Optical implementation of visible gray-image morphology with the visual-area-coding technique

We present a novel scheme of visible gray-image morphology with the visual-area-coding technique (VACT). The VACT is a technique of digitized analog-optical computing in which data are converted into visible coded patterns and processed with the visible form. Because the achievable operations in the VACT are identical to those of mathematical morphology, mathematical morphology is adapted to gray-image morphology with the VACT. Computer simulation and optical experiments of the several operations in mathematical morphology verify the correctness of the proposed technique. The processing capacity of the proposed method is estimated in terms of the space-bandwidth product.     

Optical generation of fuzzy-based rules

In the last third of the 20th century, fuzzy logic has risen from a mathematical concept to an applicable approach in soft computing. Today, fuzzy logic is used in control systems for various applications, such as washing machines, train-brake systems, automobile automatic gear, and so forth. The approach of optical implementation of fuzzy inferencing was given by the authors in previous papers, giving an extra emphasis to applications with two dominant inputs. In this paper the authors introduce a real-time optical rule generator for the dual-input fuzzy-inference engine. The paper briefly goes over the dual-input optical implementation of fuzzy-logic inferencing. Then, the concept of constructing a set of rules from given data is discussed. Next, the authors show ways to implement this procedure optically. The discussion is accompanied by an example that illustrates the transformation from raw data into fuzzy set rules.     

Fuzzy rule-based image processing

A novel image-processing technique based on fuzzy rules is proposed. This technique uses human knowledge about how an image should be processed depending on the local characteristics of image. The knowledge is represented by fuzzy rules and is also represented by a multidimensional nonlinear function which can be optimized by training. Efficient noise reduction and edge detection are realized by this fuzzy rule-based method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8, 457–461, 1997     

A hybrid image restoration approach: Using fuzzy punctual kriging and genetic programming

We present an intelligent technique for image denoising problem of gray level images degraded with Gaussian white noise in spatial domain. The proposed technique consists of using fuzzy logic as a mapping function to decide whether a pixel needs to be krigged or not. Genetic programming is then used to evolve an optimal pixel intensity‐estimation function for restoring degraded images. The proposed system has shown considerable improvement when compared both qualitatively and quantitatively with the adaptive Wiener filter, methods based on fuzzy kriging, and a fuzzy‐based averaging technique. Experimental results conducted using an image database confirms that the proposed technique offers superior performance in terms of image quality measures. This also validates the use of hybrid techniques for image restoration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 17, 224–231, 2007     

Laser tomography for flow structure analysis

A laser tomography system is described that is intended for three-dimensional visualization and analysis of the processes occurring in hydromechanical and gasdynamic flows. Optical schemes are given of three-dimensional illumination of the region being investigated, based on the sweeping light sheet technique. The developed system of optical tomography is used to scan the flow structure being investigated by means of successive optical planes, and the resultant digital images are processed and reconstructed using computer techniques which make it possible to display three-dimensional images of the “frozen” surface structure of flow in different directions. Commercially available standard software packages are used for image and data processing. Results are given of the experimental investigation of a free jet flow by means of optical tomography     

Spatial self-filtering with polarizer sheets

A method for phase visualization and edge enhancement by spatial self-filtering by use of a polarizer sheet in the Fourier plane of an optical processor is described. Light absorbed by the polarizer sheet induces a thermal lens, which, in turn, produces selective action on certain spatial frequencies of the image to be processed. Some experiments that demonstrate the self-filtering action of the proposed system are presented.     

基于模糊神经网络的间接测量建模方法研究

在神经网络理论和模糊逻辑方法的基础上,将二者结合起来,讨论了一种基于模糊C均值聚类和径向基函数(RBF)的模糊神经网络,并将其应用于间接测量过程的非参量建模中。该方法尤其适用于非线性模型的构造,能够有效地提高测量的准确度和可靠性。     

Programmable optical logic systems using free-space optical interconnections

A free-space optical logic technique is presented that utilizes a two-dimensional array of diffractive optical elements. Each optical element focuses light to multiple, separate positions in the output focal plane. The focal spots from different optical elements are allowed to overlap spatially, resulting in interference. By changing the phase shift between the optical elements, one can create different optical logic operations in the focal plane. The technique is demonstrated by the use of two input beams incident onto a multiplexed optical element written onto a programmable spatial light modulator. The optical element simultaneously creates both AND and XOR logic functions in the output plane.     

