食品蛋白质的磷酸化及功能性研究

食品蛋白质的磷酸化可以改变其功能性质，扩大其应用范围。化学磷酸化效果显著，可改变水化性质、蛋白质一蛋白质相互作用有关的性质、表面活性等，玉米蛋白，大豆分离蛋白以及单细胞蛋白是可进行磷酸化的蛋白质。     

蛋白质磷酸化对肉品质影响的研究进展

蛋白质磷酸化反应是生物界最普遍、最重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式。本文综述了磷酸化蛋白质的富集、位点分析、定量分析方法的最新研究进展。从蛋白质磷酸化反应与糖酵解、肌肉收缩、蛋白质降解的关系探讨了蛋白质磷酸化反应对肉品质的影响,并对磷酸化蛋白质组学的发展方向以及蛋白质磷酸化反应在肉品中的研究进行了展望。     

蛋白质的生物和化学改性

生物酶或化学法改性食品蛋白质,是提高食品功能特性的重要途径,生物酶有酶源易于得到,应用更安全,并且可将蛋白质改性到所期望的功能值;化学法的乙酰化、磷酸化、糖基化、交联反应,在改革结构和功能方面,对提高蛋白质功能特性比酶法更有效。     

食品蛋白质改性研究

本文综述了食品蛋白质各种改性技术,包括酰化、去酰胺、磷酸化、糖基化、共价交联作用、蛋白水解作用、物理改性及基因工程改性等8种蛋白质改性技术及最新进展。     

食品蛋白质化学改性研究进展

该文综述酰化、去酰胺、磷酸化、糖基化、共价交联等食品蛋白质五种化学改性技术及其它化学改性方法。     

酶法与非酶法磷酸化改性食品蛋白质的研究进展

磷酸化是一种重要的蛋白质修饰改性手段,可以有效改善食物蛋白质的功能性质,如乳化性、溶解性、凝胶性、热稳定性等。蛋白质磷酸化改性方法主要可分为酶法与非酶法两种,其中酶法磷酸化常使用蛋白激酶作为磷酸基团的供体,对蛋白质进行修饰。主要的蛋白激酶包括环磷酸腺苷依赖蛋白激酶(CAMPdPK)和酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CK-Ⅱ)。非酶法磷酸化常见的改性试剂主要包括三氯氧磷、焦磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠和葡萄糖-6-磷酸等。本文对近年来蛋白质磷酸化的有关报道进行了总结归纳,并通过介绍磷酸化蛋白的磷酸键性质、磷酸化肽段及位点的鉴定,阐述了不同磷酸化试剂的反应机制及其对蛋白质构效关系的影响,为通过定向的磷酸化修饰而改善蛋白质特定的功能性质提供了理论依据与参考。     

超声辅助磷酸化对大豆分离蛋白分子及凝胶特性的影响

本研究采用超声辅助磷酸化手段处理大豆分离蛋白，并从微观分子特性和宏观凝胶特性两个尺度评估了联合处理影响大豆分离蛋白加工性质的机理。结果表明，500 W超声辅助磷酸化处理的大豆分离蛋白溶液的浊度最高，这表明处理后的蛋白质发生了适度聚集。其次，超声辅助磷酸化处理有助于降低大豆分离蛋白的分子柔性并导致游离巯基减少，这说明蛋白质分子构象发生了有利于提升凝胶特性的改变。通过进一步分析凝胶特性发现，500 W条件下处理的大豆分离蛋白的持水性、凝胶强度和弹性均为所有处理组中的最高值。同时，蛋白质二级结构的变化也说明超声辅助磷酸化有利于大豆分离蛋白在凝胶体系中形成更有序规则的网状结构。本研究从多尺度研究并发现了超声辅助磷酸化处理是改善大豆分离蛋白分子及凝胶特性的有效手段，为食品蛋白质改性技术的发展提供了一定科学依据。     

蛋白质磷酸化对宰后肉品质影响研究进展

畜禽肌肉在宰后变为可食肉的过程中,需要经过一系列的生化变化直到成熟,其中蛋白质磷酸化反应作为一种蛋白质的动态调控机制,几乎调节每一个主要的生物过程,是生物界常见的翻译后修饰形式之一。因此,研究蛋白质磷酸化与宰后肌肉的关系有助于肉类食品行业的发展。本文从介绍蛋白质磷酸化概念出发,讨论磷酸化蛋白质检测技术的发展,总结宰后肌肉中会发生磷酸化的蛋白质及影响因素,从蛋白质磷酸化反应与宰后肉的嫩度、肉的色泽和保水性3 个方面的研究入手综述蛋白质磷酸化反应对肉品质的影响,以及食盐与氨基酸在该过程中的应用,并对蛋白质磷酸化反应在肉品品质中的研究做出展望。     

