电加热器在低压与常压下散热功率基本相等;表面温度随气压的降低而升高。     

Convective heat transfer prediction in large rectangular cross-sectional area Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers

An Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (ETAHE) uses the ground's thermal storage capacity to dampen ambient air temperature oscillations by delivering the outdoor air to the indoors through a horizontally buried duct. With their lower airflow resistance, large cross-sectional area ETAHEs have been found to be more energy efficient than the conventional small ones, especially when integrated in hybrid ventilation systems. However, the lack of available methods for determining the heat convection at the duct surfaces has made accurate energy simulation and proper system design overly difficult. In this study, numerical experiments using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were conducted to investigate the airflow and thermal behavior in the large ducts. A two-layer turbulence model was used to ensure accuracy in resolving the flow information in the near-wall region, which is critical for predicting accurate heat convection. The modeling method was verified by comparing its results with measurements from literature. Parametric studies were conducted to identify the influential design and operation variables for the heat convection. Thirty numerical experimental setups designed with the Latin Hypercube Sampling method were simulated to prepare a database with six design parameters as the simulation inputs and average Nusselt numbers over the duct ceiling, wall, and floor as the outputs. Based on the database an artificial neural network (ANN) model was trained to build a mathematical relation between the design variables and the Nusselt numbers. The developed ANN model showed very accurate prediction when compared with test data.     

Convective heat transfer coefficients in a full-scale room with and without furniture

The convective heat transfer coefficient at an outer ambient wall with a window exposed to natural climate was measured in a room with and without furniture. The method used was to estimate the heat flow from measured temperatures and solar radiation. The convective heat transfer was calculated as the difference between the heat flow through the building element and the calculated long-wave radiation. Even though the accuracy was at best ±15%, the effect of different heating and ventilation strategies could clearly be detected. Local coefficients may be more than 10 times the expected, due to ventilation or position of the radiator.     

Experimental investigation on heat transfer enhancement in a minichannel using CuO-water nanofluid

In this work, CuO-water nanofluid with an average size of nanoparticles (24?nm) and volume concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% is used. For the computer microprocessor cooling, an aluminium minichannel of dimension (40?×?1?×?3) mm³ is fabricated instead of an aluminium heat sink and a cooling fan. It is shown that the dispersion of nanoparticles into the distilled water has produced a considerable enhancement of the cooling of the minichannel. Experiments were conducted for Reynolds number ranging from 25 to 800 under a laminar regime. From the experiments, it is found that better heat transfer is achieved when CuO-water nanofluid is used as the working fluid.     

Scaling of free convection heat transfer in a triangular cavity for Pr > 1

Unsteady natural convection inside a triangular cavity subject to a non-instantaneous heating on the inclined walls in the form of an imposed temperature which increases linearly up to a prescribed steady value over a prescribed time is reported. The development of the flow from start-up to a steady-state has been described based on scaling analyses and direct numerical simulations. The ramp temperature has been chosen in such a way that the boundary layer is reached a quasi-steady mode before the growth of the temperature is completed. In this mode the thermal boundary layer at first grows in thickness, then contracts with increasing time. However, if the imposed wall temperature growth period is sufficiently short, the boundary layer develops differently. It is seen that the shape of many houses are isosceles triangular cross-section. The heat transfer process through the roof of the attic-shaped space should be well understood. Because, in the building energy, one of the most important objectives for design and construction of houses is to provide thermal comfort for occupants. Moreover, in the present energy-conscious society it is also a requirement for houses to be energy efficient, i.e. the energy consumption for heating or air-conditioning houses must be minimized.