超声波强化紫薯渗透脱水工艺

分别以蔗糖质量分数、渗透温度、渗透时间和超声波功率为单因素,研究其对紫薯超声波渗透脱水的脱水率和固形物增加率的影响。以各因素为自变量,以脱水率和固形物增加率为因变量,对紫薯渗透脱水进行响应面工艺研究,得出最优工艺参数。结果表明：影响脱水率和固形物增加率的主次顺序均为渗透时间＞渗透温度＞糖液质量分数＞超声波功率;响应面优化最优工艺参数为糖液质量分数56.29%、渗透液温度65℃、渗透时间2.46h、超声波功率142.33W。结合实际操作,响应面优化的最优工艺调整为糖液质量分数56%、渗透液温度65℃、渗透时间2.5h、超声波功率140W,经验证,此条件下脱水率为40.79%,固形物增加率为8.33%。     

超声波预处理对胡萝卜渗透脱水技术初探

以胡萝卜为原料探讨了超声波预处理对胡萝卜糖溶液渗透脱水的协同作用。探讨了胡萝卜切片厚度、浸泡液浓度、渗透时间、超声波的功率和超声波处理时间等几种因素对胡萝卜糖溶液渗漏脱水的影响。实验结果(正交试验)显示,胡萝卜渗透脱水的最佳处理条件是:切片厚度为6mm的胡萝卜在15%的糖液中经100w超声波预处理15min,再在65%的糖液中脱水4h。     

超声渗透脱水-热风干燥梨的研究

超声波的空化效应及机械效应可有效增强脱水过程中物料内外的质量传递速率,因此超声波技术可用于果蔬渗透脱水的强化,而超声渗透脱水又常作为其他干燥方式的预处理以提高脱水速率。本研究以砀山梨梨片为实验材料,进行超声波渗透脱水预处理联合热风干燥研究。结果表明：提高超声功率及渗透液糖度可显著增加失重率;与直接热风干燥相比,单一的渗透脱水预处理延长总脱水时间约30～60 min;而超声渗透脱水预处理可缩短热风干燥的干燥时间40～120 min,并提高有效水分扩散系数11%～56%。因此,在热风干燥前进行超声渗透脱水预处理,可有效缩短总工艺时间,提高干燥效率。     

超声渗透处理对香菇脱水复水性的影响

为了明确超声渗透在缩短香菇干制时间及提高复水性中的作用,本研究以鲜香菇为材料,研究了超声波功率、超声时间、渗透液浓度三个因子对香菇干制时间和复水性的影响,在单因素试验基础应用正交试验优化了香菇超声渗透工艺条件。结果表明:三因素对香菇干制时间,产品还原糖、氨基酸保留量、亮度(L*)、复水比均有影响。就干制时间而言,因素影响大小为超声波功率 > 渗透液浓度 > 超声处理时间。香菇超声渗透脱水的最适工艺条件:超声波功率为250 W、超声时间为15 min、渗透液浓度为15%。在该条件下,香菇干制时间为7.4 h,复水比为4.55。这表明,渗透结合超声可以提高香菇干燥效率和产品品质。     

黑莓渗糖过程中水分和溶质扩散的数学模型

以黑莓-白糖固液体系为研究对象,研究了黑莓在不同条件糖溶液中的渗透脱水规律,得出了渗糖过程中水分和溶质扩散的数学模型。渗透液的质量分数选取40%、50%、60%,溶液的温度选取30、40、50℃,糖溶液和黑莓的质量比为10∶1,渗透脱水时间为0~5 h。利用AZUARA等提出的双组分系统数学模型得到了每种实验条件下黑莓样品最终渗透平衡状态时的失水率和固形物增加率,结果表明,在一定实验条件范围内,黑莓脱水率和固形物增加率均随渗透液浓度、渗透时间和溶液温度的增大而增大;同时使用菲克第二定律估算了每种试验条件下水分和糖的有效扩散系数,上述渗透条件下水分和糖的有效扩散系数分别在1.77×10~(-9)~2.10×10~(-9)m~2/s和1.36×10~(-9)~1.60×10~(-9)m~2/s范围内。     

