镍基高温合金GH141平衡析出相的热力学计算分析

应用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,对GH141合金的平衡析出相和非平衡凝固过程进行了模拟计算。结果表明:GH141合金的平衡析出相有γ、γ′、σ、μ和碳化物(M C、M_6C、M_(23)C_6);合金凝固过程中Mo、Ti元素正偏析比较严重,这会降低合金的初熔点;Al、Ti含量对γ′相的开始析出温度和最大析出量有很大影响;C是碳化物最大析出量的控制元素,且M C、M_6C、M_(23)C_6碳化物的主要富集元素分别是Ti、Mo、Cr。研究结果为合金的成分设计和热处理提供一定的理论依据。     

新型难变形高温合金эк151的组织特征及平衡析出相热力学计算

利用场发射扫描电子显微镜对其铸态组织进行了观察,并通过热力学计算,对该合金中成分对平衡相析出的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明,эк151合金凝固过程中,Mo、Nb和Ti等元素在枝晶间偏析,并形成大量γ′+γ共晶相。合金主要析出相为大量的γ′相、少量的一次、二次碳化物和硼化物以及μ相。其中强化相γ′多成立方状,800℃下平衡态质量分数含量高达50%左右。当成分在规定范围波动时,对熔点影响最大的为Cr、Mo、Nb和Ti;而Al、Ti和Nb含量变化均会影响到γ′相的析出量及析出温度;Cr、Mo含量变化还会影响到二次碳化物的种类,Ti、Nb、C虽然是一次碳化物MC的主要形成元素,但是成分范围内对其析出温度影响并不明显。影响μ相析出温度和析出量的主要成分为Cr、Mo和W。     

Ta、Co对新型高强抗热腐蚀单晶高温合金组织稳定性的影响

研究了Ta、Co对一种新型高强抗热腐蚀单晶高温合金微观组织及1000 ℃长期时效中组织稳定性的影响。结果表明,随Ta含量的增加,γ′相溶解温度提高,完全热处理后的γ′相尺寸先增大后减小,Co降低了γ′相溶解温度,减小了γ′相尺寸并且降低了γ′相的含量;1000 ℃长期时效过程中,随Ta含量的提高,γ′相粗化速率先降低后升高,Co降低了γ′相的粗化速率,γ/γ′两相错配度和元素的扩散是影响γ′相粗化速率的主要因素;Ta提高了合金中γ′相的含量,促使Re、W、Mo、Cr元素向γ基体中分配,促进了TCP相的析出,Co降低了Re、W、Mo、Cr元素在γ基体中的分配,降低了基体的过饱和度,抑制了TCP相的析出。     

Ru对一种高Cr镍基单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响

以一种新型高Cr镍基单晶高温合金为基础,调整Ru的添加量,通过对3种不同Ru含量合金铸态组织的观察,研究了Ru对合金相析出特征与元素分布规律的影响。结果表明,随着Ru含量(0、1.5%、3%,质量分数)的增加,合金一次枝晶间距与二次枝晶间距逐渐减小,(γ+γ′)共晶含量先增后降,γ′相尺寸逐渐变小;3%的Ru添加使合金凝固组织中析出β-NiAl相,该相除Ni、Al基本组成元素外,还包含一定量的Cr、Co和Ru;Ru对合金中其它元素具有典型的"逆分配"作用,β-NiAl相的析出降低了Ru对其它元素"逆分配"的影响程度;Ru提高了正偏析元素Ta、Al和负偏析元素Re的偏析程度,降低了正偏析元素Mo、Cr的偏析程度。     

0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金平衡析出相热力学计算

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,模拟计算了0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金的平衡析出相和凝固过程。结果表明:0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金的平衡析出相主要包括γ、γ′、MC、M23C6;合金凝固过程中Ti和Nb属于正偏析,Cr、Fe、Si等属于负偏析。Al和Ti是影响0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb合金中γ′相析出温度和最大析出含量的主要因素。MC相的析出温度和最大析出含量主要由C元素决定。M23C6相的析出温度主要由Cr元素决定,M23C6相的析出量主要由C元素控制。0Cr15Ni70Ti3AlNb优化合金成分(质量分数)为C(0.03%~0.05%)-Al(0.7%~0.9%)-Ti(2%~2.25%)-Nb(0.75%~0.95%)-Cr(13.5%~15.5%)。研究结果可为合金的成分设计和热处理工艺制定提供理论指导。     

