两种羊奶干酪成熟期间理化和生化特性研究

对硬质、半硬质羊奶干酪成熟90d内理化和生化特性的研究表明:硬质、半硬质羊奶干酪的pH在成熟过程中都呈先减小后增大的趋势,水分含量逐渐降低,盐含量逐渐增大,蛋白质和脂肪含量先增大后减小.在蛋白质降解产物中,pH4.6水溶性氮(WSN-N)、12%三氯乙酸氮(TCA-N)、5%磷钨酸氮(PTA-N),氨基酸态氮(AAN)含量都呈上升趋势.在脂肪降解产物中,ADV值、羰基价和TBA值变大,POV值在干酪成熟过程中上升和下降交替出现.     

基于多元线性回归对Tilsit型干酪成熟期的研究

根据Tilsit干酪加工方法制作生干酪样品,在90 d成熟内测定其总氮、水溶性氮(WSN)、三氯乙酸水溶性氮(TCA-SN)、磷钨酸水溶性氮(PTA-SN)等含量,研究成熟过程中蛋白质水解程度。上述指标,除磷钨酸水溶性氮,其余均与干酪成熟期呈现一定的线性相关性(p<0.05),该多元线性回归模型可以用于鉴定和预测Tilsit型干酪的成熟期。     

快速成熟契达干酪成熟期间的理化特性变化

对天然契达(Cheddar)干酪快速成熟期间理化特性进行了研究,结果表明,在21 d内,pH值呈下降趋势(P<0.05),在21 d到35 d的成熟中,pH值缓慢增加(P>0.05);Cheddar干酪快速成熟过程中由于蛋白酶和脂肪酶的作用使蛋白发生水解,pH值为4.6醋酸溶液—水溶性氮质量分数、质量分数为12%的三氯乙酸—可溶性氮和游离氨基酸(FAA)的质量分数都呈明显增加趋势(P<0.05);成熟过程中TPA各项指标均有不同程度的变化,硬度和凝聚性呈先下降后增加的趋势,弹性和咀嚼性呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

两种乳源切达干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解状况对比

为了了解中国特色水牛乳切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白质降解的情况,以荷斯坦牛乳切达干酪为对照,用凯氏定氮法研究两种干酪的磷钨酸可溶性氮(PTA-SN)、三氯乙酸可溶性氮(TCA-SN)和pH 4.6可溶性氮(pH 4.6-SN)在干酪成熟期间的变化情况.结果表明:在成熟期90 d内,两种切达干酪在成熟过程中PTA-SN、TCA-SN和pH 4.6-SN含量随着成熟时间的延长逐渐增大,且成熟温度越高,增加得越多,最终分别上升了约5％～10％,1％～10％,2％～5％.中国水牛乳切达干酪蛋白降解程度更深.     

瑞士乳杆菌对高达干酪蛋白水解的影响

研究高达干酪在4℃条件下成熟16周过程中瑞士乳杆菌对蛋白水解的影响。制作4个高达干酪样品,2个为对照样品,不添加瑞士乳杆菌;另2个为试验样品,添加瑞士乳杆菌KLDS 1.0432。在干酪成熟过程中每隔一段时间测定pH4.6水溶性氮(SN-pH4.6)、12%三氯乙酸氮(SN-TCA)、5%磷钨酸氮(SN-PTA),并进行SDS凝胶电泳。结果显示:对照样品和试验样品的SN-pH4.6和SDS凝胶电泳没有显著差别,但是试验样品中的SN-TCA和SN-PTA比对照样品高。     

不同凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟的影响研究

本文比较了米黑毛霉凝乳酶、小牛皱胃酶和木瓜蛋白酶制备的切达干酪成熟期间的感官品质和理化性质。结果表明,小牛皱胃酶和米黑毛霉凝乳酶制作的干酪在成熟期60d和90d时,感官评价值达到最大,在90d成熟期内,木瓜蛋白酶干酪的感官评分值始终低于小牛皱胃酶和米黑毛霉凝乳酶;在干酪成熟期间,三种干酪在水分含量、pH、总氮、pH 4.6-SN以及12%TCA-SN含量的变化趋势一致;在成熟期0-90d内,三种干酪蛋白降解程度是小牛皱胃酶干酪米黑毛霉凝乳酶木瓜蛋白酶;在成熟期0-30d时,小牛皱胃酶和米黑毛霉凝乳酶对总氮影响差异不显著(P0.05),成熟期0-30d和60-90d时,这两种酶对干酪pH 4.6-SN以及12%TCA-SN影响差异不显著(P0.05)。     