雪莲果超声波辅助渗透脱水工艺参数的优化

以渗透脱水温度、时间、蔗糖质量分数、超声波功率和处理时间为因素,以失水率(water loss,WL)和固形物增加率(sugar gain,SG)为指标,通过单因素试验,研究雪莲果的渗透脱水工艺参数。以渗透脱水温度、时间、蔗糖质量分数、超声波处理时间为因素,以WL、SG和二者比值(WL/SG)为指标,通过二次回归正交旋转组合试验设计建立雪莲果超声波辅助渗透脱水过程中各响应值(WL、SG和WL/SG)与各因素之间的回归方程,并得到超声波辅助渗透脱水的最优工艺参数。结果表明,超声波辅助处理可显著提高雪莲果渗透脱水效果;影响WL的因素主次顺序是温度＞时间＞蔗糖质量分数＞超声波处理时间;影响SG的因素主次顺序依次是渗透脱水时间＞超声波处理时间＞温度＞蔗糖质量分数;影响SG/WL的因素主次顺序是渗透脱水时间＞蔗糖质量分数＞超声波处理时间＞温度。雪莲果超声波辅助渗透脱水的最佳工艺参数为渗透脱水温度41℃、时间1.7h、蔗糖质量分数60.18%、超声波处理时间35min。在此组合参数条件下,SG/WL平均值为0.059。     

超声波辅助渗透脱水处理及其对西兰花冻结品质的影响

以西兰花为试材,在单因素试验的基础上,以水分流失和西兰花冻结-解冻后硬度为考察指标,通过正交试验优化西兰花冷冻前超声波辅助渗透脱水工艺条件。结果表明,渗透脱水最佳工艺条件为:超声波功率240 W,超声时间30 min,渗透液质量分数50%,在此工艺条件下,西兰花的水分流失为1.26,硬度为39.59 N。在此工艺条件的基础上,对比了普通渗透脱水(OD)和超声波辅助渗透脱水(UOD)对西兰花冻结效率和品质的影响。结果表明:UOD可以在短时间内达到OD较长时间的渗透效果,提高西兰花的冷冻效率,减少西兰花冻藏期的汁液流失,抑制抗坏血酸含量的减少以及色泽的变化。     

响应面法优化渗透脱水板栗工艺

研究了渗透脱水板栗的最佳工艺,以浓度(45%～65%)、温度(20℃～60℃)、液固比(6.25∶1～25∶1)、时间(60 min～540 min)为自变量,失水率和固形物得率为响应值,通过可旋转中心组合试验设计,得到最大失水率和最小固形物得率的条件为:糖质量浓度52.58%、温度40℃、液固比13.72∶1、渗透时间474.17 min。在此条件下失水率23.94%、固形物得率5.41%。     

樱桃番茄真空渗透预脱水工艺优化

以苏龙一号樱桃番茄作为试材,通过比较烫漂划线、针刺、划线、超声波预处理方法,确定了烫漂划线作为真空渗透预脱水的预处理方法。在该基础上,运用单因素试验研究了真空度、糖液浓度、渗透温度、渗透时间对樱桃番茄渗透预脱水效果的影响,进而确定真空度为0.080MPa,并应用响应曲面法优化其它参数,得出樱桃番茄真空渗透预脱水的最佳工艺条件为:糖度50°Brix、温度53.37℃、时间4.88h,该条件下樱桃番茄失水率与固形物增加率比值最大,为7.24。     