一种第三代单晶高温合金铸件表面层组织研究

采用一种第3代单晶高温合金制备了某型号的涡轮叶片铸件，经真空固溶热处理后，发现在叶片铸件表面形成了大量形状不规则的亮白色组织。经对叶片进行解剖和金相观察，发现铸件内部组织为均匀的γ相，但外部存在一个明显的表面层。表面层中基体为连续分布的亮白色γ′相，主要组成元素为Ni、Al和Ta，表面层γ′相基体上析出了许多片状的tcp相。对铸件表面附近的成分分布进行了测量分析，显示铸件表面层为典型的贫Cr层。正是Cr元素的贫化，导致了表面层中γ相向γ′相的转变和γ′相与tcp相的共轭生长。贫Cr层的出现还导致在表面层与内部组织之间出现了较多的残存γ/γ′共晶。     

镍基耐蚀合金028平衡相的析出行为

为了给冶炼成分设计、热加工工艺和热处理制度提供理论依据,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc对028合金中析出相的特征进行观察和元素含量变化对其影响进行计算分析,并给出主要元素的合理控制范围。结果表明:不同状态的028合金晶内和晶界会析出σ相,720℃时效1 000 h后会析出大量针状σ相;028合金的主要平衡相为γ、M23C6、σ和α-Cr相;碳含量的增加可以显著地提高M23C6的析出量和析出温度,碳含量应控制在0.02%(质量分数)以内;随着Cr和Mo含量的增加,σ相的析出量增多,析出温度升高,由于σ相是有害相,Cr和Mo的含量需分别控制在26.5%和3.5%以内;初始Cr和Mo含量增加,基体γ相固溶的Cr和Mo含量也增加,初始Cr和Mo含量应分别控制在26.5%~27.5%和3.0%~4.0%之间。     

W对第三代镍基单晶高温合金组织稳定性的影响

通过对3种不同W含量(6%、7%、8%,质量分数)的第三代镍基单晶高温合金铸态、热处理态和热暴露后的组织观察和成分分析,研究了W对元素偏析、热处理组织及热暴露过程中组织演化的影响。结果表明:W含量的提高对合金元素的铸态偏析、完全热处理后的γ′相形貌、尺寸和体积分数均无明显影响。在950℃热暴露过程中,W含量的提高抑制了γ′相的粗化,但加速了γ′相的连接变形。3种合金在热暴露过程中析出的TCP相主要为m相和s相,且TCP相析出量随W含量的增加而缓慢增大。此外,3种合金在1000℃热暴露时TCP相析出量最大,在950℃热暴露时次之,在1050℃热暴露时析出量最小。     

合金元素对β-γTiAl合金热处理组织的影响

以Ti-Al-M三元合金(M为V、Mo强β相稳定元素)为对象,研究了合金元素V、Mo、Al对其铸态组织以及不同热处理条件下显微组织的影响。增加β相稳定元素可以将β相保留在室温,但是仅通过降低Al含量而获得β相凝固合金(Ti-38Al),铸态组织中不含β/B2相。Al含量较高时,添加β相稳定元素仍不能消除枝晶偏析。在合金淬火组织中,增加V、Mo元素或者降低Al元素含量可以发生马氏体转变。在双步热处理过程中,由于1320℃淬火的过饱和作用,Ti-Al-Mo合金经过1200℃随炉冷却后,组织内将会同时析出β相和γ相,形成β+γ的混合组织。     

新型Ni-Cr基GH648合金成分对热力学平衡相析出行为的影响

通过热力学平衡相计算方法并采用相应的Ni基数据库，对1种新型高铬的Ni-Cr基GH648合金成分对平衡相析出的影响规律进行系统研究。结果认为GH648合金析出的主要平衡相为α-Cr，γ′相和M23C6碳化物(主要为Cr23C6)，并进一步计算了合金成分对这些相的析出行为及合金初熔点和终熔点的影响规律。计算结果表明，Cr含量主要影响α-Cr的析出量及开始析出温度，并影响合金的初熔点，对以Cr为主的M23C6的析出行为没有明显影响。C显著影响碳化物的析出量，而Al，Ti增加显著增加γ′相的析出量和开始析出温度。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。