Application of fuzzy logic for evaluation of the level of social acceptance of waste treatment

The social aspect is very important in sustainability assessment of waste treatment technique, as well as making decision on their application and planning. In recent years, it is becoming evident that a waste treatment technique, which ignores social aspects, is doomed to failure. The most commonly used social indicators are: number of jobs created, level of social acceptance, public knowledge, public health etc. The most of them are qualitative and measuring the sustainability and quantifying the social dimension of sustainability are difficult tasks. This paper presents the application of fuzzy logic for evaluating the social indicator—level of social acceptance. The fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic were used to develop a model for the evaluation of level of social acceptance, due to the lack of data, uncertainties, and qualitative character of indicators and also to provide effective way to include knowledge and gained experience on the process. A questionnaire was applied as instrument for data collection. The fuzzy model was verified using the city of Ni? as a case study. The results obtained using the developed fuzzy model, shows that the highest level of social acceptance in the city of Ni? is for recycling (57.47 %) and the lowest level of social acceptance is for incineration (17.74 %). The presented study suggests an innovative methodology for evaluation of level of social acceptance of certain waste treatment based on fuzzy logic approach and can be used for ranking of waste management scenarios in the sustainability assessment.     

FLEXPERT: facility layout expert system using fuzzy linguistic relationship codes

Linguistic variables, fuzzy statements and fuzzy algorithms, from the theory of fuzzy sets, provide suitable tools to solve ill-defined problems. Unlike conventional techniques that deal only with discrete conditions, like 'on' and 'off', and precise numerical values, fuzzy logic offers an alternate technique that deals with non-discrete conditions, such as 'absolutely important', 'quite important' and 'less important'. This paper presents a new approach, based on the theory of fuzzy logic, to solve the facility layout problem. The proposed approach considers the multicriteria nature of the layout problem and the fuzziness of the input data through the integration of an expert system and a fuzzy algorithm with a facility layout program. The system generates the best layout that satisfies die qualitative as well as the quantitative constraints on the layout problem. This facilitates the incorporation of the knowledge of facility layout experts. A knowledge-based system, named FLEXPERT, has been developed to implement the new approach.     

A probabilistic alternative to fuzzy logic controllers

Fuzzy logic controllers have been used increasingly in industrial applications. We introduce the probabilistic controller as an alternative to fuzzy logic controllers. The probabilistic controller is a 'universal' controller with a structure closely analogous to a popular type of fuzzy logic controller, but it is not based on fuzzy logic.     

模糊算法在库存控制中的应用

文章以某照明器材厂为实例，分析和讨论使用模糊控制技术在库存控制中的应用，通过模糊逻辑推理的方法，对该公司生产的整流器产品需求量进行预测，从而达到根据需求进行采购，实现最优的采购策略，达到降低库存费用的目的。在使用模糊逻辑进行推理预测的过程中，对于采用不同隶属函数进行推理的结果进行比较，从而确定了与实际较吻合的方案。     

Optimization of machining techniques — A retrospective and literature review

In this paper an attempt is made to review the literature on optimizing machining parameters in turning processes. Various conventional techniques employed for machining optimization include geometric programming, geometric plus linear programming, goal programming, sequential unconstrained minimization technique, dynamic programming etc. The latest techniques for optimization include fuzzy logic, scatter search technique, genetic algorithm, Taguchi technique and response surface methodology.     

Fuzzy logic based ELF magnetic field estimation in substations

This paper examines estimation of the extremely low frequency magnetic fields (MF) in the power substation. First, the results of the previous relevant research studies and the MF measurements in a sample power substation are presented. Then, a fuzzy logic model based on the geometric definitions in order to estimate the MF distribution is explained. Visual software, which has a three-dimensional screening unit, based on the fuzzy logic technique, has been developed.     

