国外海藻酒的酿制

将含有糖类和微量营养素的溶液，加入酵母菌进行发酵，发酵前或发酵过程中添加海藻及其溶解物等，从而制成海藻酒。其中微量营养素是指能够促进发酵的微量金属、维生素类等。海藻可用紫菜、海带、裙带菜等。将其用酸溶液（盐酸、硫酸或柠檬酸、苹果酸均可）加热浸泡处理，调整pH值后于15℃-25℃条件下发酵，加糖、调整、过滤、陈酿即可。     

强化食品对我国三城市孕妇微量营养素摄入量贡献率的调查研究

目的:了解城市孕妇通过基础膳食、强化食品和营养素补充剂摄入微量营养素的情况,重点探究强化食品对孕妇微量营养素摄入量的影响和贡献率,为食品强化的风险评估提供依据。方法:根据我国南、中、北部膳食结构和饮食习惯的差异,选择在广西南宁市、安徽合肥市和北京海淀区3个大城市相应的妇幼保健院和(或)三甲医院进行产前检查的孕中期孕妇共298例进行问卷调查,分别采用连续24h膳食称重和食物频率法对摄入的基础膳食、强化食品和营养素补充剂进行记录,计算各途径微量营养素的摄入量和强化食品提供的微量营养素与总摄入量、推荐摄入量(RNI)、适宜摄入量(AI)以及可耐受最高摄入量(UL)的关系,得出强化食品的贡献率。结果:强化食品计入前后,各微量营养素摄入量的P50均有统计学差异(P0.001),强化食品计入后其P50、P95以及达到适宜状况的比例均有较大幅度增加;强化食品对微量营养素特别是维生素A、维生素C、钙和铁的总摄入量和RNI/AI的贡献较大,贡献率约在5%~35%之间,平均10%左右,而对维生素E和锌的贡献相对较小。强化食品引起不同微量营养素摄入量增加的同时,对摄入过量的比例影响很小。结论:根据目前的食用量和强化水平,强化食品对三城市孕妇维生素A、维生素C、钙和铁的摄入量贡献相对较大且仍有强化空间;强化食品很难带来微量营养素过量摄入的风险。     

强化微量营养素在配方奶粉生产中的工艺控制

通过对配方奶粉生产中强化的微量营养素所采取的添加工艺进行分析探讨，最终确定了微量营养素的最佳添加方法和工艺参数，减少生产中的加工损失，保证产品中微量营养素的含量符合要求。根据所强化的微量营养素的物理、化学性质，从营养素的溶解度、热稳定性、最终产品中的均匀度等几个方面进行分析，对添加量、工艺参数进行控制，达到科学的控制产品中微量营养素的含量的目的。     

食品营养强化剂在中国的应用现状及前景

<正> 人体日常所需的营养素高达四、五十种,按需求量可分为宏量营养素和微量营养素。宏量营养素包括蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、水;微量营养素包括维生素和矿物质(包括常量元素和微量元素)。营养强化剂即为商品化的营养素,指"为增加营养成分而加入食品中的天然的或人工合成的属于天然营养素范围的食品添加剂"。根据中国食品营养强化剂食用卫生标准(GB14880-94)以     

运动员饮料

一、运动和维生素体育饮料的一般成分是维生素类。维生素早已为人所共知,它是一种能使能量顺利地释放和能使机体得到调整的微量营养素。维生素在能量消费增大时,它的消耗也增大,所以人在运动时就要比平时多消耗维生素。     

面粉的营养强化

对我国居民的营养状况调查表明，城乡人群较普遍在着维生素及微量元素类等微量营养素的不足。通过微量营养素对面粉的强化，是解决以面粉为主食地区人群微量营养素缺乏的有效办法。     

