添加发酵菠菜液对猪肉灌肠冷藏过程中品质的影响

利用发酵菠菜替代亚硝酸盐的作用,开发新型绿色肉制品。将菠菜打浆后进行自然发酵和接菌(萨科WBL45复合菌株)发酵,发酵过程中分别为不调节pH值和每0.5 h调节pH值至中性,测定发酵过程中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的变化。然后将加工猪肉灌肠分3组,CK组(不添加亚硝酸钠)、SN组(添加0.15 g/kg亚硝酸钠)、FS组(添加136 g/kg发酵菠菜液),测定猪肉灌肠在冷藏过程中的抗氧化性(TBARs)、色差和亚硝酸盐残留量。结果表明:菠菜打浆后添加10 g/100 g葡萄糖、接种量4.25×10~6 CFU/mL,发酵温度38℃、发酵12 h时,菠菜中的硝酸盐可以最大程度地转化为亚硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐含量达到1100 mg/kg。添加了发酵菠菜液的猪肉灌肠在冷藏过程中TB ARs值明显比CK组低,且与SN组(亚硝酸钠组)差异不显著,亚硝酸盐残留量小于30 mg/kg,符合国标要求,由于菠菜中含有天然叶绿素、叶黄素等,使产品呈现诱人的鲜亮绿色。     

几种保湿剂对宁乡花猪肉干食用品质的影响

主要采用感官检验及测定水分含量的方法,分别研究了山梨醇、甘油、甘露醇、多聚磷酸钠等4种保湿剂对宁乡花猪肉干食用品质的影响。结果表明,这4种保湿剂对猪肉干食用品质具有明显改善作用。最合适的添加量分别为:山梨醇4g/100g、甘油3m L/100g、甘露醇4g/100g、多聚磷酸钠0.2g/100g。其中甘油的效果最好,在其最适添加量为3m L/100g时,肉干感官评分为92,水分含量为45.1%,空白对照肉干样品感官检验评分为65,水分含量为31.5%。     

白菜-胡萝卜汁复合饮料的研制

白菜和胡萝卜都是营养价值很高的蔬菜,白菜富含纤维素,胡萝卜富含β-胡萝卜索。白菜和胡萝卜的混合蔬菜汁虽然营养丰富,但其口味令一些消费者不愉快,为了获得更多消费者的青睐,添加柠檬香精、苹果香精、西瓜香精,使白菜一胡萝卜汁复合饮料不仅具有白菜和胡萝卜特有香气,而且稍带果味,呈淡橙黄色,口感爽滑,不仅味道醇美而且营养丰富,还具有保健的功效,适合各类人群食用,是一类蔬菜保健型饮料。     

魔芋胶在低脂猪肉丸中的应用研究

魔芋胶是一种优质的膳食纤维和功能性食品胶,为降低猪肉丸中的脂肪含量,改善其食用品质,本实验采用单因素分析法及正交实验设计,用质构仪测定猪肉丸的四个重要质构指标:硬度、弹性、黏聚性和耐咀性,并以此为基础确定综合质构指标,向猪肉丸中添加魔芋胶,研究其对肉丸品质的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数为2%的魔芋胶,不会影响肉丸的质构品质,并且可以降低脂肪含量。最终确定猪肉丸中优化的添加物量为:魔芋胶2g/100g猪肉,淀粉16g/100g猪肉,碱[Ca(OH)2]0.48g/100g猪肉。     