凝乳酶对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白降解的影响

以新鲜牦牛乳为原料,采用小牛皱胃酶、木瓜蛋白酶和微生物凝乳酶制作硬质干酪,探讨凝乳酶种类对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解的影响。结果表明:三种凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中,不同凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间蛋白质降解能力存在较大差异,总氮(TN)、p H4.6水溶性氮(p H4.6-SN/TN)、12%的三氯乙酸氮(12%TCA-N/TN)、5%磷钨酸氮(5%PTA-N/TN)含量、游离氨基酸均随成熟时间延长不同程度的增加,蛋白氮和酪蛋白氮逐渐降低,多肽氮呈先升高后下降趋势,且微生物凝乳酶降解牦牛乳硬质干酪蛋白能力显著(p0.05)高于木瓜蛋白酶和小牛皱胃酶。     

新疆特色酸凝干酪成熟期间理化特性研究

对新疆特色酸凝干酪成熟50 d内理化特性研究结果表明:干酪成熟过程中水分含量减少,变化差异极显著(P<0.01);pH值在前20 d内下降较快,达到最低值;脂肪含量减少;pH4.6可溶性氮和12%TCA可溶性氮含量有不同程度的上升,且pH4.6可溶性氮比12%TCA可溶性氮含量高;通过SDS-PAGE图谱分析,得知干酪在成熟30 d之后蛋白质降解程度较深;乳糖含量在成熟前期下降较快,后期较慢。     

成熟温度和时间对半硬质干酪成熟特性影响研究

研究成熟温度和时间对半硬质干酪成熟特性的影响。将干酪分别在4、10、16℃条件下成熟,测定其在90d 内品质变化规律。结果表明,在90d 成熟期内,pH 值先下降后升高,最后趋于稳定;pH4.6 可溶性氮含量和12% 三氯乙酸可溶性氮含量逐渐升高;乳酸菌总数逐渐下降。成熟温度对干酪的感官品质、pH 值、蛋白质的降解和乳酸菌总数影响显著。4℃成熟的干酪,在第90 天时,感官品质达到最好;10℃成熟的干酪,在第45天时,感官品质达到最好;16℃成熟的干酪,感官品质较差。根据感官品质和其他参数的变化规律,确定半硬质干酪的最佳成熟温度为10℃,最佳成熟时间为45d。     

霉菌水牛乳豆乳混合发酵干酪成熟特性的研究

雅致放射毛霉(Actinomucor elegans)是腐乳酿造中常用的菌种,将其应用到水牛乳和豆乳混合干酪的发酵成熟过程中,研究该菌种对干酪成熟期间理化特性等各项指标的影响,结果表明:干酪在成熟期间,水分质量分数由61.25%下降到43.15%;pH4.6可溶性氮和12%TCA可溶性氮质量分数在成熟的30 d内分别由15.49%和7.13%上升到52.59%和47.91%。硬度和弹性均呈下降趋势。毛霉水牛乳、豆乳混合干酪成品的主要理化指标为:非脂水分质量分数71.25%,蛋白质质量分数20.63%,干物质脂肪质量分数25.01%。     

The influence of ripening temperature and sampling site on the proteolysis in Reggianito Argentino cheese

The effects of elevated ripening temperature and sampling site on proteolysis in Reggianito Argentino cheese were evaluated. Cheeses ripened at 12 or 18 °C and 85% relative humidity were analysed at 2, 4 and 6 months in 2 sampling zones (central and external). Samples were analysed to determine the physicochemical and proteolysis parameters through the urea-PAGE of the urea-soluble fraction, RP-HPLC analysis of the water-soluble fraction at pH 4.6, and the free amino acid analysis. Proteolysis was significantly affected by ripening temperature and sampling site. Urea-PAGE analysis showed that elevated temperature increased the degradation of α_s1- and β-casein. The degradation of α_s1-casein was larger in the central zone than in the external one, while β-casein degradation was similar in both zones. The majority peaks detected by RP-HPLC of the water-soluble fraction at pH 4.6 and free amino acids were significantly affected by ripening temperature and sampling site. Glu, His, Val, Leu, and Lys had the higher concentrations. Principal component analysis showed useful groupings when results from chromatograms were studied. In conclusion, the results obtained not only are useful to characterise the ripening of an Argentinean hard cheese, but also to evaluate the effect of an increase of ripening temperature on Reggianito Argentino cheese proteolysis.     

Monitoring Proteolysis During Ripening of Full-fat and Low-fat Cheddar Cheeses by Reverse-Phase HPLC

Proteolysis during ripening of full-fat and low-fat Cheddar cheese was investigated by applying reverse-phase HPLC to the pH 4.6 water-soluble N fraction of cheese. The separated N compounds were divided into four MW ranges. The number of separated peaks and the amount of N compounds separated in each of the MW ranges increased with ripening time. Significant within-cheese, within-variety, and between-varieties differences in the amounts and proportions of N compounds with different MW were observed as related to ripening time. Reverse-phase HPLC of the pH 4.6 water-soluble N fraction of cheese can provide detailed quantitative information on proteolytic activities during ripening.     