中国妊娠期妇女多微量营养素补充剂使用的研究进展

对孕期多微量营养素补充剂对母子短期和长期健康效应的研究进展进行综述,为改善我国孕妇微量营养素缺乏的营养干预措施及政策制定提供科学依据。     

食品接触材料中寡聚物的风险评估范式研究

研究食品接触材料中包括寡聚物在内的非有意添加物的风险评估，对于保障食品安全具有重要意义。本文通过收集国内外有关寡聚物的文献和风险评估报告，系统分析食品接触材料中寡聚物的来源和风险评估方法，并选择1,2,3,4-四氢萘-2,6-二甲酸二甲酯和Cyclo-di-BADGE等寡聚物为案例，介绍寡聚物的风险评估步骤和方法，从而为我国食品接触材料中寡聚物的风险评估和风险管理提供方法学支持。     

稻米油精炼过程中微量营养素变化及对氧化稳定性影响的研究进展

对稻米油全球开发情况、稻米油化学组成与特性等做了简要概述。综述了稻米油中γ-谷维素、生育酚等微量营养素在精炼过程中的含量变化及其在精炼下脚料中的分布,阐述了γ-谷维素、生育酚、植物甾醇及其复合物对稻米油氧化稳定性的影响。     

食品中矿物质最高强化水平的风险评估

目的:以钙、铁、锌、硒、铜为例,探讨确定食品中矿物质最高强化水平的方法,提出自愿性食品强化中矿物质的强化水平上限建议值。方法:基于营养素风险评估的原则和方法,建立最高强化水平的评估模型,结合我国微量营养素风险等级划分,利用中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2010-2013)数据,按年龄分层分析,得出不同年龄组人群各营养素的最高强化水平(MSFL),为保证安全,采用MSFL中最低值作为该营养素最终的最高强化水平(MSFLf)。计算各营养素的MSFLf占其营养素参考值(NRV)的百分比,从而为食品中矿物质的最高强化水平提供参考。结果:钙、铁、锌、硒、铜的MSFLf/NRV分别为74.19%,16.88%,4.9%,155.79%,37.42%。根据年龄组划分调整后,钙、铁、锌、硒、铜的MSFLf/NRV分别为74.19%,30.00%,42.15%,155.79%,37.42%。依据调整后的结果,本研究建议风险等级为A的矿物质的MSFLf为30%NRV/100kcal(30%NRV/420kJ),风险等级为B的矿物质的MSFLf为40%NRV/100kcal(40%NRV/420kJ),由于风险等级为C的矿物质过量风险很低,因此其MSFLf可结合管理需要进行设定。结论:结合模型风险评估结果与营养素风险等级划分,对我国食品营养强化中矿物质强化水平上限的建议值如下:风险等级为A和B的矿物质的MSFLf分别为30%NRV/100kcal(30%NRV/420kJ)及40%NRV/100kcal(40%NRV/420kJ),风险等级为C的矿物质的MSFLf则可结合管理需要进行设定。     

Quantifiable risk–benefit assessment of micronutrients: From theory to practice

The EU Food Supplements Directive (2002/46/EC) mandates the determination of both maximum and minimum permitted levels (MPLs) for micronutrients. In order to determine MPLs which are feasible for particular population groups, a scientific approach should be used in which risk of high intake, risk of inadequacy and benefits are assessed in an integrated way taking all available data and severity and incidence of effect into account. In 2004, Renwick et al. (ILSI Europe) published a scientifically valid, flexible and pragmatic basis for a risk–benefit approach, which has been further developed here to make it a practical and quantifiable approach to be used by risk managers. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated using demo cases on iron and folate. The proposed approach has the capacity to utilize all relevant data available, including data from human studies, bioavailability data showing variability between specific forms of micronutrients and, in the case of animal studies, data on species comparability. The approach is therefore both practical and flexible, making it well suited to risk managers tasked with determining safe intake levels for micronutrients in different forms and for particular population groups.     

