高致密度激光选区熔化Inconel 718合金中的微小孔隙缺陷和拉伸性能

本文采用激光选区熔化技术制备了高致密度Inconel 718合金试样，研究了工艺参数（激光功率，扫描速度）对合金试样致密度的影响规律，分析了孔隙缺陷的形成原因，对比研究了微小孔隙缺陷存在条件下的拉伸性能变化，并比较了热处理对不同致密度合金力学性能影响。实验结果表明：工艺参数的改变决定了激光与粉末相互作用的模式，在较高激光功率、低扫描速度条件下发生了“匙孔”模式，气孔较多，致密度降低；当功率减小或者扫描速度增大会由“匙孔”模式向“热传导”模式转变，气孔较少，致密度会升高；但是当激光功率过小或者扫描速度过大时产生未熔合孔隙缺陷，使得材料的致密度出现大幅度减小的现象。拉伸测试结果表明，激光选区熔化成形Inconel 718合金的强度并不会随着致密度的增大呈严格单调增大的变化趋势，微小孔隙缺陷的形貌、数量和尺寸也会对拉伸性能产生影响。SIDA热处理可以大幅提高激光选区熔化成形Inconel 718合金的显微硬度及抗拉强度，但塑性呈显著降低。     

选区激光熔化IN738LC合金成形温度场的数值模拟及实验研究

通过数值模拟根据熔池热行为变化规律对选区激光熔化工艺参数进行优化,是提高成形件质量的有效手段。为此,本论文采用ANSYS的APDL语言建立了全参数化的IN738LC合金选区激光熔化过程温度场有限元分析模型,并通过单熔道成形实验对热源模型进行校核。结果表明：随着激光功率的增加或者扫描速度的减小,粉末吸收的线性能量密度不断增加,熔池中心最高温度升高,熔融金属量增加,熔道形态由不规则断续状向规则连续长条状演化;随着扫描速度的增加或者激光功率的减小,粉末吸收的线性能量密度不断下降,熔体流动能力减弱,熔池宽度与熔化穿透深度也随之减小;有限元模拟与实验结果吻合较好,当激光功率为270 W,扫描速度为1150 mm/s时,单熔道具有连续少缺陷、规则良好的成形形貌。     

激光重熔对Ti-6Al-4V选区激光熔化成形质量的影响

目的 针对选区激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)成形Ti-6Al-4V过程中易产生孔隙缺陷、成形质量差等问题,提出"初次扫描+低激光功率重熔"的成形方式,研究激光重熔对SLM成形质量的影响机制以及重熔功率对成形质量的影响规律,优化工艺参数.方法 基于ANSYS软件,模拟SLM加工过程及激光重熔过程的熔池、温度场分布,利用金相显微镜观测成形件截面缺陷形态、分布及金相显微组织,并利用显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机分别测试成形件的显微硬度及摩擦磨损性能.结果 随着激光重熔功率的增大,重熔熔池尺寸增大,温度梯度过渡渐缓,初次扫描形成的缺陷经重熔后得以填补,试件孔隙逐渐减小.当激光重熔功率为120 W时,成形件的致密度达到99.89％;当激光重熔功率为100 W时,成形件的硬度达到444.0HV0.3,相较于未重熔件提高了21.0％,平均摩擦系数为0.396,相较于未重熔件降低了13.73％.结论 激光重熔可以有效提高SLM成形件的致密度、显微硬度及摩擦磨损性能.随着激光重熔功率的增大,成形件的熔池范围扩大,初次成形的孔隙尺寸明显减小,成形件中的β相晶界扩展,针状马氏体尺寸增大,显微硬度得以提升.当激光重熔功率为140 W时,熔池剧烈波动,凝固过程中较大的固态收缩使成形质量出现下降趋势.     

激光功率对CoNiCrAlY熔覆涂层显微组织及硬度的影响

利用激光熔覆技术在Inconel718基体上制备了CoNiCrAlY涂层。在相同扫描速度7mm/s、光斑直径4mm下,研究了激光功率对CoNiCrAlY熔覆涂层宏观形貌、截面组织以及显微硬度的影响。结果表明,熔覆层的宏观形貌在激光功率为2200W时质量最优,熔覆层表面连续且平整,波浪起伏较小。随着激光功率的增加,激光能量增加,熔覆层的几何尺寸增大。当激光功率为1400W时,气体未完全逸出熔池就冷却凝固,涂层顶部出现气泡、孔隙等缺陷;当激光功率为2200W时,不再出现明显的气泡和孔隙。随着激光功率的增加,熔覆材料吸收的能量越来越多,导致晶粒长大,熔覆层呈现柱状晶高度越来越大,树枝晶越来越多而胞状晶越来越少的组织形态。当激光功率为1800W时,熔覆层整体形貌和组织的质量最好,熔覆层与基体结合紧密,没有气泡或孔隙,形成了性能良好的冶金结合,平均显微硬度最高。     

ZL114A合金的SLM成形性研究

为了探究选区激光熔化(SLM)成形ZL114A合金的可行性,研究SLM成形工艺参数对ZL114A铝合金的熔池形貌、表面品质和润湿角的影响。结果表明,扫描速率一定时,熔池熔宽随激光功率增大而增大;线能量密度相等,熔宽也相等。扫描速度为2 500 mm/s,375～475 W下熔道轨迹的连续性和延展性最好,球化等缺陷也较少。确定激光功率为450 W,扫描速度为2 500 mm/s,扫描间距为0.09 mm,层厚为50μm时,润湿角小,熔池高度较小,润湿性好,成形件致密度达到99.94%。     

