AZ80镁合金流变应力预测及动态再结晶动力学

采用Gleeble-1500对AZ80镁合金进行热压缩实验,研究其在变形温度为573K~723K、应变速率为0.001s~(-1)~1s~(-1)条件下的高温变形特性及动态再结晶行为。根据真实应力-应变曲线,建立了考虑应变影响的双曲正弦本构模型,模型计算的应力值与实验值相对误差为2.52%。利用未再结晶区的真实应力-应变曲线,建立了AZ80镁合金的动态再结晶动力学模型。     

AZ31镁合金热变形流动应力预测模型

采用近等温单轴压缩实验获得了AZ3l镁合金变形温度为523 723 K,应变速率为0.01—10 s^-1条件下的流动应力,分析了变形温度和应变速率对流动应力的影响规律.结果表明,AZ31镁合金变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,523 K时形成细小组织;而723 K时动态再结晶和长大的晶粒沿径向拉长.考虑实验过程塑性变形功和摩擦功引起的温度升高,在高应变速率条件下采用温度补偿修正了流动应力.在此基础上,建立了基于双曲正弦模型的峰值流动应力和统一本构关系,该模型利用材料参数耦合应变来描述流动应力的应变敏感性,进一步获得了合金热变形过程中流动应力与变形温度、应变速率和应变的定量关系.采用该本构关系模型预测流动应力具有较高的精度,预测值与实测值相关系数为0.976,平均相对误差为5.07%,实验条件范围内预测的流动应力与实验值几乎能保持一致.     

挤压态ZK61 M镁合金热压缩变形行为与本构方程建立

为研究挤压态ZK61M镁合金的热变形行为,采用Gleeble-3800热模拟机在温度为300～450℃、应变速率为0. 001～0. 5 s~(-1)的条件下进行热压缩实验,分析了变形温度、应变速率对流变应力的影响,并对铸态镁合金和挤压态镁合金的变形激活能进行了研究对比,最终将本构方程应用于模拟软件中进行量化验证。结果表明,该合金的流变应力与变形温度负相关,与应变速率正相关,应力-应变曲线拥有动态回复和再结晶的特点。Mg-Zn-Zr系变形镁合金相对类似成分的铸造镁合金,具有更低的变形激活能,如ZK61M,大约为120 kJ·mol~(-1),且Mg-Zn-Zr系镁合金成分是决定变形激活能大小的主要因素,成分相同时,材料的变形激活能基本相近,模拟曲线与实验曲线趋势具有一致性,应力峰值接近。通过Arrenhenius本构方程计算出挤压态ZK61M镁合金的变形激活能Q=122. 685 kJ·mol~(-1),应力指数n=4. 13652,为Mg-Zn-Zr系变形镁合金的热加工工艺参数和制备提供了理论指导。     

挤压态镁合金流变行为及本构模型研究

通过Gleeble热模拟机,在变形温度250~500℃、应变速率0.005~5 s-1下对挤压态镁合金进行热压缩实验,得到应力-应变曲线,基于加工硬化与软化机制,分析了温度和应变速率对流变曲线及峰值应力的影响。其次,考虑变形中温升,在高应变速率下采用温度补偿修正流变应力。最后,运用双曲正弦模型构建不同流变应力范围的本构模型,得到流变应力与温度、应变速率和应变的定量关系。将模型预测应力值与实验值进行对比。结果表明:实验值与预测值的相关性系数为0.984,平均相对误差绝对值为3.87%,说明所建立的本构模型能够准确预测成形过程中不同变形量下镁合金的流变应力值。     

300M高强钢热变形行为及其热加工图

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,在温度850℃~1200℃、应变速率0.001s~(-1)~10s~(-1)下进行热压缩实验,研究300M高强钢的热变形行为。根据双曲正弦函数,分析全应变条件下流动应力与Z参数间的关系,得到300M高强钢的变形激活能Q及参数A、n、α的值,建立全应变本构方程。基于动态材料模型,建立300M高强钢的热加工图,并讨论了300M钢组织演化规律。结果表明,考虑应变补偿的本构方程,在实验条件内计算的流动应力与实验所测结果吻合度较高;随变形温度的升高及应变速率的减小,300M钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸增加;变形温度900℃~1 200℃、应变速率0.001s~(-1)~0.1s~(-1)是300M高强钢较佳的热加工工艺范围。     

Mg-10Gd-4.8Y-2Zn-0.6Zr合金本构方程模型及加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机在温度为623～773K,应变速率为0.001～1s-1条件下对Mg-10Gd-4.8Y-2Zn-0.6Zr(wt%)合金进行热压缩实验,研究了该合金热变形行为及热加工特征,建立了该合金热变形时的本构方程和加工图.结果表明,该合金高温变形时的峰值应力随着应变速率的降低和变形温度的升高而显著减小;变形激活能为289.36kJ/mol;合金高温变形时存在两个失稳区,分别是变形温度为770～773K,应变速率为0.1s-1左右的区域,和变形温度小于750K,应变速率小于0.03s-1的区域;合金的最佳热加工温度为750～773K,应变速率为0.001～0.01s-1.     