体外模拟消化过程中胡萝卜中新烟碱类杀虫剂的生物可及性研究

目的 基于体外胃肠道模型研究胡萝卜中啶虫脒、噻虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪4种新烟碱类杀虫剂(neonicotinoid insecticides,NNIs)的生物可及性,为其风险评估提供依据。方法 基于3种体外模型和胡萝卜在消化液中对NNIs的吸附过程,采用液相色谱-质谱法分析4种NNIs的含量,计算胡萝卜中NNIs的生物可及性和吸附量。结果 油脂的添加会增加胡萝卜中噻虫胺、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉的生物可及性,分别从(63.3±5.9)%、(60.7±4.5)%、(81.1±9.9)%增加到(79.3±6.1)%、(79.7±7.5)%、(94.3±2.7)%;而消化液中低浓度胆盐和胰酶的存在会降低NNIs的生物可及性。当胰酶质量浓度为0.25 g/L时,降幅可达4.1%(噻虫胺)～26.7%(噻虫嗪)。吸附实验结果表明,模拟肠液中4种NNIs的吸附亲和性系数KF值高于背景溶液。这表明胡萝卜在模拟肠液中有更高的吸附量,胆盐的加入增强了胡萝卜与NNIs的相互作用,降低了其生物可及性。结论 胡萝卜在不同体外消化模型中NNIs生物可及性存在差异,胃肠道中胆盐和胰酶含量的升高在一定程度上会降低NNIs的生物...     

蔬菜风味台湾烤香肠的加工技术研究

在普通原味的台湾烤香肠基础上,分别添加脱水胡萝卜和脱水菠菜,制成蔬菜风味的台湾烤香肠。当脱水胡萝卜添加量为7%,脱水菠菜添加量为1.8%时,产品口感和外观最佳。     

新型胡萝卜猪肉灌肠的研制

以胡萝卜为蔬菜原料添加于猪肉中制作灌肠,主要研究了胡萝卜添加量、瘦肥肉比例和淀粉添加量对猪肉灌肠品质的影响.试验结果表明,胡萝卜添加于肉中可制作新型猪肉灌肠,胡萝卜的最适添加量为5%,瘦肥肉比例为7:3,淀粉的最适添加量为6%.     

分光光度法测定不同食品中磷含量及结果分析

目的通过分光光度法对不同种类食品中磷含量进行测定。方法实验使用钒钼黄分光光度法进行方法确认,然后对所选代表性食品进行磷含量测定。结果经方法确认后,本方法的标准曲线方程为Y=0.0345X+0.0021(r~2=0.9999),其线性范围:0.0~15.0μg/m L,检出限:3.49 mg/100 g,灵敏度:1.87%,精密度:1.84%,加标回收率:96.96%~100.00%。所选的代表性食物中磷的含量为:全脂奶粉花生牛奶黄豆婴儿米粉鸡蛋牛肉鲫鱼猪肉鸡肉羊肉脱水胡萝卜丁苏打饼干面包方便面小麦粉大米玉米粉,而且含磷较高的食品其脂肪含量都比较高,含磷较低的都是一些低脂食品。结论本研究测定不同食品中的磷含量,为消费者构建更加健康的饮食结构和养成更加健康的饮食习惯提供参考。不同人群需要合理膳食,正确控制磷的摄入量。     

不同蔬菜粉添加比例对鲶鱼肉饼品质的影响

以鲶鱼鱼糜和蔬菜粉(胡萝卜、芹菜、香菜、黄瓜、菠菜)为主要原料加工成蔬菜鲶鱼肉饼。通过蒸煮损失率、色差、质构、失水率和感官评定等指标探讨不同原料种类和不同添加量的蔬菜粉对鲶鱼肉饼品质的影响。结果表明：胡萝卜、菠菜、芹菜、黄瓜和香菜粉的添加质量分数为4%～6%为宜,胡萝卜鲶鱼肉饼的品质最好。     

响应面法优化菠菜胡萝卜挂面工艺研究

以面粉、菠菜、胡萝卜、食盐、水为原料制备菠菜胡萝卜挂面,并进行相关工艺优化。运用单因素试验得出菠菜与水的料液比、菠菜浆增添量、胡萝卜粉增添量对菠菜胡萝卜挂面品质影响的最优参数范围,再通过响应面法对菠菜胡萝卜挂面的最优参数范围做进一步优化。结果表明:菠菜与水的料液比0.25∶1(g/mL),菠菜浆增添量56%,胡萝卜粉增添量为20 g,在此工艺条件下制成的菠菜胡萝卜挂面色泽鲜丽,具有独特的风味,口感极佳。     

