球墨铸铁曲轴表面强化处理技术

柴油机曲轴承受复杂交变的弯曲-扭转载荷和一定的冲击载荷,疲劳断裂是曲轴的主要破坏形式,裂纹源易发生在连杆轴颈与曲臂过渡圆角处,工艺上提高曲轴疲劳强度的方法主要是圆角强化,在其表层形成一定的压应力来实现的。介绍了滚压、淬火、氮化、喷丸、激光冲击强化等工艺方法,分析曲轴强化机理和工艺方法,为提高曲轴使用寿命提供了参考。     

Fractographic analysis of fatigue damage in 7000aluminium alloys

In this paper, an attempt is made to correlate the fatigue damage in 7000 aluminium alloys with different impurity contents to the microstructural features and to explain their interdependence through fractographic observations. The Paris constants of these alloys in the form of hot‐forged plates subjected to the overaged T73 temper are evaluated and differences in the fatigue crack growth rate described by striation spacing measurements. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of fatigue fracture surfaces revealed that the type and morphological parameters of coarse intermetallic particles play a critical role in fatigue crack growth behaviour. The elemental distribution determined by means of energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis showed that the fractured particles accelerating the crack advances are larger particles of Fe‐rich phases. The fatigue crack growth rate increases considerably with increasing amounts of these particles. The smaller η, S and Mg₂Si particles contribute beneficially to fatigue life.     

Effects of the exposure to corrosive salts on the frictional behavior of gray cast iron and a titanium-based metal matrix composite

The introduction of increasingly corrosive road-deicing chemicals has created significant and costly problems for the trucking industry. From a tribological perspective, corrosion of the sliding surfaces of brakes after exposure to road salts can create oxide scales that affect friction. This paper describes experiments on the effects of exposure to sodium chloride and magnesium chloride sprays on the transient frictional behavior of cast iron and a titanium-based composite sliding against a commercial brake lining material. Corrosion scales on cast iron, whose compositions were analyzed by several methods, initially act as abrasive third-bodies. Then they become crushed, spread out, and behave as a solid lubricant. Owing to its greater corrosion resistance, the titanium composite remained scale-free and its frictional response was markedly different. No corrosion scales were formed on the titanium composite after aggressive exposure to salts; however, a reduction in friction was still observed. Unlike the crystalline sodium chloride deposits that tended to remain dry, hygroscopic magnesium chloride deposits absorbed ambient moisture from the air, liquefied, and retained a persistent lubricating effect on the titanium surfaces.     

Wear of spheroidal graphite cast irons for tractor drive train components

This study was prompted by a desire to improve the wear resistance of power transmission components in rear axle drives on commercial farm tractors. Reciprocating wear tests were conducted under lubricated and non-lubricated conditions on three spheroidal cast irons which varied in strength and hardness (designated GGG450, GGG600, and GGG700). Hemispherically tipped steel pins (designated 42CrMoS4/41CrS4) were used as the sliders. Except for the selection of the test duration, test procedures were similar to those described in ASTM Standard Test Method G133 for linearly reciprocating sliding. Among the three cast irons tested, the harder and stronger the alloy, the lower was its wear rate. Wear factors were approximately four orders of magnitude lower for experiments lubricated with fresh, fully formulated oil. There was a linear relationship between the Brinell hardness of the alloys and the negative logarithm of the wear factors that were expressed in mm³/N-m. Wear of lubricated test pins was not measurable due to the presence of deposits; however under non-lubricated sliding, the ratio of the wear of the flat specimen to that of the pin decreased as the hardness of the flat specimens approached that of the pin specimen.     

冲天炉熔炼耐热球墨铸铁RQTSi5

介绍用耐热球铁（RQTSi5）代替RTCr0．8耐热铸铁生产水泥窑冷却机扬料板的生产条件和工艺技术。     

A new approach to calculate the nodule density of ductile cast iron graphite using a Level Set

This paper proposes a new approach with digital image processing techniques to determine the number of graphite nodules on samples of nodular cast iron by following the NBR 6913 standard. Counting errors and excessive inspection time are common problems if the procedure is performed without the assistance of computational systems. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose here an algorithm for graphite nodule segmentation based on the Level Set technique. The proposed approach and two other computational methods, Watershed and Region Growing, are compared with the results given by experts using optical microscopy (OM). The results of the proposed method were closer to those of the experts using OM than the other two computational methods. The proposed method presented greater accuracy and faster execution time than the traditional method by visual inspection.     