Quantitative assessment of wheat quality using near-infrared spectroscopy: A comprehensive review

Wheat is one of the most widely cultivated crops throughout the world. A great need exists for wheat quality assessment for breeding, processing, and products production purposes. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid, low-cost, simple, and nondestructive assessment method. Many advanced studies associated with NIRS for wheat quality assessment have been published recently, either introducing new chemometrics or attempting new assessment parameters to improve model robustness and accuracy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of NIRS methodology including its principle, spectra pretreatments, spectral wavelength selection, outlier disposal, dataset division, regression methods, and model evaluation. More importantly, the applications of NIRS in the determination of analytical parameters, rheological parameters, and end product quality of wheat are summarized. Although NIRS showed great potential in the quantitative determination of analytical parameters, there are still challenges in model robustness and accuracy in determining rheological parameters and end product quality for wheat products. Future model development needs to incorporate larger databases, integrate different spectroscopic techniques, and introduce cutting-edge chemometrics methods. In addition, calibration based on external factors should be considered to improve the predicted results of the model. The NIRS application in micronutrients needs to be extended. Last, the idea of combining standard product sensory attributes and spectra for model development deserves further study.     

风险评估在企业食品安全管理中的应用

本文研究了如何将风险评估(RA,Risk Assessment)方法在食品企业中加以应用,确保食品安全。特别是结合广泛运用的食品安全管理体系蜒危害分析和关键控制点体系(HACCP,Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point),探讨了如何应用风险评估要素来消除或减少食品安全风险。     

农产品真菌毒素混合污染与累积风险评估研究进展

真菌毒素混合污染危害人畜及农作物健康。目前真菌毒素累积风险评估研究多针对常见的混合污染物,且国内研究较少。此外,毒理学数据及居民消费数据较缺乏,科学的采样方法及人体暴露量的测定方法有待改进。本文阐述了现有的农产品真菌毒素混合污染物的累积风险评估方法以及存在的问题,在危害描述方面,不同含量的真菌毒素混合物在不同动物细胞的体内或体外实验中产生的联合毒性存在差异;在暴露评估方面,基于概率评估的膳食暴露评估和基于生物标记物的暴露评估方法研究日益增多;在风险描述方面,已报道的针对真菌毒素的方法包括危害指数(hazard index,HI)和联合暴露限量值指数(combined margin of exposure index,MOET)。提出了开展真菌毒素混合污染风险评估的必要性,以期为保护人体健康、制定真菌毒素混合污染物限量标准和健康指导值提供基础。     

Dietary risk assessment methodology: how to deal with changes through life

ABSTRACT

Chemicals are present in food and numerous methods have been developed to assess dietary risk associated with these substances, but mainly by studying short periods of exposure. Usually, consumption data used to assess the risk are collected over a short period-of-time. The aim of this paper was to compile existing methods to assess dietary risk and identify their limitations in terms of lifetime risk assessment. To this end, we reviewed the different methods currently used at each step of risk assessment (i.e. methods to collect consumption data, to compute dietary exposures, and then to interpret these exposures in terms of risk for the consumer). Numerous methodologies exist to collect consumption data, contamination data collection, as well as for data treatment and interpretation. These methods consider different hypotheses and therefore lead to numerous uncertainties and discrepancies in the estimation of the exposure. Moreover, changes in eating habits through life, evolutions of food contamination, as well as health risk induced by fluctuating exposures, are rarely studied. A scientific consensus on the current risk assessment approaches is needed between national regulatory authorities. Moreover, additional research activities appear needed to take the evolution of consumption and contamination through time into account and to be able to assess the dietary health risk over the entire life.     

食品中化学污染物风险评估研究进展

化学污染物是影响全球食品安全和危害人体健康的主要因素之一。对食品中化学污染物进行风险评估是保障食品安全、促进食品贸易和健全食品安全体系的重要手段。本文简要介绍了化学污染物风险评估的内容和基本方法,对国外化学污染物风险评估开展情况进行了概述,重点对国内开展的食品中化学污染物风险评估的研究进展进行综述,包括重金属、有机污染物、农药残留、黄曲霉毒素等,并对国内开展食品中化学污染物风险评估的方法进行了分析比较。重金属、农药残留和黄曲霉毒素方面的评估结果均表明:儿童的膳食暴露量偏高,需引起重视。此外提出目前我国食品中化学污染物风险评估中存在的主要问题和建议,为进一步开展化学污染物风险评估提供借鉴。     