Bioaccessibility of carotenes from carrots: Effect of cooking and addition of oil

Food processing and occurrence of dietary lipids are believed to be important and limiting factors for carotenoid bioavailability in humans. In the present study the isolated and combined effects of household cooking and addition of olive oil on the bioaccessibility of carotenes from carrots have been investigated. Although thermal treatment during cooking showed to have a negative impact on the carotenoid content, a positive effect on the micellarisation of carotenes and therefore on their bioaccessibility was found. Carotenes transferred to the digests were micellarised to a higher extent from cooked carrots (52%) than from crude carrots (29%). Addition of olive oil to carrot samples during cooking and before application of the in vitro digestion model had a marked positive effect on the release of carotenes, although the design of the model did not allow the correct estimation of this effect. The higher amounts of micellarised carotenes (80%) were found in the digest prepared from cooked carrots containing 10% olive oil. In general, the inclusion of olive oil during cooking increased the carotenoid extraction and micellarisation in a dose-dependent fashion. Although β-carotene and α-carotene were affected in a similar way by the cooking process, α-carotene appeared to be more efficiently incorporated into the micelles when olive oil was added to the samples. In conclusion, both processing and mainly lipid content (cooking oil in this case) significantly improve carotenoid bioaccessibility from carrots, and therefore may increase bioavailability in humans.Industrial relevanceThe consumption of carotenoid-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables has been associated with a decrease of the risk of developing certain types of degenerative and chronic diseases. Processing of food and the interaction of carotenoids with lipophilic food components or ingredients may modify the amount of the released pigment from the food matrix, and therefore potentially increase or decrease their bioavailability. For this purpose, in the present study we have investigated the effects of cooking and presence of olive oil on the release of carotenes from carrots (as a model food) and their incorporation into absorbable micelles, the bioaccessibility. From the industrial point of view, a better understanding of the factors governing the release of carotenoids and other active components from vegetable foods is of great importance with the aim of optimising the manufacturing processes.     

Determination of pindone in agricultural products by LC-MS/MS

A sensitive and selective analytical method for the determination of pindone in agricultural products by LC-MS/MS was developed. Pindone was extracted with acetone, and an aliquot of the crude extract was re-extracted with hexane. For lipid-rich samples, the crude extract was further cleaned up by acetonitrile-hexane partitioning. The extract was cleaned up on a tandem graphitized carbon-silica gel column. For brown rice, soybean, and tea, PSA column cleanup was added prior to LC-MS/MS determination. Average recoveries of pindone from brown rice, soybean, potato, spinach, cabbage, apple, orange, tomato, cucumber, and tea fortified at 0.001 mg/kg were 81-93%, and the relative standard deviations were 2-7%. The limit of quantitation (S/N ≥ 10) of the developed method was 0.001 mg/kg for all the tested agricultural products.     

Effects of dietary soybean oil on lipid and protein oxidation in pork patties during chill storage

The effect of dietary soybean oil on lipid and protein oxidation in low and high fat pork patties made from quadriceps femoris during chill storage in a high oxygen atmosphere packaging (80% O(2)/20% CO(2)) in the dark for 7 days was investigated. Pigs were fed either a standard diet or a diet added 2% soybean oil. After slaughter high fat pork patties were prepared for both feeding regimes by addition of back fat from pigs fed the same diet whereas low fat pork patties were prepared without addition of back fat. The 2% soybean diet increased the amount of unsaturated fat in the pork. Secondary lipid oxidation products determined as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were found to increase in the pork patties with increased unsaturated fat. Increased unsaturated fat in the pork patties had no effect on protein oxidation determined as free protein thiol content and protein carbonyl content. A small, but significant increase in protein oxidation was found in the high fat pork patties independent on dietary fat. In conclusion, protein oxidation is unaffected by dietary fat in pork patties during chill storage for periods normally used in retail trade, and lipid and protein oxidation are not coupled under these conditions.     