铸态316 LN钢基于应变补偿的本构模型

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机,对铸态316LN不锈钢进行了高温压缩实验,根据铸态316LN不锈钢在变形温度为900～1200℃、应变速率为0. 001～1 s~(-1)、变形量为55%下的高温压缩实验结果可知,该材料的流动应力受变形温度、应变速率和应变的共同影响。因此,在传统Arrhenius本构模型基础上,引入了应变对流动应力的影响。通过五阶多项式描述了应变与材料参数的关系,建立了基于应变补偿法的铸态316LN不锈钢的本构模型。通过引入相关系数R、平均相对误差AARE,对该模型进行了评估,对比该模型的预测值与实验值的结果后得出,R值为0. 995,AARE值仅为4. 48%,证明了采用修正后的模型预测该类材料的流动应力具有较高的精度。     

均匀化态Al-3.2Mg-0.4Er铝合金的热变形行为（英文）

在573~723 K、0.001~1 s~(-1)变形条件下研究均匀化态Al-3.2Mg-0.4Er铝合金的热变形行为。基于热压缩实验结果,构建综合考虑应变速率、变形温度和应变的唯象本构方程,同时建立再结晶动力学方程和塑性加工图。结果显示:所构建的本构模型能准确地预测Al-3.2Mg-0.4Er铝合金在热变形过程中的流变应力。再结晶组织的演变和再结晶体积分数可以由所建立的动力学方程以S曲线形式进行描述。此外,构建了合金在不同应变下的热塑性加工图,得到均匀化态Al-3.2Mg-0.4Er铝合金的较优加工条件为573 K、0.001 s~(-1)及723 K、0.001~1 s~(-1).     

热等静压态TC4钛合金高温变形行为研究

在不同变形温度(T=850～1050℃)和不同应变速率(ε觶=0.001～5s~(-1))下采用Gleeble~(-1)500D热模拟试验机对热等静压态TC4钛合金进行了高温热压缩试验,分析了真应力-真应变曲线特征及热变形参数对显微组织的影响,建立适用于热等静压态TC4钛合金高温流动行为的Arrhenius方程及DMM(动态材料模型)加工图。结果表明:峰值应力随应变速率的增大及变形温度的降低而增大;显微组织随变形温度升高发生马氏体相变,随应变速率增大,β相析出次生α'相,且T=900℃、ε觶=0.01s~(-1)时获得(α+β)双态组织,表明该条件能够改善材料加工性能。误差分析表明,峰值应力计算值与试验值平均相对误差绝对值仅6.77%,证明建立的本构方程能够准确预测材料高温变形时的流动应力。加工图分析表明材料流动失稳区为T=850～950℃、ε觶0.6 s~(-1),最佳加工区间为T=850～950℃、ε觶=0.01～0.1s~(-1)。     

基于应变量耦合的TiAl合金本构关系研究

在Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机上研究了TiAl合金在变形温度为1 273~1 423K和应变速率为0.001~1s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为。采用多元线性回归拟合材料常数与应变的函数关系,构建了基于应变量耦合的本构方程。结果表明,以应变的6次多项式拟合得到的本构模型能较好预测真应力-应变曲线,且相对误差在5%以内。     

Hot deformation behavior of Mg-7.22Gd-4.84Y-1.26Nd-0.58Zr magnesium alloy

The behavior evolvement of Mg-7.22Gd-4.84Y-1.26Nd-0.58Zr(GWN751K) magnesium alloy during the hot deformation process was discussed.The flow stress behavior of the magnesium alloy over the strain rate range of 0.002 to 2.000 s-1 and in the temperature range of 623 to 773 K was studied on a Gleeble-1500D hot simulator under the maximum deformation degree of 60%.The experimental results showed that the relationship between stress and strain was obviously affected by strain rate and deformation temperature.The flow stress of GWN751K magnesium alloy during high temperature deformation could be represented by the Zener-Hollomon parameter in the hyperbolic Arrhenius-type equation.The stress exponent n and deformation activation energy Q were evaluated by linear regression analysis.The stress exponent n was fitted to be 3.16.The hot deformation activation energy of the alloy during hot deformation was 230.03 kJ/mol.The microstructures of hot deformation were also influenced by strain rate and compression temperature strongly.It was found that the alloy could be extruded at 723 K with the mechanical properties of σ0.2 = 260 MPa,σb = 320 MPa,and δ = 18%.     