TC4合金激光沉积成形熔池凝固试验研究

为了研究激光线能量密度对TC4合金激光沉积成形组织和质量的影响,进行了成形熔池凝固试验研究。建立了成形过程温度场瞬态有限元数值模型,模拟了TC4合金成形过程的温度场演变过程,并进行了单道单层的成形试验与微观组织的检测。结果表明,良好沉积成形的基本条件是激光功率与扫描速度综合作用的结果,合理的激光线能量密度是良好成形的保证,过小的激光线能量密度不能形成有效熔池,过大又发生过烧现象;随线能量密度增大,由针状晶胞向粒状晶转变,晶粒变得细小均匀,长度变小、宽度增大,当超出合理参数范围,晶胞反而变得粗大;通过试验验证,证明了仿真分析与实际情况基本吻合。     

INCONEL系镍基高温合金选区激光熔化增材制造工艺研究

研究了激光加工工艺参数对选区激光熔化工艺成形的Inconel 718合金试样的致密化行为、显微组织特征、硬度及摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:当激光线能量密度(η)较低时,球化效应的出现使试样的致密度水平较低;在较高的线能量密度与合适的加工参数下,可获得接近完全致密的Inconel 718合金试样。同时,随着激光线能量密度的增加,SLM成形Inconel 718合金试样的显微组织经历了粗大的柱状树枝晶、聚集的枝晶、细长而均匀分布的柱状枝晶等变化过程。在优化工艺参数下,成形试样的显微硬度高达397.8 HV0.2;摩擦系数和磨损率较低,分别为0.40和4.78×10-4mm3/Nm;且试样内部显微组织均匀细小,摩擦试样的表面形成摩擦保护层,使试样的摩擦磨损性能较好。     

扫描速率对SLM成形718HH模具钢成形性的影响

利用选区激光熔化成形技术于激光扫描速度800～1100 mm/s范围内制备了718HH塑料模具钢试样。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和半自动显微硬度计研究了激光扫描速率对选区激光熔化成形718HH塑料模具钢试样成形质量、显微组织和显微硬度的影响规律。研究表明,随着扫描速率的增加,成形件内部孔洞的数量增多、尺寸变大,且侧表面边界出现不同程度的裂纹;腐蚀后的成形件,其组织主要由马氏体组成,侧表面可以观察到典型的熔池形貌,且随着扫描速率的增大,熔池分布越来越不均匀;成形件具有较高的显微硬度,由于晶粒尺寸、残余应力以及孔洞裂纹等缺陷的综合影响,成形件的平均显微硬度随着扫描速率的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当扫描速率为800 mm/s时,成形件内部几乎没有孔洞和裂纹等缺陷,成形组织致密,且具有良好的显微硬度,适用于718HH模具钢的选区激光熔化成形。     

激光选区熔化成形钛合金内部缺陷及其演化规律研究

激光选区熔化(selective laser melting, SLM)成形技术可实现形状复杂、尺寸精度高、力学性能优异零部件的直接成形,但成形工艺参数选择不当,则会在产品中引入缺陷,针对SLM成形钛合金内部缺陷的问题,研究了激光功率和扫描速度2个主要成形工艺参数对钛合金内部缺陷类型、尺寸及数量的影响,探索了缺陷的演化规律。结果表明,SLM成形钛合金内部主要有不规则形状、规则球形2种形态的缺陷。低激光功率(≤130W)、高扫描速度(≥900mm/s)区域主要为不规则形状缺陷,能量不足是导致形成该类型缺陷的主要原因;高激光功率(≥190 W)、低扫描速度(≤600 mm/s)区域主要为规则球形缺陷,能量过高导致合金元素气化是产生这类缺陷的主要原因。随着能量密度的增加,根据缺陷的演化规律绘制了SLM成形钛合金加工图,其中缺陷的演化呈现3个阶段,即不规则形状缺陷尺度逐渐降低区,微尺度不规则缺陷向微尺度规则球形缺陷过渡区和规则球形缺陷逐渐长大区。     

激光选区熔化镍基高温合金GH4169的成形工艺与显微组织研究

开展了基于激光选区熔化技术对镍基高温合金GH4169成形工艺的研究。研究了激光扫描速度和激光功率对成形试样组织的影响,及激光加工工艺参数对试样显微组织、致密化行为的影响。结果表明:当激光扫描速度一定,激光功率较低时,熔池的球化效应明显,材料内部形成较多孔洞,致密度较低;随着激光功率的提高,熔池内金属溶液表面张力减小,球化效应明显减弱,致密度随之提高。当激光功率一定,扫描速度较低时,金属溶液补缩能力强,材料组织致密,仅存在少量气孔;随着扫描速度的提高,熔池变窄变浅,相邻熔道及层间材料缺陷明显增多。当激光束能量密度较高时,粉末吸收能量较多,熔池温度高,凝固速率低,易形成粗大的柱状晶。在优化工艺参数下(激光功率335 W、激光扫描速率680 mm/s),成形体的致密度最高(98.7%)。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

A STUDY OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VALENCE BOND STRUCTURE OF TITANIUM

On the basis of energy and shape method for the determination of the valence bond (VB) structures of crystal, the valence bond structure of titanium is redetermined at room temperature and calculated in the whole temperature range of 0-1943K. The outer shell electronic distribution of Ti is e_c~(2.9907) · (s_c~(0.4980) d_c~(2.4927)) ef1.0093 in crystal. The temperature dependences of the VB structures of hcp and bcc phases are the same. The VB structures of hcp and bcc phases monotonically increase or decrease with the increase in temperature, but show discontinuous changes at the phase-transformation temperature 1155K.