常见30对所谓相克食物的相克情况调查

目的：通过文献检索、现场调查和食谱查阅等方法对常见所谓相克食物的相克情况进行调查分析,为正确认识相克食物组合风险,保证人民群众的饮食安全提供依据。方法：选择中国学术期刊全文数据库（CNKI）作为文献统计数据源,查阅1994--2010年之间文献;随机抽取部队炊事人员进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括对食物相克的一般认知和常见30对所谓相克食物搭配情况的回顾调查;对20个单位100份连队周食谱和20份部队重大活动食谱进行逐一检索,查看有无所谓的相克食物组合。结果：（1）查阅174篇文献,仅有38篇属于反对食物相克的,支持“相克”的文献与质疑“相克”的文献比例约为4：1。（2）328名调查对象中有325人听说过食物相克,206人认为食物相克有科学根据,17人表示遇见过因食物相克而使食用者出现不适症状。（3）炊事人员对相克食物相互搭配的回顾性调查表明,搭配比例较高的食物组合有黄瓜和花生、黄瓜和西红柿、猪肉和黄豆、菠菜和豆腐、葱和豆腐、虾和西红胡萝l、和白萝1、．搭配比例依次为57．93％、37．50％、35．06％、32．93％、31．71％、30．18％、26．83％。（4）120份食谱中出现的食物组合有：黄瓜和西红柿、葱和豆腐、黄瓜和花生、豆浆和鸡蛋、菠菜和豆腐、黄豆和猪肉、牛奶和菜花、虾和西红柿、牛肉和韭菜、牛肉和栗子等。结论：调查对象对食物相克认知与普通人群存在一定差异;所调查的相克食物在部队食谱和膳食中经常出现,多数不会引起人体不良反应,相互搭配风险较低。     

稻米油在快餐煎炸中的性能研究

本文通过模拟西式快餐门店的煎炸实验,考察了稻米油在快餐煎炸中应用的可行性。通过油脂理化指标、肪酸组成分析及微量成分分析来比较稻米油与棕榈油和大豆油的差异,通过模拟西式快餐门店168℃下煎炸薯条过程中极性物质和酸价的变化,并对薯条进行感官评价,对比稻米油、大豆油与棕榈油的煎炸性能。结果显示:稻米油所含的饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸均介于棕榈油和大豆油之间,并且其含有的维生素E与大豆油接近且明显高于棕榈油;另外稻米油还含有12035.74 mg/kg植物甾醇和4359.17 mg/kg谷维素。在煎炸过程中,稻米油的酸价上升速度远远低于大豆油,接近于棕榈油;尽管其初始极性组分较高,但其极性组分在煎炸后期上升比较平稳,至煎炸终点时其极性组分低于棕榈油和大豆油;同时在煎炸过程中,棕榈油、稻米油、大豆油中的维生素E随煎炸时间的延长明显降低,至第6 d对应的含量分别10.01、8.49与2.11 mg/kg;而稻米油中谷维素和植物甾醇含量也随煎炸时间的延长而减少,但至煎炸终点时,仍有较多的保留,含量分别为1531.98和6618.45 mg/kg。另外,感官评价发现,稻米油炸制的薯条比大豆油、棕榈油更酥脆、风味更好,整体喜好度更高。总之,但稻米油具有良好煎炸性能,其煎炸性能明显优于大豆油,可用作西式快餐煎炸油。     

Characteristics of low-fat meat emulsion systems with pork fat replaced by vegetable oils and rice bran fiber

