Irreversible sediment formation in green tea infusions

The formation of irreversible tea sediment (IRS) and its chemical components in green tea infusions were investigated. The results showed that the amounts of IRS in the green tea infusions from various tea cultivars ranged from 0.10 to 1.47 mg/mL. The amount of IRS was influenced remarkably by the chemical components in the green tea infusion. Principal component analysis and regression analysis indicated that gallated catechins, Mn, Ca, caffeine, Na, and (-)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG) were the principal components. IRS (mg/mL) = -4.226 + 0.275 gallated catechins + 79.551 Na + 7.321 Mn + 21.055 Ca + 0.513 caffeine - 0.129 GCG (R2 = 0.697). The contents of the main chemical components in the reversible tea sediment (RTS) and IRS were markedly different, especially the minerals. Large amount of minerals participated in the formation of irreversible green tea sediment. The amount of IRS increased with the extraction temperature.     

Tracking residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in green,herbal, and black tea leaves and infusions of commercially available tea products marketed in Poland

The content of residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was examined in green, herbal, and black tea leaves as well as in their infusions prepared from tea products marketed in the main supermarkets in Poland. It was found that the detected mean levels of organochlorine residues in tea leaves ranged from ?1 dry weight. Among hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, γ-HCH in green tea occurred in the highest concentrations. Among dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites the highest level of p,p′DDT (1.96 ng g^?1 dw) was in green tea samples. The transfer of OCPs from tea leaves to brew was investigated. The present study revealed that during the infusion process, a significant percentage of the residues, particularly pesticides with high water solubility, were transferred to the infusions. The obtained results show that the percentage transfer of each pesticides from tea to the tea infusions ranged from 6.74% (heptachlor) to 86.6% (endrin). The detected residues were below current MRLs for these pesticides.     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200?g a.i.?ha^?1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5?±?0.01, 1.1?±?0.01 and 0.4?±?0.02, 0.9?±?0.01?mg?kg^?1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30–40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10–30% for both seasons, whereas 50–70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2–3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200 g a.i. ha^-1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5 ± 0.01, 1.1 ± 0.01 and 0.4 ± 0.02, 0.9 ± 0.01 mg kg^-1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30-40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10-30% for both seasons, whereas 50-70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2-3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

Determination of essential and non-essential elements in various tea leaves and tea infusions consumed in Turkey

Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Thus, the chemical components in tea are of great interest, especially in relation to health. In this study, 12 tea samples (10 black, 1 white and 1 green) and 5 herbal tea samples were purchased from supermarkets in Izmir, Turkey. Sample preparation has been performed using wet and microwave digestion procedures. The elemental content (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Na and K) in the digests and infusions has been analysed. Generally, elemental contents in tea leaves were found to be higher than those in tea infusions. The accuracy of the method was checked and confirmed by standard reference material analyses. The comparison of wet and microwave digestion has not shown significantly different results. Therefore, the microwave digestion procedure was preferred because it is less laborious. The elemental intake related to tea consumption has also been studied.     

Fate of imidacloprid and acetamiprid residues during black tea manufacture and transfer into tea infusion

The objective of this paper is to investigate the loss/stability of neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and acetamiprid) residues during the manufacture of black tea and to study the transfer of these pesticides from made tea to its infusion. For orthodox black tea, the manufacturing process involves leaf harvesting (plucking two leaves and a bud), withering, rolling, fermentation (oxidation), and drying. Initial withering and final drying resulted in the loss of pesticide residues, but no significant reduction in residue levels resulted from the rolling and fermentation steps. The drying process resulted in a residue transfer of 64–70% and 69–74% of the initial level, whereas the brewing process resulted in a residue transfer of 37–39% and 45–49% of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively, from dried tea into the infusion. The decrease in acetamiprid levels during drying was also significant (8–13%), whereas the total loss during the manufacturing process ranged from 26 to 31%. Further, brewing for longer periods (an extended brewing time) resulted in higher transfer (up to 44% for imidacloprid and 53% for acetamiprid) of pesticides to tea infusion. Further, the extent of pesticide leaching depends on its water solubility, partition coefficient, and the brewing time.     