Influence of graphite nodules on the particles erosion of spheroidal graphite cast irons

The influence of graphite nodules on the normal angle erosion of the spheroidal graphite cast irons with four different matrices, namely ferrite, upper bainite, lower bainite and martensite, was investigated. The results indicate that, in the range investigated (10-15 area pet), graphite nodules (with variations in area percent and size) did not exert any influence in the irons with ferrite or upper bainite matrix. However, in the case of the spheroidal graphite cast iron with martensitic matrix, both increasing area percent and decreasing diameter of graphite nodules did in fact raise the erosion rate; moreover, those cast in metal molds consistently experienced higher erosion rate than those cast in sand molds. For the irons with a lower bainite matrix, increasing the amount of graphite nodules raises the erosion rate for those cast in sand molds, but did not affect the erosion rate for those cast in metal molds; furthermore, the erosion rate of the sanded-molded irons was consistently higher than their metal molded counterparts. The different roles of graphite nodules on the erosion rates of the spheroidal graphite cast irons are discussed.     

石墨的存在形态对铸铁性能的影响

介绍铸铁的发展及应用。主要对石墨的存在形态（形状、数量、大小及分布）及其对铸铁性能的影响进行了阐述。     

英标铸铁闸阀的设计

阐述了压力PN1．6MPa，公称通径DN300～1000mm，英标铸铁闸阀的结构特点和设计计算。给出了产品的设计验证——型式试验。     

Microstructural analysis of iron aluminide formed by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis mechanism in aluminium matrix composite

An aluminium matrix composite with iron aluminide formed in situ as a result of self‐propagated high‐temperature synthesis was examined. The structural characteristics of the reinforcement investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods are presented. Iron aluminide particles with a very fine grain size and of two shapes, cubic and needle‐like, were observed. No differences in their phase composition were found by the selective electron diffraction pattern method. The composite reinforcement formed in the early stage of self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis consisted only of the Al₃Fe phase.     

Microscopic characterization of defect structure in RDX crystals

Three batches of the commercial energetic material RDX, as received from various production locations and differing in sensitivity towards shock initiation, have been characterized with different microscopic techniques in order to visualize the defect content in these crystals. The RDX crystals are embedded in an epoxy matrix and cross‐sectioned. By a treatment of grinding and polishing of the crystals, the internal defect structure of a multitude of energetic crystals can be visualized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Earlier optical micrographs of the same crystals immersed in a refractive index matched liquid could visualize internal defects, only not in the required detail. The combination of different microscopic techniques allows for a better characterization of the internal defects, down to inclusions of approximately 0.5 μm in size. The defect structure can be correlated to the sensitivity towards a high‐amplitude shock wave of the RDX crystals embedded in a polymer bonded explosive. The obtained experimental results comprise details on the size, type and quantity of the defects. These details should provide modellers with relevant and realistic information for modelling defects in energetic materials and their effect on the initiation and propagation of shock waves in PBX formulations.     

浅析高铬白口铸铁磨球的铸态组织设计

在传统工艺的实际生产条件下，高铬白口铸铁磨球易形成较大的内应力，这是导致此类磨球生产和服役条件失效的主要原因。分析热加工全过程可知磨球铸态组织设计的重要性在于期望目标下的铸态组织完全可能仅需采用亚温处理工艺就可达到组织和性能要求，从而不仅从根本上解决了内应力这一中心问题，而且可降低能耗、成本，改善作业环境和缩短生产周期。     

球墨铸铁纳米粒子射流微量润滑磨削性能的实验研究

主要对纳米粒子射流微量润滑磨削性能进行实验评价.采用K-P36数控平面磨床,选取干磨削、浇注式磨削、微量润滑磨削和纳米粒子射流微量润滑磨削4种工况条件,分别从磨削力、磨削G比率、磨削温度和表面粗糙度方面进行磨削性能评价,结果表明:纳米粒子射流微量润滑磨削改善了换热能力,与干磨削相比降低了将近150℃,干磨削得到的工件表面粗糙度Ra值为1.2μm,纳米粒子射流微量润滑磨削Ra值为0.58 μm,工件表面质量显著提高;在纳米粒子的润滑作用下,得到的磨削力较稳定,且比干磨削和微量润滑磨削得到的磨削力减小15％以上;纳米粒子射流微量润滑磨削G比率在4种工况中最高,值为33,干磨削仅为12,比其他工况增大约一倍,砂轮的磨损明显减小,延长砂轮使用寿命.     