Flow behavior of Al–6.2Zn–0.70Mg–0.30Mn–0.17Zr alloy during hot compressive deformation based on Arrhenius and ANN models

The hot deformation behavior of Al–6.2Zn–0.70Mg–0.30Mn–0.17Zr alloy was investigated by isothermal compression test on a Gleeble–3500 machine in the deformation temperature range between 623 and 773 K and the strain rate range between 0.01 and 20 s^?1. The results show that the flow stress decreases with decreasing strain rate and increasing deformation temperature. Based on the experimental results, Arrhenius constitutive equations and artificial neural network (ANN) model were established to investigate the flow behavior of the alloy. The calculated results show that the influence of strain on material constants can be represented by a 6th-order polynomial function. The ANN model with 16 neurons in hidden layer possesses perfect performance prediction of the flow stress. The predictabilities of the two established models are different. The errors of results calculated by ANN model were more centralized and the mean absolute error corresponding to Arrhenius constitutive equations and ANN model are 3.49% and 1.03%, respectively. In predicting the flow stress of experimental aluminum alloy, the ANN model has a better predictability and greater efficiency than Arrhenius constitutive equations.     

ZK60镁合金热压缩变形流变应力行为与预测

在变形温度为523---673 K, 应变速率为0.001---1 s^-1的条件下, 采用Gleeble--1500热模拟试验机对ZK60镁合金的热变形行为进行了研究. 结果表明, ZK60镁合金流变应力随变形温度升高和应变速率的降低而减小. 其高温压缩流变应力曲线可描述为加工硬化、过渡、软化和稳态流变4个阶段, 但在温度较高和应变速率较小时, 过渡阶段不很明显. 建立了一个包含应变的流变应力预测模型, 模型中的9个独立参数可以通过非线性最小二乘法拟合求得, 预测的流变应力曲线与实验结果吻合较好.     

Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金热变形行为研究

乏燃料后处理强酸、强氧化性、强放射性的工作环境,对后处理溶解器选材、加工工艺提出了严苛要求。本论文研究了自主设计Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金在670 ~ 750 ℃温度范围、三种不同应变速率0.01、0.1和1 s_-1^条件下的热压缩变形行为,分析了热压缩过程中该合金的微观组织特征,并基于峰值应力构建了其热变形本构模型。结果表明,应变速率和变形温度对Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金热变形过程具有显著影响,流变应力随应变速率增加而增大,随变形温度的增加而减小,达到峰值应力后流变曲线呈现明显动态再结晶特征;提高变形温度有助于发生动态再结晶和晶粒长大;基于Arrhenius本构方程计算得到Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金的热变形激活能为225.8 kJ/mol,硬化指数为5.62,说明合金元素Ti使锆合金的热变形激活能升高;实验值与预测值之间的相关系数为0.97,平均相对误差为6.15%,证实此本构方程预测Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金流变应力的准确性,能够为新型锆合金热加工工艺优化提供理论指导。     

考虑应变补缩的6063铝合金高温流变应力本构方程(英文)

为了建立精确模拟6063铝合金高温流变应力的本构方程,在温度为573~773 K和应变速率为0.5~50 s-1的条件下,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机进行等温热压缩实验。结果表明:可以采用参数Z描述温度和应变速率对6063铝合金热变形行为的影响,建立的本构方程中的材料常数(α,n,Q和A)可以表示成应变的4次多项式函数。模拟结果表明:所建立的本构方程能精确预测6063铝合金高温流变应力,因此,本构方程适合用于模拟热变形过程,如挤压和锻造,并且可以在工程应用中正确设计变形参数。     

Microstructure evolution and hot deformation behavior of Cu−3Ti−0.1Zr alloy with ultra-high strength

The hot compression deformation behavior of Cu–3Ti–0.1Zr alloy with the ultra-high strength and good electrical conductivity was investigated on a Gleeble–3500 thermal-mechanical simulator at temperatures from 700 to 850 °C with the strain rates between 0.001 and 1 s⁻¹. The results show that work hardening, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occur in the alloy during hot deformation. The hot compression constitutive equation at a true strain of 0.8 is constructed and the apparent activation energy of hot compression deformation Q is about 319.56 kJ/mol. The theoretic flow stress calculated by the constructed constitutive equation is consistent with the experimental result, and the hot processing maps are established based on the dynamic material model. The optimal hot deformation temperature range is between 775 and 850 °C and the strain rate range is between 0.001 and 0.01 s⁻¹.     

