影响罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶性的工艺条件研究

以罗非鱼肉为原料,研究漂洗、擂溃、凝胶化工艺对罗非鱼鱼糜制品凝胶性的影响。在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Benhnken试验设计和响应面分析法优化罗非鱼鱼糜制备工艺条件。试验结果表明:漂洗次数、盐擂时间和第一段加热温度是影响罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶性的主要因素。经响应面优化,罗非鱼鱼糜最佳制备工艺条件为:鱼肉经4倍质量的冰水漂洗4次,分别经空擂5 min、盐擂5.57 min,然后经43.4℃/30 min以及90℃/20 min凝胶化处理。在此工艺条件下,鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度达到1948 g·mm。     

鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶质构特性的研究

以鲶鱼为研究对象,研究鱼糜加工过程中,加入TG酶、结冷胶和大豆分离蛋白对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,以期获得凝胶性能较好的产品。试验在单因素的基础上采用三因子二次旋转组合设计,对TG酶、结冷胶和大豆分离蛋白的添加量进行优选,以鲶鱼火腿产品的凝胶质构特性(弹性、黏聚性、硬度和咀嚼性)为考察指标,确定3种添加物的最佳添加量,结果表明:当TG酶、结冷胶和大豆分离蛋白添加量分别为鲶鱼鱼糜重量的0.256%、0.081%和5.569%时,鱼糜凝胶有最佳质构特性。     

金鲳鱼鱼糜制品加工工艺优化

以金鲳鱼鱼糜凝胶为研究对象,利用部分因子试验从漂洗时间、漂洗次数、擂溃方式、加热时间1、加热温度1、加热时间2、加热温度2七因素中筛选出5个对金鲳鱼鱼糜制品的凝胶强度和白度影响显著的因素,即漂洗时间、漂洗次数、擂溃时间、加热时间1及加热时间2。通过最陡爬坡试验逼近该5个因素的最大响应区域,最后利用中心复合设计响应面试验优化显著的因素,结果表明:漂洗时间3min,漂洗5次,擂溃21min,第1次加热10min,第2次加热10min,所得鱼糜凝胶强度为10 728.16g·mm;漂洗时间4min,漂洗6次,擂溃22min,第1次加热11min,第2次加热10min,优化后白度为70.91。     

影响盐水火腿感官品质及亚硝酸钠残留量的研究

主要研究了盐水火腿加工过程中腌制时间、煮制时间和煮制温度以及抗坏血酸钠添加量对盐水火腿感官品质和亚硝酸钠残留量的影响。实验结果表明,腌制时间为36h,亚硝酸钠的添加量为120mg／kg,抗坏血酸钠的添加量为600mg／kg,煮制温度为80℃,煮制时间为1h（肉块大小为250g）时,盐水火腿感官品质最佳,亚硝酸钠残留量最低。     

漂洗对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

针对未漂洗鱼糜凝胶强度差、凝胶易劣化等问题,以罗非鱼为原料,研究漂洗工艺对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响规律.结果显示:与未漂洗鱼糜相比,漂洗鱼糜的白度值较高,为52.95;持水率提高到91.06％;凝胶强度达到了3839.3 g·mm.未漂洗鱼糜的硬度和咀嚼性显著高于漂洗鱼糜,而黏聚性、回复性和凝胶强度则比漂洗鱼糜更佳.流变特性...     

鱼糜功能特性的研究现状

鱼糜制品是将鱼肉经采肉、漂洗、擂溃、拌馅、成型、熟制等工艺过程而制成的产品,我国已有一些企业生产鱼香肠、鱼丸、冷冻鱼糜、鱼排、鱼糜蟹腿等产品。在鱼糜制品的加工过程中,鱼糜的功能特性对产品的质量有很大的影响,本文就国内外目前对鱼肉功能特性方面的研究进行综述,以用于指导鱼糜制品的加工工艺条件的确定,以获得最好的产品质量。1　鱼肉蛋白质的凝胶特性鱼肉蛋白质的加工特性包括保水性、粘着性、乳化性和凝胶特性。保水性是指当肉受外力作用时,如加压、切碎、加热、冷冻、解冻、腌制等加工或贮藏条件下保持其原有水分与添加水分…     

鱼饼罐头的研制

以鲮鱼、萝卜为主要原料,加入其它调味料,通过试验确定了制作具有地方风味的顺德鱼饼罐头的较佳工艺条件及配方.罐头中鱼饼的配方为(质量比,%):鲮鱼肉80、九棍鱼肉20(经漂洗脱水后的鱼肉),白砂糖0.5,盐2,香葱1,变性淀粉5.几个关键工艺条件为:鱼肉采用3～10℃的5倍清水漂洗1次;经漂洗脱水的鱼肉放入擂溃机内擂渍,空擂5min、盐擂20min、拌擂3min;擂溃成型后的鱼糜于40℃放置3h进行凝胶化;装罐后的罐头经12min～20min～12min/118℃杀菌.     