An investigation on machinability of nodular cast iron by WEDM

In this study, the machinability of standard GGG40 nodular cast iron by WEDM using different parameters (machining voltage, current, wire speed, and pulse duration) was investigated. From the results, the increase in surface roughness and cutting rate clearly follows the trend indicated with increasing discharge energy as a result of an increase of current and pulse-on time, because the increased discharge energy will produce larger and deeper discharge craters. Three zones were identified in rough regimes of machining for all samples: decarburized layer, heat affected layer, and bulk metal. High machining efficiency can be obtained when the proper electrical parameters are selected, but whether high energy or the low energy is used, a coarse surface is always obtained. The variation of surface roughness and cutting rate with machining parameters is mathematically modeled by using the regression analysis method.     

Consistency in tool selection for cast iron milling

During a feasibility study of high speed machining, the tool selection is at stake. This study is supported by an industrial project, led in a French plant, where cast iron housings are machined. This paper introduces a design method enabling strategic and operational consistency in tool selection. The method is composed of two models (the model of machining systems, MOMS and the model of problem) and the design procedure. The consistency is ensured by the definition of six couples [performance element–system variable]. They are used to specify the architecture of the tool assemblies, to structure the detailed design, and to evaluate the solutions. An example is developed in the case of a precision boring.     

白口铸铁电火花表面强化研究

白口铸铁常被用于要求耐磨的工作表面,改善白口铸铁表面的耐磨性具有现实应用价值.利用金相分析、X射线衍射分析及显微硬度和耐磨性测试等手段,对白口铸铁表面进行电火花强化所得强化层的性能进行了研究,结果表明对白口铸铁进行电火花强化可以赋予其表层更高的硬度和更好的耐磨性.     

离心铸造合金白口铸铁轧辊的研究

应用离心铸造方法,研制CrMoWVNb白口铸铁轧辊。分析合金元素在轧辊中的作用及裂纹产生原因,提出了消 除裂纹措施并应用于高速线材轧机预精轧机架,使用寿命达到高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊的4～5倍。     

Sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron

The effects of sliding velocity, heat-treatment and graphite shape on sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron were studied. Two types of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons having flaky or spheroidal and another type of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron were prepared for this study. The effect of sliding velocity on wear resistance was studied by the Okoshi type and pin-on-disk type wear tests on materials which have experienced “as cast” and “heat-treated” conditions. The Okoshi type wear test results are divided into two relationships depending on sliding velocity or distance. Two regimes, initial wear and steady-state wear, existed for wear loss and sliding distance. A characteristic form of wear curve with a peak and a minimum was obtained when correlating wear loss and sliding velocity. The wear resistance of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons were superior to that of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron. In the results of pin-on-disk tests, there was no clear difference in the reported wear loss and friction coefficient among the alloys. However, an opposite tendency has appeared in the wear loss and friction coefficient: the wear loss value reached a peak in the wear curve at 0.52 m/s, while the friction coefficient reached a minimum at 0.52 m/s.     

铸铁阀门的粉末涂层工艺探讨

探讨了水系统用铸铁阀门和铸铁管道配件的功能性防护涂层的现状、材料和工艺。     

Mechanism of ploughing wear of martensite nodular cast iron

The mechanism of ploughing wear of martensite nodular cast iron has been investigated by means of elastic contact theory, stress interferometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Stress distributions in the contact area are plotted through numerical quadrature. The results show that the formation of cracks is between 0.2a and 0.5a (a is the radius of the contact curve). The driving force to produce crack extension along the Y axis is τ_yzmax and the extension direction is 45° to the horizontal. The driving force to produce crack extension along the X axis is either τ_x or τ_xzmax and the direction of crack extension is 37° to the horizontal.