不同方法对菠萝皮类黄酮提取工艺的研究

分别采用热回流提取法、纤维素酶提取法和超声波提取法进行提取,确定了不同提取方法的最佳提取条件(即乙醇热回流提取:乙醇浓度为80%、温度80℃、料液比为1:50;纤维素酶-乙醇提取:乙醇浓度70%、温度70℃、pH5.0、料液比为1:50;超声波提取:乙醇浓度60%、超声萃取温度70℃、浸提时间30 min、料液比为1:50及超声强度350 W)。并对上述3种方法进行比较,确定了菠萝皮类黄酮提取的最佳工艺为超声波提取最佳工艺条件。在此条件下,每克菠萝皮中类黄酮含量为21.3 mg,则类黄酮浸提率高达87.08%。     

Use of Ultrasound for Dehydration of Papayas

This work evaluated the production of dehydrated papayas (Carica papaya L.) with low sugar content. The product was obtained applying ultrasonic waves to enhance the loss of sugar from the fruit. To achieve this goal, this paper examined the influence of the ultrasonic pre-treatment before air-drying on dehydration of papaya. Ultrasonic pre-treatment for air-drying of fruits was studied and compared with osmotic dehydration. This study allowed estimate of the effective diffusivity water in the air-drying process for papayas submitted to ultrasonic pretreatment. Results show that the water effective diffusivity increases after application of ultrasound causing a reduction of about 16% in the drying time. During ultrasonic treatment the papayas lost sugar (13.8% in 30 min), so such a pre-treatment stage can be a practical process to produce dried fruits with lower sugar content.     

菠萝叶纤维的超声波辅助化学脱胶工艺

为实现菠萝叶纤维的高效脱胶,将超声波清洗技术与化学脱胶技术相结合,采用响应面法对超声波频率、超声波处理时间、超声波处理温度3个因素进行优化,并借助扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、热分析仪等表征脱胶过程中纤维结构与性能的变化规律。结果表明:菠萝叶纤维超声波辅助化学脱胶的最佳工艺条件为超声波频率53 kHz、超声波处理时间35 min、超声波处理温度53 ℃,在此优化条件下得到的纤维残胶率为13.8%,断裂强度为4.2 cN/dtex,与理论值基本吻合,可满足纺纱要求;各因素对纤维残胶率和断裂强度的影响顺序由大到小为超声波频率、超声波处理时间、超声波处理温度;超声波处理对半纤维素和木质素的去除有促进作用,对纤维素分子链损伤小,对热性能影响也较小。     

Mass transfer modelling in ultrasound assisted osmotic dehydration of kiwi fruit

In this study, the effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment on osmotic dehydration of kiwi slices was investigated. Kiwi fruit slices were subjected to ultrasonic pre-treatment in a sonication water bath at a frequency of 25 kHz for 20 min. Osmotic dehydration of ultrasonic pre-treated samples were conducted for a period of 300 min in 60 Brix sucrose solution. The kinetics of moisture loss and solute gain during osmotic dehydration were predicted by fitting the experimental data with Azuara's model and Weibull's model. The effects of ultrasound application on water loss, sugar gain, effective moisture diffusivity and solute diffusivity of the samples were analysed. The osmotic dehydration process showed a rapid initial water loss followed by a progressive decrease in the rates in the later stages. From the Azuara's model, the predicted equilibrium water loss value for ultrasound pre-treated sample was 58.4% (wb) at 60°C that was nearly 16% higher than the samples treated under atmospheric conditions. Fitting of Weibull model showed that the ultrasound pre-treated and untreated samples had shape parameter (β_w) ranging between 0.570–0.616 and 0.677–0.723 respectively. The lower values of shape parameter indicated that sonication caused accelerated water loss resulting faster dehydration rate. Results indicated that the effective moisture diffusivity and solute diffusivity was enhanced in ultrasonic pre-treated samples. The effective moisture diffusivity during osmotic dehydration of ultrasonic pre-treated samples was ranged between 5.460×10⁻¹⁰–7.300×10⁻¹⁰ m²/s and solute diffusivity was varied between 2.925×10⁻¹⁰–3.511×10⁻¹⁰ m²/s within the temperature range 25–60 °C. The enhanced moisture and solute diffusivity in ultrasound pre-treated kiwi slices was due to cell disruption and formation of microscopic channels.     