Comparison of the dissipation behaviour of three neonicotinoid insecticides in tea

The dissipation behaviour of three neonicotinoids – thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid – was compared in tea shoots, in Chinese green and black tea, and after tea infusion in hot water. The simple and rapid analytical procedures for the quantification of these three residues in these matrices were developed using HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Degradation rates in tea shoots of neonicotinoids applied in either recommended or double dosages followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 1.62 or 1.58 days for thiamethoxam, of 2.45 or 2.67 days for imidacloprid, and of 3.24 or 3.85 days for acetamiprid, respectively. Through harvest and processing the residue retentions for thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid were 85.0%, 84.1% and 70.6% of the initial dosages in green tea, and 77.1%, 52.4% and 57.4% in black tea. These three residues all showed high transfer rates through green or black tea brewing of 80.5% or 81.6% for thiamethoxam, of 63.1% or 62.2% for imidacloprid, and of 78.3% or 80.6% for acetamiprid. Waiting periods between the last application and harvest of at least 12, 17 and 20 days were suggested for thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively, after application at their recommend dosages to ensure levels below a maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.05 mg kg^?1.     

Temperature dependence of copper,iron, nickel and chromium transfers into various black and green tea infusions

Transfer ratios of copper, iron, nickel and chromium from 10 blended, unblended, instant and green tea samples of Turkish or British origin into the infusions have been determined at different brewing temperatures (18, 40, 60 and 80°C). The transfer ratio of each metal into the infusion appeared to be dependent on both temperature and strength of infusions as well as the kind of tea. Ingested metal amounts were calculated and discussed. © 1998 SCI.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶茶汤中多种农药残留量

目的采用Qu ECh ERS方法和气相色谱-串联质谱(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,GC-MS/MS)分析技术,建立茶叶茶汤中65种不同极性农药残留量的快速检测方法。方法利用乙腈(含1%乙酸)提取茶叶茶汤样品,分散固相萃取法净化样品,GC-MS/MS检测采用选择反应监测模式(selective reactions monitoring,SRM),灵敏度最高的离子对用作定量。结果 65种农药在3个浓度添加水平上的加标回收率范围是76%~134.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)范围为1.0%~18.41%,茶叶样品定量限是0.15~3.0μg/kg,茶汤样品定量限是0.1~1.5μg/kg。结论该方法灵敏度高,准确性好,快速简便,适用于绿茶、乌龙茶、白茶和红茶中多种农药残留量的检测。     

Identification of microbial contaminants present during the curing of honeybush tea (Cyclopia)

Honeybush tea (Cyclopia) is produced over a wide area of the Western and Eastern Provinces of South Africa and exported to several countries worldwide. It is traditionally manufactured by curing honeybush material for several days at relatively high temperatures and moisture contents and this results in extensive mould and bacterial growth. This leads to a product with inferior leaf colour and organoleptic quality as well as health concerns. Unlike during the manufacture of black tea, honeybush curing temperatures do not reach levels where these contaminants are eliminated. The microbial contaminants and the minimum temperatures necessary to eliminate these organisms were thus investigated. Yeast-Glucose (YG), Yeast-Starch (YpSs) and Czapek media were evaluated for the isolation of contaminants that developed during the curing of honeybush tea. YG and YpSs gave good results, while the Czapek medium was found to be unsatisfactory for the detection of microbial contaminants. A low pH (pH 5.0) favoured mould growth, while bacteria proliferated at pH 7.0. Honeybush material fermented in a curing heap and material fermented under controlled conditions at 40 and 50 °C showed microbial contamination, but no contaminants were detected on or in material fermented at higher temperatures (60, 70 and 80 °C). Two thermophilic moulds, Humicola grisea var thermoida and Humicola lanuginosa, a thermotolerant mould, Rhizomucor pusillus, and five endospore-forming species of the genus Bacillus were isolated. The data indicated that R pusillus was the predominant microbial contaminant. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Removal of imidacloprid and acetamiprid from tea infusions by microfiltration membrane

Removal of imidacloprid and acetamiprid in tea infusions by microfiltration membrane using dead‐end model was investigated in the present study. The results showed that microfiltration significantly promoted the removal of both pesticides (P < 0.05) in tea infusions. Furthermore, the extent of removal was strongly influenced by the pore size of membrane, operational pressure and the concentrations of tea infusions. The initial concentration of imidacloprid and acetamiprid showed no significant effect on their removal rates. The maximum removal rates were 79.7% for imidacloprid and 81.9% acetamiprid. The changes in major chemical components of tea infusions after microfiltration were evaluated. The results indicated that microfiltration caused no considerable changes in total polyphenols and total free amino acids, and small but statistically significant losses (6.3–18.0%) of eight catechins and three methylxanthines when filtration volume reached to 200 mL. The present study validated the application of microfiltration as a potentially feasible and promising method for the removal of imidacloprid and acetamiprid residues from tea infusions.     