TGase和Ca~(2+)联合作用对未经漂洗的革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为开发新的鱼糜制品原料,以革胡子鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus)为研究对象,将革胡子鲶鱼宰杀、去内脏、去皮后,直接得到鱼肉块,不经过传统冷冻鱼糜生产的采肉、漂洗、脱水工艺,而是将鱼肉块冰浴降温处理、添加冷冻防护剂直接斩拌得到革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜。通过测定革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶的质构特性、凝胶强度、持水力、蛋白共价交联、扫描电镜和动态流变学特性等指标,探讨转谷氨酰胺酶(transglutaminase,TGase)和不同含量CaCl_2联合作用对未经漂洗的革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:添加TGase能有效增强革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶特性,在TGase的添加量为0.4%,随着Ca~(2+)(20～80 mmol/kg)含量增加,鱼糜凝胶特性出现显著变化。在较低的Ca~(2+)含量(20 mmol/kg)下,Ca~(2+)能起到激活TGase的作用,增强革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度(3 261.97 g·mm)、弹性(0.92)、黏聚性(0.81)、回复性(0.47)、持水力(76.32%),且弛豫时间T_(22)缩短,储能模量G’增加,微观结构较紧密、空洞较少;而过高的Ca~(2+)含量(40～80 mmol/kg),则使其凝胶强度、弹性均下降,硬度增加,弛豫时间T_(22)延长,持水力和蛋白共价交联程度下降。综上,在革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜中添加0.4%TGase和20 mmol/kg CaCl_2能有效提高革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶特性。     

鲶鱼肌浆蛋白对鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶性的影响

采用等电点方法(pH3.0~7.0)从鲶鱼鱼糜漂洗水中提取鲶鱼肌浆蛋白,将得到的鲶鱼肌浆蛋白(含水量16.1 g/100 g)按不同添加量(1对照组:鱼糜+0%鲶鱼肌浆蛋白+2%食盐+0.2%磷酸盐;2~7实验组:鱼糜+0~5%鲶鱼肌浆蛋白+2%食盐+0.2%磷酸盐+0.5%TG酶)添加到鲶鱼鱼糜当中。研究7组鲶鱼鱼糜的质构剖面分析值、剪切力、凝胶强度和色差等各项指标的变化情况。实验结果表明:随着鲶鱼肌浆蛋白添加量的增加,鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度和凝胶强度不断上升,在添加量为4%时各值达到最大值,添加量为5%时各值出现下降趋势。添加鲶鱼肌浆蛋白对鲶鱼鱼糜的的黏聚性影响不大(P0.05),同时对鱼糜凝胶的色差无明显影响(P0.05)。     

鲟鱼鱼糜凝胶形成过程中的物理化学变化

以鲟鱼为原料制备鲟鱼鱼糜凝胶,通过蛋白质组成、水分分布、傅里叶变换红外光谱、流变特性分析以及十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析研究了鲟鱼鱼糜凝胶形成过程中的物理化学变化。结果表明：在鲟鱼鱼糜凝胶形成过程中,其盐溶性蛋白比例和水溶性蛋白比例均下降,不溶性蛋白比例上升;肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白含量均下降;鱼糜蛋白质的吸收峰在1 100 cm－1附近发生红移;鲟鱼鱼糜的弛豫时间T2有4 个区间,加工后鱼糜凝胶对水分子的束缚力更大,黏弹性也更高;说明经过漂洗、擂溃和凝胶化处理后,鲟鱼鱼糜凝胶形成了致密的凝胶网状结构。本研究为进一步提高鲟鱼鱼糜凝胶的品质提供了理论依据。     

Use of microbial transglutaminase and nonmeat proteins to improve functional properties of low NaCl, phosphate-free patties made from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) belly flap meat

ABSTRACT:  This study was aimed at developing value-added low sodium chloride (NaCl), phosphate-free restructured patties using minced channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) belly flap meat. The effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and nonmeat proteins (isolated soy protein, ISP, and whey protein concentrate, WPC; 1.7%, respectively) alone and in combination were evaluated to improve cooking yield and textural properties in patties with reduced NaCl and no phosphate. The concentration effect of MTGase (0.05% to 0.7%) was also studied. The addition of MTGase increased textural properties such as binding strength, hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and springiness, but decreased cooking yield of the patties ( P < 0.05). Isolated soy protein increased cooking yield ( P < 0.05), but did not affect textural properties. Inclusion of WPC did not increase cooking yield or impact textural properties of patties. The combination of MTGase and ISP significantly increased both the cooking yield and textural properties of patties. As the concentration of MTGase increased at constant ISP, the textural properties of cooked patties significantly increased, but cooking yield decreased ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that the combination of 0.05% to 0.1% of MTGase with 1.7% ISP is optimal for development of a low NaCl, phosphate-free patty using minced catfish belly flap meat.     