A Modified Constitutive Equation for Aluminum Alloy Reinforced by Silicon Carbide Particles at Elevated Temperature

In this paper, the constitutive relationship of an aluminum alloy reinforced by silicon carbide particles is investigated using a new method of double multivariate nonlinear regression (DMNR) in which the strain, strain rate, deformation temperature, and the interaction effect among the strain, strain rate, and deformation temperature are considered. The experimental true stress-strain data were obtained by isothermal hot compression tests on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator in the temperature range of 623-773 K and the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^?1. The experiments showed that the material-softening behavior changed with the strain rate, and it changed from dynamic recovery to dynamic recrystallization with an increase in the strain rate. A new constitutive equation has been established by the DMNR; the correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative error (AARE) of this model are 0.98 and 7.8%, respectively. To improve the accuracy of the model, separate constitutive relationships were obtained according to the softening behavior. At strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 s^?1, the R and AARE are 0.9865 and 6.0%, respectively; at strain rates of 5 and 10 s^?1, the R and AARE are 0.9860 and 3.0%, respectively. The DMNR gives an accurate and precise evaluation of the flow stress for the aluminum alloy reinforced by silicon carbide particles.     

AA7075高强铝合金热冲压流变行为本构模型对比研究

在热冲压过程中,AA7075高强铝合金板料经充分固溶后移入室温模具进行冲压成形并淬火。为表征AA7075铝合金在热冲压工艺中的变形行为,在温度200~480℃、应变速率0.01~10s-1范围内进行了高温拉伸试验。基于Arrhenius类型本构模型、Johnson-Cook模型以及Zerilli-Armstrong模型提出了多种修正本构模型,并应用实验所获流变曲线进行了拟合。提出的修正模型通过将模型参数表示为应变、应变速率及温度相关的多项式函数耦合了应变、应变速率及温度对流变应力的影响,并通过均方误差(MSE)以及相关系数R值对模型流变应力预测准确性进行了评价。结果表明,修正的Johnson-Cook模型能够更加准确的预测AA7075高温流变行为。     

Constitutive analysis of 6013 aluminum alloy in hot plane strain compression process considering deformation heating integrated with heat transfer

Hot plane strain compression tests of 6013 aluminum alloy were conducted at temperatures ranging from 613 to 773 K and strain rates ranging from 10^-3 to 10 s^-1. A novel model is developed to describe the temperature rise considering deformation heating integrated with heat transfer in tests. The experimental flow stress data are corrected by the proposed novel model. Based on the corrected flow stress, the modified power function constitutive model is developed considering the coupled effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on flow stress. Meanwhile, another two widely used models, temperature-compensated power function and straincompensated hyperbolic sine constitutive model, are also established for the studied 6013 aluminum alloy. Finally, the three constitutive models are compared from the aspects of accuracy, stability and efficiency. It is found that the experimental flow stress is significantly affected by the temperature rise. Furthermore, the influence of heat transfer on temperature rise cannot be ignored. When the constitutive model is established, the coupled effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on flow stress should be considered. The modified power function constitutive model is the best one in describing the flow behavior among the three models.     

铸态GH4169合金热变形行为及三种本构模型对比

在Gleeble-1500热力模拟机上对铸态GH4169合金进行热压缩试验,变形参数为:温度(1193～1373K)、应变速率(0.01～10s~(-1))、变形量50%。通过分析真应力真应变曲线,研究铸态GH4169合金的热变形行为;对比分析了Johnson-Cook(JC)、修正的Johnson-Cook(MJC)和应变补偿Arrhenius3种本构模型的相关系数(R)和平均相对误差(AARE)。结果表明:铸态GH4169合金的流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小。JC模型、MJC模型和应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型的相关系数(R)分别为0.891、0.956和0.961,AARE依次为29.02%、11.16%和9.31%。因此,应变补偿的Arrhenius模型能够更为精确地描述铸态GH4169的热变形行为。