食品中蛋白质的重要性

蛋白质是食品中的重要成分。针对食品蛋白质具有多种功能性质以及极高的营养价值,本文阐述了蛋白质在食品中的重要性,描述了蛋白质在不同食品中的功能作用以及与其结构的相互关系;介绍了食品中的主要功能性蛋白质及其在各种食品中的应用;文中对食品蛋白质的主要改性手段进行了介绍。     

鸡蛋清磷酸化蛋白质组鉴定与分析

为了系统地阐明鸡蛋清磷酸化蛋白质的结构和功能特性,本研究采用蛋白质组学策略对鸡蛋清的磷酸化修饰蛋白质组进行鉴定与分析。鸡蛋清酶解产物首先经固定化金属螯合亲和层析分离富集磷酸肽,再经纳升液相色谱-串联质谱分析和鉴定。通过数据库检索匹配,共鉴定出33 个特异性磷酸化修饰多肽,包含41 个磷酸化修饰位点,归属于25 种鸡蛋清磷酸化蛋白。基序分析显示,大多数磷酸化修饰位点的序列特征为“S-X-E”;基因本体功能注释分析表明,鸡蛋清磷酸化蛋白质主要参与“生物调节”、“刺激反应”、“发育过程”等生物学过程,主要涉及“结合”、“催化”等分子功能。本研究结果将为鸡蛋清蛋白质相关研究提供关键的磷酸化修饰结构信息。     

Religious slaughter: Evaluation of current practices in selected countries

As part of the project “Religious slaughter (DIALREL): improving knowledge and expertise through dialogue and debate on issues of welfare, legislation and socio-economic aspects”, this paper discusses an evaluation of current practices during Halal and Shechita slaughter in cattle, sheep, goats and poultry. During religious slaughter, animals are killed with and without stunning by a transverse incision across the neck that is cutting the skin, muscles (brachiocephalic, sternocephalic, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid), trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, jugular veins and the major, superficial and deep nerves of the cervical plexus. In this report, the restraint methods, stunning, neck cutting, exsanguination, slaughter techniques and postcut handling in the abattoir were assessed for religious slaughter. Information about the procedures used during religious slaughter in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, Turkey and Australia was collected by means of spot visits to abattoirs. To standardize the information gathered during the spot visits three guidelines were designed, one for each species, and translated into the national languages of the countries involved. The document included questions on the handling and restraint methods (stunning, neck cutting/exsanguination/slaughter techniques and postcut handling performed under religious practices) and for pain and distress of the animal during the restraint, neck cutting and induction to death in each abattoir. Results showed differences in the time from restraining to stun and to cut in the neck cutting procedures and in the time from cut to death.     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

Bioaccessibility of Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe, and heme iron content in unaged and aged meat of Hereford and Braford steers fed pasture

The content and the bioaccessibility of Se, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe were determined in unaged and aged meat (14days) from the Psoas major (PM), Gluteus medius (GM) and Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles of Hereford (H) and Braford breed (B) steers fed pasture. Furthermore, the content of heme-Fe was determined in the same muscles. The H had a lower content of Cu and a higher content of Fe. Also, H had more heme-Fe than B. The bioaccessibility in unaged meat for Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe ranged between 75 and 91%, 30 and 45%, 40 and 68%, 55 and 95%, and 60 and 70%, respectively. After aging, the bioaccessibility for the same minerals ranged between 58 and 80%, 30 and 48%, 40 and 58%, 75 and 95%, and 59 and 70%, respectively. Aging affected negatively the Se content and its bioaccessibility, in the two breeds. Also, the heme-Fe content was negatively affected by aging in all muscles and breeds.     

纸质文献保存和修复方法专利技术综述

通过对纸质文献保存和修复领域专利技术文献的收集、分析、标引和梳理,分析了该领域专利技术分布及专利申请情况,分别探析了脱酸、修补、加固、装裱4种技术的专利技术演进路线,最后对该领域专利技术进行了总结。     

Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析红谷黄酒酒曲微生物菌群多样性

采用南阳红谷黄酒酒曲为研究对象,利用高通量测序方法对红曲、大曲、小曲的微生物菌群多样性进行分析。结果表明,大曲的微生物菌群多样性最高,红曲的最低,且两者间的微生物群落结构差异最大。红曲中优势细菌属为伯克霍尔德氏菌属（Burkholderia）、醋酸杆菌属（Acetobacter）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）等,优势真菌种为紫红曲霉（Monascus purpureus）、黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）等;大曲中优势细菌属为克罗彭斯特菌属（Kroppenstedtia）、芽孢杆菌属、魏斯氏菌属（Weissella）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）等,优势真菌种为嗜热子囊菌（Thermoascus aurantiacus）、黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）、疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌（Thermomyces lanuginosus）等;小曲中优势细菌属为魏斯氏菌属、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）等,优势真菌种为少根根霉菌（Rhizopus arhizus）、热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis）、异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces anomalus）等。     