New technique for estimating thresholds of toxicity in ecological risk assessment

The use and utility of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) in ecological risk assessment is a contentious issue. One concern is that the NOEC is not representative of a concentration at which no biologically significant effect is occurring. A new method has been developed to estimate the threshold of toxicity, or a true NOEC, for aquatic plants. The method involves determining the effective concentration (ECx) of a number of endpoints from one species. These ECx values are plotted on a log-probability scale. The x-intercept, or a low centile, of the distribution can be interpreted as the threshold of toxicity for that plant at that response level. This threshold is the concentration at which no effects should be observed for any endpoint above that response level. It is based on the assumptions that multiple effect measures from a single species will be log-normally distributed and thatthe distribution contains all possible endpoints for that species. The thresholds and the distributions can then be used as a substitute for the NOEC or ECx in risk assessment techniques, such as hazard quotients and probabilistic ecological risk assessment. This new method of estimating toxicitythresholds is more realistic than the use of arbitrary uncertainty factors, is more conservative than current probabilistic risk assessment methods, allows for simple comparison between species and exposure duration to a toxicant, and may be useful for assessing mixture toxicity. This technique was applied to field derived data with Lemna gibba, Myriophyllum spicatum, and M. sibiricumto assess potential risks from monochloroacetic acid (MCA). Using this new risk assessment method, we conclude that MCA does not appear to pose a risk to aquatic macrophytes under field conditions at current environmental concentrations.     

国内外食品质量安全状况评价体系分析

从系统评估产生出发,简述了食品安全状况评价的发展历史和国内外现状,重点分析了国外的评价方法和数学模型.食品安全状况系统评价创立于20世纪90年代末,评价框架思路基于CAC创导的食品风险分析,评价方法和数学模型多样化,国内以模糊综合评判为主,注重整体状况的安全评价;国外主要有剂量-反应关系的生物学模型、概率暴露评估模型、决策评估法和相对潜力因素评估模型,注重化学物和生物危害物的暴露风险评估;实质等同原则用于新食品和遗传修饰食品安全性评估.     

基于半定量风险评估的食品风险分级方法研究

目的为科学评估食品中化学性因素、致病菌、寄生虫、病毒的风险,有效地把大量的监督抽检的数据和"三率"(超标率、合格率、不合格率)转化为风险的量化分级,为确立优先监管顺序提供科学依据。方法采用经验判断、专家评议、Delphi专家咨询等方法,结合食品风险评估理论,建立基于半定量风险评估的风险分级的具体指标和方法。结果初步建立了对食品中化学性因素和生物性因素的风险分级方法和指标体系。总风险分值=8×健康风险+2×影响因子,其中健康风险的一级指标为危害性、可能性、脆弱性,影响因子的一级指标为社会影响、经济影响、监管影响。每个一级指标由多个二级指标分段赋分值加权求和而成。结论此风险分级方法和指标体系的初步建立,能识别出食品污染风险的优先次序,为监管部门制定有针对性的预警策略、确立优先监管领域和合理分配风险管理措施资源提供科学依据。     

Meat and cancer

An increasing literature associates high intake of meat, especially red meat and processed meat with an increased risk of cancers, especially colorectal cancer. There is evidence that this risk may not be a function of meat per se, but may reflect high-fat intake, and/or carcinogens generated through various cooking and processing methods. The cancer risk may be modulated by certain genotypes. Cancers associated with high meat consumption may be reduced by the addition of anticarcinogens in the diet, especially at the same time as meat preparation or meat consumption, or modification of food preparation methods. Meat contains potential anticarcinogens, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Red meat, in particular, is an important source of micronutrients with anticancer properties, including selenium, vitamin B6 and B12, and vitamin D. Adjusting the balance between meat and other dietary components may be critical to protecting against potential cancer risks.