魔芋粉对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

从鲤鱼背部肌肉中提取肌原纤维蛋白,分别添加0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20g/100mL的魔芋粉,研究其在不同加热温度(70、80、90℃)和不同NaCl浓度(0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20mol/L)条件下对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的硬度、弹性、白度和保水性的影响。结果表明：相同魔芋粉添加量条件下,加热温度80℃时形成的肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的硬度和弹性显著高于70℃和90℃(P＜0.05);90℃时凝胶白度高于70℃和80℃;90℃时保水性显著高于70℃时的保水性(P＜0.05),与80℃的凝胶保水性差异不显著(P＞0.05)。在此条件下,随着NaCl浓度增加,凝胶的硬度和弹性增大;肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的保水性显著提高。同一温度条件下,添加0.10g/100mL魔芋粉的蛋白凝胶硬度达到最大值,且80℃时硬度最大为129g,凝胶的白度随着魔芋粉质量浓度增加呈现下降趋势,保水性随着魔芋粉质量浓度的增加而增大;添加NaCl可以显著提高凝胶的白度。     

γ-聚谷氨酸对鸡肉糜凝胶特性的影响

以鸡胸肉为原料,制备鸡肉糜凝胶,研究不同添加量的γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-polyglutamic acid,γ-PGA)在不同Na Cl添加量条件下对鸡肉糜凝胶特性的影响。研究结果表明:单独添加0.9‰的γ-PGA可以显著降低鸡肉糜凝胶蒸煮损失率,提高凝胶强度和保水性,明显改善凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性,对鸡肉糜凝胶白度值影响较小。在一定Na Cl添加量条件下,γ-PGA对鸡肉糜凝胶特性的改善作用更为明显,且在Na Cl添加量为3.0%、γ-PGA添加量为0.6‰时,鸡肉糜凝胶蒸煮损失率最小,保水性、凝胶强度、硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性都达到最大值;在Na Cl添加量为3.0%、γ-PGA添加量为1.2‰时鸡肉糜凝胶白度值最小。流变学曲线变化表明,γ-PGA能够提高凝胶的形成能力。通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳研究发现,γ-PGA与蛋白质分子间有一定的交联作用。     

Technological and functional properties of reduced-salt pork batter incorporated with soy protein isolate after pressure treatment

To investigate the effects of different pressures (0.1–400 MPa), the techno-functional properties, water distribution and mobility of reduced-salt pork batters (1% NaCl) supplemented with soy protein isolate (SPI, 2%) were examined. Compared with the batters treated at 0.1 MPa, those treated at 100–300 MPa showed significantly increased the cooking yield, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and G′ values of gel and reduced the initial relaxation times of T_2b, T₂₁ and T₂₂, as observed from the results of low-field NMR. Among all samples, those treated at 200 and 300 MPa had the highest L^* value, cooking yield, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and G′ value of gel, with the largest peak ratio of P₂₁ and the smallest peak ratio of P₂₂. Overall, treatments at 200 and 300 MPa improved the gel properties and lowered the water mobility of reduced-salt pork batters supplemented with SPI.     

不同因素对茶多糖凝胶特性的影响

采用质构仪测定不同质量浓度、加热温度、保温及放置时间、pH值、钙离子浓度等对茶多糖的凝胶强度、胶黏性、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性等的影响。结果表明：能形成茶多糖凝胶的条件是茶多糖质量浓度不低于5mg/mL、保温温度不低于50℃;茶多糖凝胶强度与质量浓度、加热温度成正比,放置时间过长、酸性或碱性过强都会降低其凝胶强度,钙离子对茶多糖凝胶的形成没有促进作用。     

Effects of salting processes and time on the chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg

Chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg salted by 2 methods (coating and immersing) were determined during 4 wk of salting. As the salting time increased, moisture content increased and salt content decreased for both cooked salted egg white and yolk. Oil exudation of cooked yolk and expressible water content of cooked egg white obtained from both salting methods increased as salting proceeded (P < 0.05). After cooking, oil exudation accompanied by the solubilized pigments, especially at the outer layer of yolk, was obtained. At week 3 of salting, egg yolk from coating method had the higher egg exudation than that from immersing method. As the salting times increased, the lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience with higher adhesiveness and cohesiveness were generally found in cooked salted egg white (P < 0.05), irrespective of salting methods. Conversely, the hardness of cooked yolk increased continuously and reached the maximum at week 2 and 2 to 3 for immersing and coating method (P < 0.05), respectively. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed the smaller yolk granules with more release of free lipid in salted egg after heating, compared with the fresh counterpart. As visualized by scanning electron microscope, gel of cooked salted egg white was coagulum type with larger voids. Salting methods determined oil exudation in egg yolk and texture profile of egg white gel after cooking; however, those attributes were also governed by the salting time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Salted duck egg can be made by 2 methods (coating and immersing) affecting the characteristic of salted egg white and yolk after cooking. Desirable cooked salted egg having the red yolk with hardness and high oil exudation could be obtained when salting was carried out for 3 and 4 wk for immersing and coating method, respectively.     

板蓝根多糖胶冻的研制及其品质评价

研制板蓝根多糖胶冻,并对其品质进行评价。以模拟板蓝根制药残渣为原料,用水浸提板蓝根多糖,制备板蓝根多糖胶冻,浸提温度95℃,在特定料液比下浸提3次,每次浸提时间2h,提取的多糖液经过滤、离心后加入适量的卡拉胶溶液,再辅以果汁粉、绵白糖、柠檬酸、香精、色素等制成溶胶,室温胶凝后制得板蓝根多糖胶冻。结果表明,在板蓝根多糖提取液(18.9mg/mL)与卡拉胶溶液(20mg/mL)体积比3:7、绵白糖加量30mg/mL、果汁粉加量45mg/mL、柠檬酸加量0.6mg/mL时口感最佳(色素和香精的加入视需要而定),板蓝根多糖胶冻冻体均匀、色美味佳,其内聚性、黏附性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、弹性和硬度等力学性质能很好地满足食用需要。加入2.0mg/mL山梨酸钾并经高压蒸汽灭菌后,保质期可达5个月以上。利用板蓝根制药残渣提取多糖、制备胶冻是开发多糖保健食品的较好途径。     

湿法糖基化改性对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

大豆分离蛋白与葡萄糖按质量比4∶1溶解在重蒸水中配制成蛋白质质量浓度为8 g/100 mL的混合液,分别在70、80、90 ℃条件下反应0、1、2、3、4、5、6 h,得到不同反应温度和时间的糖基化产物。通过测定各糖基化产物的pH值、溶解性、乳化性和凝胶性质,研究糖基化对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响。结果表明：随着加热时间的延长,不同温度反应体系的颜色加深,pH值逐渐降低,溶解性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性显著提高,凝胶的弹性和硬度呈先上升后下降的趋势。其中90 ℃反应体系糖基化大豆分离蛋白的功能性质提高最为明显,从0 h到6 h,溶解性和乳化活性分别从17.37%、0.168提高到了38.7%、0.574,且效果显著（P＜0.05）;加热4 h制得的糖基化样品的乳化稳定性最强,其乳化稳定性为39.6;并且糖基化样品凝胶的硬度和弹性在反应3 h时最大,其硬度和弹性分别为81.3g和0.936。因此,糖基化修饰可有效提高大豆分离蛋白的功能性质。     

Using Salt and Microbial Transglutaminase as Binding Agents in Restructured Fish Products Resembling Hams

ABSTRACT: Restructured products were obtained from fish paste of silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) by massaging and cooking in ham presses. Assayed were 3 levels of salt (0 as control, 1, or 2%) and 3 levels of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). Changes on solubility of pastes, mechanical properties, WHC, and SDS-PAGE of the cooked product were evaluated. MTGase needed the addition of NaCl to improve the mechanical properties of these restructured products. Better textural properties were obtained with 2% NaCl. Adding 0.3% of MTGase and 1% NaCl obtained a low-salt, homogenous restructured meat block with 2773 g hardness, 29106 g/cm gel strength, 0.233 cohesiveness, and 11.6% extracted water.     

乳酸钙部分替代氯化钠对西式盐水火腿感官品质的影响

在西式盐水火腿加工中应用乳酸钙部分替代氯化钠,在氯化钠使用总量2%的前提下,按照氯化钠质量的5%、10%、15%、20%设计乳酸钙的替代比,单因素实验观察不同替代比对切片西式盐水火腿色差、质构、水分含量和感官指标的影响。结果发现,适量使用乳酸钙可以显著提高西式盐水火腿的亮度L*值、红度a*值、黄度b*值和硬度;但是当替代比过大时对产品的弹性、内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性有一定负面影响;适当的使用乳酸钙替代氯化钠对产品感官品质有积极影响,适宜的替代比为10%左右。