The effects of vegetable oils prepared from olive, corn, soybean, canola, or grape seed, and rice bran fiber on the composition and rheological properties of meat batters were studied. Pork fat at 30% in the control was partially replaced by one of the vegetable oils at 10% in addition to reducing the pork fat to 10%. The chemical composition, cooking characteristics, texture properties, and viscosity of low-fat meat batters were analyzed. The moisture, protein, ash content, uncooked and cooked pH values, b^∗-value, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and viscosity of meat batters with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber were all higher than the control. In addition, batters supplemented with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber had lower cooking loss and better emulsion stability. Low-fat meat batters with reduced pork fat content (10%) and 10% vegetable oil plus rice bran fiber had improved characteristics relative to the regular fat control.     

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and soybean oil effects on quality characteristics of pork patties studied by response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect and interactions of processing variables such as roselle extract (0.1–1.3%), soybean oil (5–20%) on physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of cooked pork patties. It was found that reduction in thickness, pH, L* and b* values decreased; however, water-holding capacity, reduction in diameter and a* values increased, respectively, as the amount of roselle increased. Soybean oil addition increased water-holding capacity, reduction in thickness, b* values of the patties. The hardness depended on the roselle and soybean oil added, as its linear effect was negative at p < 0.01. The preference of color, tenderness, juiciness, and overall quality depend on the addition of roselle and soybean oil. The maximum overall quality score (5.42) was observed when 12.5 g of soybean oil and 0.7 g of roselle extract was added. The results of this optimization study would be useful for meat industry that tends to increase the product yield for patties using the optimum levels of ingredients by RSM.     

大豆组织蛋白素食糯米肠制作工艺研究

大豆组织蛋白具有丰富的营养价值和类似于肉的口感,以大豆组织蛋白代替肉为主料,同时以大豆油代替动物脂肪,添加糯米研制大豆组织蛋白素食糯米肠。大豆组织蛋白经过预处理(浸泡、脱水)得到大豆组织蛋白湿基(水分65%)。通过比较糯米不同添加量对肠的影响,确定了糯米的最佳添加量以大豆组织蛋白湿基计(水分65%)为60%。通过单因素和正交试验确定了大豆组织蛋白素食糯米肠其他配料的最佳配方为:以大豆组织蛋白湿基(水分65%)为基准,添加水160%,大豆分离蛋白10%,复配胶5%,大豆油14%。     

糯米香菇营养快餐香肠的工艺配方优化与特性

以糯米和猪肉为主要原料,辅以牛奶、鸡蛋、香菇、莲子和低聚异麦芽糖等营养物质开发营养均衡、风味独特的糯米香菇营养快餐香肠.通过单因素试验,探究糯米、香菇、牛奶、鸡蛋、大豆蛋白、谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG)的加量及蒸煮时间对产品感官品质和质构特性的影响,得出牛奶、香菇、鸡蛋、大豆蛋白、谷氨酰胺转氨酶质量分数对产品品质影响较大,糯米及蒸煮时间对产品品质影响较小.通过正交试验,借助因子分析和极差分析对影响产品品质的主要因素进行优选,得到牛奶、香菇、大豆蛋白、鸡蛋、谷氨酰胺转氨酶理想添加量(占肉质量百分比)分别为15％、20％、3％、10％、1.5％.     

响应面试验优化油脂分段脱色工艺

利用多次吸附平衡可有效降低油脂的色泽原理,采用单因素试验探究分段脱色工艺对大豆油脱色效果的影响,然后通过响应面法获得最佳脱色工艺参数。在添加总量一定时,将活性白土分3 段进行添加,通过改变每段添加量比例,确定最佳吸附平衡的条件;在搅拌速率为150 r/min时,活性白土添加总量1.27%、脱色温度100 ℃、脱色总时间60 min,脱色油脂酸值为0.12 mg KOH/g,过氧化值为3.26 mmol/kg,色泽为黄18、红1.45,相对于常规脱色工艺活性白土用量减少9.29%,提高了油脂的精炼率。