MRI brain image enhancement using brightness preserving adaptive fuzzy histogram equalization

In this article, fuzzy logic based adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) is proposed to enhance the contrast of MRI brain image. Medical image plays an important role in monitoring patient's health condition and giving an effective diagnostic. Mostly, medical images suffer from different problems such as poor contrast and noise. So it is necessary to enhance the contrast and to remove the noise in order to improve the quality of a various medical images such as CT, X‐ray, MRI, and MAMOGRAM images. Fuzzy logic is a useful tool for handling the ambiguity or uncertainty. Brightness Preserving Adaptive Fuzzy Histogram Equalization technique is proposed to improve the contrast of MRI brain images by preserving brightness. Proposed method comprises of two stages. First, fuzzy logic is applied to an input image and then it's output is given to AHE technique. This process not only preserves the mean brightness and but also improves the contrast of an image. A huge number of highly MRI brain images are taken in the proposed method. Performance of the proposed method is compared with existing methods using the parameters namely entropy, feature similarity index, and contrast improvement index and the experimental results show that the proposed method overwhelms the previous existing methods.     

A fuzzy model for evaluation and prediction of slurry erosion of 5127 steels

This paper introduces a fuzzy logic model to evaluate and predict the slurry erosion of ductile materials in engineering and chemical applications. There are seven variables which have the most significant influences on the slurry erosion of ductile material, and must be taken into considerations. These are impact angle, time, roundness factor, aspect ratio, particle size, impact velocity and concentration of the particles. By using the fuzzy rules which can be generated based on some experimental observations, a two-layer fuzzy model could be developed to correlate these variables to the slurry erosion (weight loss of material). The model is based on the assumption that the slurry erosion characteristics of ductile materials is an imprecise complex function of many interacting variables, and can be described and evaluated by the theory of fuzzy sets. Membership functions and fuzzy rule-base for application to slurry erosion of 5127 steel as a ductile material are presented in detail to demonstrate the effectiveness of fuzzy logic in modeling such a complex system in an efficient way. This constructed model would facilitate the development of an expert, real-time and integrated system using fuzzy logic technology to monitor the level of the slurry erosion process.     

Two-step digit-set-restricted modified signed-digit addition-subtraction algorithm and its optoelectronic implementation

A novel, to our knowledge, two-step digit-set-restricted modified signed-digit (MSD) addition-subtraction algorithm is proposed. With the introduction of the reference digits, the operand words are mapped into an intermediate carry word with all digits restricted to the set {1 , 0} and an intermediate sum word with all digits restricted to the set {0, 1}, which can be summed to form the final result without carry generation. The operation can be performed in parallel by use of binary logic. An optical system that utilizes an electron-trapping device is suggested for accomplishing the required binary logic operations. By programming of the illumination of data arrays, any complex logic operations of multiple variables can be realized without additional temporal latency of the intermediate results. This technique has a high space-bandwidth product and signal-to-noise ratio. The main structure can be stacked to construct a compact optoelectronic MSD adder-subtracter.     

Dual-hologram shearing interferometry with regulated sensitivity

A novel optical diagnostic technique, namely, dual-hologram shearing interferometry with regulated sensitivity, is proposed for visualization and measuring of the density gradients of compressible flows in wind tunnels. It is superior to conventional shearing interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. The method is especially useful for strong turbulent or unsteady regions of the flows, including shock flows. The interferometer has proved to be insensitive to mechanical vibrations and has allowed us to record holograms during the noisy wind-tunnel run. The proposed approach is demonstrated by application to a supersonic flow over spherically blunted and sharp nose-cone-cylinder models. We believe that the technique will become an effective tool for receiving optical data in many flow facilities.     

Optical intrinsically fuzzy mathematical morphology for gray-scale image processing

Intrinsically fuzzy morphological erosion and dilation are extended to a total of eight operations that have been formulated in terms of a single morphological operation-biased dilation. Based on the spatial coding of a fuzzy variable, a bidirectional projection concept is proposed. Thus, fuzzy logic operations, arithmetic operations, gray-scale dilation, and erosion for the extended intrinsically fuzzy morphological operations can be included in a unified algorithm with only biased dilation and fuzzy logic operations. To execute this image algebra approach we present a cellular two-layer processing architecture that consists of a biased dilation processor and a fuzzy logic processor.     

Advanced all-optical logic gates on a spectral bus

We present experimental results on a new method for ultrafast all-optical logic, which utilizes four-wave mixing on polarization-modulated signals. The technique allows advanced operations such as exclusive-or and three-bit addition with carry bit. Furthermore, we show that on-the-fly error-correction encoding and decoding of a simple Hamming code is achieved when these gates are used on the bits of a spectrally structured word. These gates may be suitable for logic operations in an optoelectronic front end, which moves some of the necessary computation of data to the optical domain, before detection.