100Cr6轴承钢的热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了100Cr6轴承钢在变形温度为850～1150℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为。分析了应变速率和变形温度对流变应力的影响,建立了100Cr6轴承钢热变形时的本构方程和热加工图,并讨论了组织变化情况。结果表明,在相同的应变速率下,流变应力随着温度的升高而降低;而在相同的变形温度下,流变应力随着应变速率的升高而增大。当应变速率为0.1 s~(-1)时,在850℃和950℃压缩变形时,发生了动态回复软化;而在1050℃和1150℃热压缩变形时,加工硬化的软化机理为动态再结晶。结合显微组织观察,得到变形温度950～1150℃、应变速率0.01～0.1 s~(-1)为100Cr6钢的合理热加工工艺参数。     

汽车用5182铝合金热变形行为及加工图研究

在Gleeble-3800热模拟机上采用等温压缩实验研究了5182铝合金在变形温度为573 K～723 K、应变速率为0. 01 s-1～10 s~(-1)、真应变为0～0. 69条件下的高温流变应力行为,建立了5182铝合金热变形的本构方程和热加工图。结果表明:5182铝合金在热变形时,其流变应力呈现出稳态流变特征,随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增加而增大,但在应变速率ε·≥1 s~(-1)高应变速率下,则出现动态软化现象;可以采用包含Z参数的双曲正弦函数关系来描述5182铝合金高温变形时的流变应力行为;最佳的热变形区域为变形温度400℃～420℃、应变速率0. 01 s~(-1)～0. 1 s~(-1)。     

25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr热变形行为研究

在Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机上对25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr进行热压缩试验,研究其在温度800～1250℃和应变速率为0. 01 s~(-1)～20 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大。根据材料动态模型,计算并分析了合金的热加工图,利用热加工图确定了热变形的流变失稳区,合金在热加工温度为1050～1150℃,应变速率为0. 01 s~(-1)时可加工性最优。     

基于热加工图的铸态TC18钛合金热变形特征研究（英文）

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟机对铸态TC18钛合金进行高温热压缩变形实验,分析该合金在变形温度1000~1150℃、应变速率0.01~10s~(-1)和变形量为70%条件下流变应力的变化规律。确定TC18钛合金热变形激活能,建立热加工图,并通过组织观察对热加工图进行解释。综合不同应变量下的热加工图,获得了试验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数,为铸态TC18钛合金热加工工艺优化提供理论依据。     

低碳钢20CrNi2Mo的高温热变形行为及热加工图

以20CrNi2Mo低碳钢为研究对象,采用DIL805A/T热模拟试验机在变形温度为900~1050℃、应变速率为0.001~1s~(-1)条件下进行等温单道次轴向热压缩试验,建立了20CrNi2Mo钢高温压缩的最大变形抗力本构方程和热加工图,并观察了热变形组织。结果表明:真应变值为0.1~0.5的热加工图中均存在两个功率耗散峰区,且随着应变量的增加峰区I逐渐向变形温度较高的区域移动,峰区II向应变速率增大的区域移动。热加工图中失稳区域随着应变量的增加先逐渐减小后又逐渐增大,在ε=0.4时,失稳区域最小,此应变量下20CrNi2Mo钢较优的热加工工艺区间为:变形温度940~960℃、应变速率0.001 s~(-1)或温度1025~1050℃、应变速率0.01~0.06 s~(-1)。     

超大型环形件用2219铝合金的热变形本构方程及热加工图

采用Gleeble-3500型热模拟机,分析了2219铝合金在变形温度为330～450℃,应变速率为10~(-2)～10 s~(-1),统一压缩变形量为60%的条件下的热变形行为,研究了应变速率和变形温度对流变应力的影响,建立了超大型环形件用2219铝合金热变形时的本构方程和热加工图。结果表明:2219铝合金的流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;基于应变-应变速率补偿模型建立的本构方程可以更好地预测其流变行为,实验值与预测值的相对误差的标准偏差为6. 7%,最大相对误差绝对值为18. 7%;确定了热加工最佳工艺参数区间:应变速率为10~(-2)～1. 2×10~(-2)s~(-1),变形温度为400～430℃。     

特大型支承辊用Cr4合金钢的热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机在温度为700~1200℃,应变速率为0.002~5 s~(-1)、最大变形量为55%条件下对特大型支承辊Cr4合金钢进行热压缩试验,研究了该合金的热变形行为及热加工特征,建立了Cr4合金钢在试验条件下的热加工图。结果表明:在其他变形参数恒定时,Cr4合金钢的热变形真应力随应变速率的升高而逐渐变大,随变形温度的提高而急剧降低;在变形温度为750~900℃,应变速率为0.002~0.01 s~(-1),变形温度为750~800℃,应变速率为0.049~2.718 s~(-1)和变形温度为800~1050℃、应变速率为0.1~4.482 s~(-1)的3个区域内易产生流变失稳现象;动态再结晶是触发材料流变软化及稳态流变的主要原因,Cr4合金钢的安全热加工区域的变形温度在950~1150℃之间、应变速率在0.018~0.223 s~(-1)之间。     

P550奥氏体不锈钢的热变形行为研究

利用Thermecmastor-Z热模拟试验机对P550奥氏体不锈钢进行了高温热压缩试验,研究该钢在850~1 150℃、应变速率0.1~20 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为。结果表明:P550不锈钢的流变应力随着变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大;随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的增加,高温铁素体的数量减少、尺寸减小,发生动态再结晶的晶粒数量增多;计算获得该钢种的热变形方程为ε=5.5e~(30)[sinh(0.004 3σ)]~(12.38)exp(-794/RT);依据热加工图得出该钢种热加工的流变失稳区为:T=900~1 100℃,ε·=0.1~1 s~(-1),该区域为不均匀塑性变形区,在热加工过程中应予以避免。     

欠时效态7075铝合金热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleebe-3500型热模拟试验机对7075铝合金进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验,研究了该合金在变形温度为250~450℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为,并据此建立了热加工图。结果表明:流变真应力随应变速率的升高而增大,随变形温度的升高而减小;经250℃、16 h欠时效处理的样品,其峰值应力要显著大于未经时效的样品;真应变为0.3和0.7的热加工图在250~350℃的温度区间、0.01~1 s~(-1)的应变速率区间均出现流变失稳;16 h欠时效态7075铝合金的最佳热变形参数为:变形温度400~450℃、应变速率0.01~0.001 s~(-1)。     

5083铝合金热压缩应力-应变曲线修正与热加工图

在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上对圆柱体5083铝合金试样进行温度为300～500℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s~(-1)条件下的热压缩试验。对实验获得的真应力应变曲线进行摩擦修正,依据摩擦修正后的应力应变曲线计算本构方程,采用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的本构方程描述摩擦修正后的5083铝合金流变应力行为,其热变形激活能为164.17 kJ/mol。根据摩擦修正后的真应力-应变曲线绘制热加工图,随着真应变的增加,失稳区域向着高应变速率、高变形温度区域扩展,5083铝合金适宜热变形工艺参数:变形温度为400～500℃、变形速率为0.01～0.1s~(-1)与340～450℃、变形速率为0.001～0.01 s~(-1)。随着变形温度升高与应变速率降低,晶粒内位错密度减少,主要软化机制逐渐由动态回复转变为动态再结晶。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。