Effect of common and new gums on the quality,physical, and textural properties of bakery products: A review

Hydrocolloids (gums) have a good functional characteristic such as emulsifying, gelling, solubility, and textural improvement. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving dough performance, bread and cake characteristics, sensorial quality, and extension the products shelf life. Several studies reported the potential use of hydrocolloids in breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formulation. The present review summarized the effect of the most common and new hydrocolloids (xanthan, guar, Arabic, carrageenan, karaya, alginate, acacia, methylcellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, locust bean, balangu seed, wild sage seed, basil seed, and cress seed gums) on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Gums addition improved volume and porosity of the breads and cakes. Gums influence on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch and decreased the retrogradation of starch. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving mixing and increasing the shelf life of the products through moisture preservation and avoidance of syneresis in some frozen foods. This study summarized the influence of the most common and new hydrocolloids on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Addition of seeds gum to the breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formula led to an increase in the viscosity of the batter. Also, the firmness of bakery products showed that they became softer with increasing gum levels.     

Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds,Their Extraction,and Possible Utilization

Fruits and vegetables are the most utilized commodities among all horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed, due to their nutrients and health‐promoting compounds. With the growing population and changing diet habits, the production and processing of horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, have increased very significantly to fulfill the increasing demands. Significant losses and waste in the fresh and processing industries are becoming a serious nutritional, economical, and environmental problem. For example, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and may reach up to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables produce significant wastes of by‐products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and oils, among others. These phytochemicals can be utilized in different industries including the food industry, for the development of functional or enriched foods, the health industry for medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry, among others. The use of waste for the production of various crucial bioactive components is an important step toward sustainable development. This review describes the types and nature of the waste that originates from fruits and vegetables, the bioactive components in the waste, their extraction techniques, and the potential utilization of the obtained bioactive compounds.     

叶幕类型对摩尔多瓦葡萄酒品质的影响

以棚架和篱架两种栽培方式的摩尔多瓦葡萄果实为试材,成熟后采收进行酿酒试验,测定水平叶幕和直立叶幕对葡萄酒品 质的影响。 结果表明,棚架葡萄酒与篱架葡萄酒可滴定酸含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但棚架葡萄酒的pH值比篱架葡萄酒高0.02,葡萄 酒色度提高44.12%,总酚、抗坏血酸含量分别提高18.65%、14.64%,抗氧化能力（铁还原能力和DPPH自由基清除能力）分别提高43.76%、 17.39%。同时,棚架葡萄酒香气物质种类比篱架葡萄酒多7种,酯类、醇类物质含量分别是篱架的3.06倍、1.36倍,其中,正己醇、辛酸乙 酯、苯乙醇含量是篱架葡萄酒的2.08倍、2.26倍、1.93倍,乙酸异丁酯、丙醇、乙酸异戊酯含量也分别高69.80%、41.87%、60.57%。 由此表 明,棚架水平叶幕可提高葡萄酒次生代谢物质含量,增加葡萄酒色调饱和度,增强葡萄酒稳定性,提升葡萄酒风味,改善葡萄酒品质。     

纺纱牵伸胶辊胶圈应用技术概要

阐述棉纺牵伸胶辊、胶圈的应用技术和牵伸原理,重点探讨了胶辊、胶圈的牵伸工艺特性及其合理配置、胶辊制作、周期管理、质量管理、使用管理、产品缺陷与其机械波分析、纺纱环境和挡车工操作水平对纺纱性能的影响,提出胶辊、胶圈有关机件的质量要求等。     

菠萝皮渣糯米果酒发酵过程中主要成分变化研究

以菠萝皮渣和糯米为原料,进行糯米果酒发酵,并采用相关国标检测方法、液相色谱（LC）及气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）法,分析菠萝皮渣糯米果酒在发酵过程中可溶性固形物、酒精度、有机酸、挥发酸和香气成分等成分变化。结果表明：发酵过程中糖度迅速降低、酒精度升高后维持稳定,pH值在3.50～3.80之间,呈先降后升趋势,酸度先降低直至陈酿后期轻微升高。有机酸含量在发酵过程中总体呈下降趋势,草酸、酒石酸含量逐渐降低,柠檬酸、苹果酸、丙酮酸、乳酸含量先降后升,琥珀酸和乙酸呈上升趋势。果酒中挥发酸含量不断下降,第60天甲酸、乙酸含量分别为0.30 mg/L和0.26 mg/L。菠萝皮渣糯米果酒中共检测出88种香气成分,其中41种酯类、22种醇类、10种酸类和15种其他类,发酵过程中乳酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、癸酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯和十六酸乙酯含量较高,相对含量在0.27%～20.57%。