响应面法优化杏梅超声波渗糖工艺

探讨响应面法优化杏梅超声波渗糖工艺,为杏梅的新工艺提供依据。在单因素试验中,使用TPA质构测试杏梅硬度、弹性、凝聚力、咀嚼性及回复性的变化,结合含糖量筛选渗糖条件。并以含糖量、硬度为指标,通过响应面试验优化杏梅的超声波渗糖工艺。结果表明,单因素试验中,在不同渗糖条件下,硬度总体呈现递减趋势,含糖量总体呈现递增趋势。通过响应面法优化的渗糖工艺条件为:超声功率225 W、超声时间45 min、糖液浓度43%,此时杏梅含糖量为51.02%±0.21%,硬度为(904.64±20) g,与理论值相比,分别增加了1.31%、0.29%。以上结果表明,响应面法优化杏梅渗糖工艺后,可在保证质构特性的前提下,有效提高渗糖效率。     

Mass Transfer Modeling During Osmotic Dehydration of Hexahedral Pineapple Slices in Limited Volume Solutions

The study of mass transfer during osmotic dehydration process in limited volume solutions was carried out to evaluate the diffusion coefficients of sucrose and water in the osmotic treatment of hexahedral pineapple slices. The experimental osmotic dehydration kinetics for pineapple slices of two different sizes were conducted at 25 °C using a 1:1 solution to fruit weight ratio. The analytical solution of a 3D mass transfer model considering a limited volume of osmotic solution (i.e., an osmotic media of variable solute concentration) was used for describing the mass transfer in osmotic dehydration of pineapple slices. This model was fitted to the experimental kinetics by means of nonlinear regression to obtain the diffusion coefficients. Additionally, the diffusion coefficients were evaluated considering an infinite volume of osmotic solution (i.e., an osmotic media of constant solute concentration). Results showed that the proposed model may be fitted accurately to the experimental osmotic dehydration kinetics and allows the estimation of diffusion coefficients when solute concentration in the osmotic media varies along the process.     

二次回归正交旋转设计优化鸭肉渗透传质模型

为了研究禽类食品原料在不同的渗透处理条件下的传质和脱水规律,实验选择鸭肉片作为研究对象,采用食盐和蔗糖溶液作为渗透液,在单因素试验的基础上,应用二次回归正交旋转设计研究厚度、渗透液浓度、温度、时间等各因素对鸭肉的影响。结果表明鸭肉渗透脱水的最优加工条件为:盐浓度为9.50%～9.91%,糖浓度为7.81%～8.12%,时间为3h,厚度为2.80～2.92mm,温度为18.22～18.93℃。     

Mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of pineapple rings

The effect of temperature (30, 40 and 50°C) and sucrose concentration (50, 60 and 70°Brix) on the osmotic dehydration of commercial size pineapple rings were studied, at an initial ratio of 1:4 fruit:sucrose solution. The rate of water loss in the fruit varied with both osmotic solution concentration and temperature. A proposed model based on Crank's equation was fitted to the experimental data.     

菠萝皮戊聚糖的超声波辅助提取及理化性质研究

采用超声波强化碱液提取分离了菠萝皮中戊聚糖成分,通过DEAE-Cellulose(OH-)柱层析进行纯化,初步分析了菠萝皮戊聚糖的理化性质。结果表明:菠萝皮戊聚糖超声波提取的最佳条件为:超声功率160W,超声时间90min,NaOH浓度2%,碱提温度25℃,凝胶柱层析得到两种纯化戊聚糖。凝胶渗透色谱GPC分析表明,菠萝皮戊聚糖-2是两种物质的混合物,重均分子量分别是166889Da和11837Da;紫外分析表明,菠萝皮戊聚糖-2不含蛋白质和核酸类物质;红外分析表明,其具有典型的多糖吸收图谱。