酶对改善茶汤萃取品质的研究

在茶饮料生产过程中,使用酶可改善茶汤品质。结果表明,纤维素酶能有效提高红茶茶汤可溶性固形物含量和茶多酚含量。茶叶粒径也会对加酶茶汤的萃取品质产生很大影响,当茶叶平均粒径小于105μm时,茶汤内在品质会得到明显改善。     

贵州卷曲形绿茶冲泡方法优化

目的 优化贵州卷曲形绿茶的冲泡方法。方法 采用正交试验探究冲泡水温、时间、投茶量3个因素对贵州卷曲形绿茶茶汤内主要滋味成分的影响, 探究不同冲泡方法下茶汤中水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱等内含物质浸出的规律和特点。结果 采用97 ℃冲泡水温、6 g投茶量、30 s冲泡时间的冲泡方式冲泡贵州绿茶, 能增加茶汤内含物质含量, 同时茶汤酚氨比基本保持不变。结论 本冲泡方法能突显贵州卷曲形绿茶的鲜、爽、浓、醇的特点。     

Residue pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during green tea manufacturing and their transfer rates during tea brewing

ABSTRACT

Residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in green tea and tea infusion were determined using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to study their dissipation pattern during green tea processing and infusion. Concentration and evaporation of PAHs during tea processing were the key factors affecting PAH residue content in product intermediates and in green tea. PAH residues in tea leaves increased by 2.4–3.1 times during the manufacture of green tea using the electric heating model. After correction to dry weight, PAH residue concentrations decreased by 33.5–48.4% during green tea processing because of PAH evaporation. Moreover, spreading and drying reduced PAH concentrations. The transfer rates of PAH residues from green tea to infusion varied from 4.6% to 7.2%, and PAH leaching was higher in the first infusion than in the second infusion. These results are useful for assessing exposure to PAHs from green tea and in formulating controls for the maximum residue level of PAHs in green tea.     

冲泡条件对恩施玉露绿茶茶汤品质的影响

对恩施玉露绿茶茶汤品质在不同冲泡条件下的变化进行探讨,采用分析化学手段和量化感官分析方法鉴定了沸水(100℃,5 min)、常温水(25℃,2 h)及冷水(4℃,6 h)冲泡后茶汤呈味成分、挥发性成分与感官分属性,并建立了两者的相关性。结果表明:沸水冲泡法的茶汤花香和甜香高,滋味较浓,带有苦涩味;低温和常温冲泡下的茶汤以清香和果香为主,滋味鲜醇,无苦涩味,且有回甘。沸水冲泡条件下的茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、水浸出物和总糖含量都显著高于冷泡茶,常温冲泡下的茶氨酸和精氨酸含量最高。香气成分上表现为冷泡茶的醛类和酮类含量都明显增加,而芳香烃类物质明显减少,醇类在热泡茶汤中含量最高。进一步的相关性研究发现,有7个呈味成分和10个香气组分分别与滋味和香气分属性间相关性较高,呈味成分包括茶多酚、咖啡碱、茶氨酸等,呈香成分包括二甲硫、己醛、芳樟醇、柠檬烯等,这些成分对不同冲泡条件下绿茶风味变化及感官分属性有重要的贡献。      

基于不同冲泡条件宜红工夫茶滋味品质评价

探索不同冲泡条件下宜红工夫茶茶汤中化学成分的浸出、感官滋味、电子舌测得的分属性滋味的特点以及相关联系。共设置70、80、90℃三个冲泡温度,分别冲泡1、3、5、7、9 min,得到15类不同的处理茶汤,结合电子舌进行定性区分和定量表征滋味分属性特点,用高效液相色谱测定化学成分含量,并进行感官滋味的评定。结果表明,根据电子舌传感器对茶汤的响应值的方差分析(p<0.01)和判别因子分析能够很好的将15种冲泡处理茶汤区分开,且区分结果同人工感官滋味区分结果一致,80℃、5 min和90℃、3 min在区分图上距离最近且其感官滋味分值最高,滋味分属性相对强度值均在5以上;化学成分浸出含量呈现规律性,随着冲泡时间和水温的增加而增加,其同滋味分属性呈现显著相关性,建立的偏最小二乘回归模型相关系数较高(高于0.85)。      

绿茶多酚的最适冲泡溶出条件及成分分析

以绿茶为材料系统全面的研究冲泡时茶多酚溶出的最适条件。在单因素实验基础上,选取温度、液料比、时间和次数为主要因素以及冲泡容器、是否加盖、搅拌为生活习惯因素,以茶多酚溶出量为响应值,应用Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计建立数学模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明,温度81℃、液料比150:1（mL/g）、时间7min,茶多酚溶出量112.80mg/g,其中,总儿茶素溶出量占总酚的57.29%。此条件冲泡得到的EGCG、ECG、EGC、EC和咖啡碱的溶出量均较高,共同作用后改善茶汤滋味,避免出现过苦或过涩的现象。个人习惯因素的影响结果可作为参考。