地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响

利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作切达干酪和切达干酪类似物,分析干酪成熟过程中各蛋白水解指标的变化规律,以揭示地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响。结果表明,CDF组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶所制切达干酪）、CD3组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶但未添加发酵剂制成的干酪类似物）和CCF组（添加商品凝乳酶所制切达干酪）干酪蛋白含量、pH 4.6-可溶性氮、12%三氯乙酸-可溶性氮、5%磷钨酸-可溶性氮、总游离氨基酸含量均随着成熟时间延长呈显著增加趋势,并且成熟期间CDF组干酪均显著高于CCF组干酪（P＜0.05）;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳分析表明,CDF组干酪α-酪蛋白水解程度较大;pH 4.6-可溶性肽段分析表明,随着干酪的成熟,总肽含量呈先增加后下降趋势,但疏水性肽与亲水性肽的比值呈持续下降趋势,在成熟第6个月时,CDF组、CD3组和CCF组干酪疏水性肽与亲水性肽比值分别为2.668、2.822、3.788。主成分分析表明,3 组干酪的蛋白水解程度与成熟度呈正相关,与疏水性肽和亲水性肽的比值呈负相关。以上结果表明,利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作的干酪蛋白水解度更高,但其疏水性肽比例较小,研究结果可为地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶在干酪生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

Influence of lamb rennet paste on composition and proteolysis during ripening of Pecorino foggiano cheese

Rennet pastes produced by lambs subjected to three different feeding systems (mother suckling [MS], artificial rearing [AR], and artificial rearing with Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation [ARLB]) and slaughtered at two different ages (20 and 40 d) were used for the manufacture of Pecorino foggiano cheese. Composition and proteolysis during ripening of Pecorino foggiano cheese (four replicates batches) were analyzed. Proteolysis was greater in cheeses made with rennet pastes from lambs slaughtered at 20 d, as shown by analysis of nitrogen fractions (water-soluble N and proteose peptones). Supplementation of milk substitute with L. acidophilus may have influenced the growth dynamics of lactic acid bacteria in the rennet pastes, with positive effects on levels of lactobacilli in cheese at the beginning of the ripening time. Lower pH values in ARLB cheese during ripening, together with higher cell loads, suggest that supplementation of milk replacer with L. acidophilus resulted in higher proteolytic activity, as also confirmed by the composition of the pH 4.6—insoluble nitrogen fraction. No differences were found in total concentration of free amino acids among the experimental cheeses; phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine were found at the highest levels. The addition of probiotic bacteria to milk substitute in lamb rearing appears to give good-quality lamb rennet paste.     

Effects of genetic type,stage of lactation,and ripening time on Caciocavallo cheese proteolysis

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of genetic type, stage of lactation, and ripening time on proteolysis in Caciocavallo cheese. One hundred twenty Caciocavallo cheeses made from the milk of 2 breeds, Italian Brown and Italian Holstein and characterized by different stages of lactation were obtained and ripened for 1, 30, 60, 90, and 150 d. Cheese proteolysis was investigated by ripening index (ratio of water-soluble N at pH 4.6 to total protein, %) and by the study of degradation of the protein fractions (α_S1-, β-, and para-κ-casein), which was determined by densitometric analysis of isoelectric focusing results. The statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the studied factors. Ripening index was higher in Italian Brown Caciocavallo cheese and in cheeses made with early lactation milk, whereas casein solubilization was greater in the first 2 mo of ripening. Isoelectric focusing analysis of cheese samples during ripening showed extensive hydrolysis of caseins. In particular, the protein fraction that underwent major degradation by proteolytic enzymes was α_S1-casein, followed by β-casein, whereas para-κ-casein was less degraded. Italian Brown cheese showed a lower residual quantity of β- and para-κ-casein, whereas Italian Holstein cheese showed a lower residual quantity of α_S1-casein. In addition, significant interactions of both first and second order were found on both ripening index and degradation of protein fractions. This study demonstrated that the analyzed factors influenced proteolysis of Caciocavallo cheese, which forms the basis of new knowledge that could lead to the production of a pasta filata cheese with specific characteristics.     

Effect of somatic cell count on Prato cheese composition

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of 2 levels of somatic cell counts (SCC) in raw milk on Prato cheese composition, protein and fat recovery, cheese yield, and ripening. A 2 × 6 factorial design with 3 replications was performed in this study: 2 levels of SCC and 6 levels of storage time. Initially, 2 groups of dairy cows were selected to obtain low (<200,000 cells/ mL) and high (>600,000 cells/mL) SCC in milks that were used to manufacture 2 vats of cheese: 1) low SCC and 2) high SCC. Milk, whey, and cheese compositions were evaluated; clotting time was measured; and cheese yield, protein recovery, and fat recovery were calculated. The cheeses were evaluated after 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, and 40 d of ripening according to pH, moisture, pH 4.6 soluble nitrogen, 12% trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen, and firmness. High-SCC milk presented significantly higher total protein and nonprotein nitrogen and lower true protein and casein concentrations than did low-SCC milk, indicating an increased whey protein content and a higher level of proteolysis. Although the pH of the milk was not affected by the somatic cell level, the cheese obtained from high-SCC milk presented significantly higher pH values during manufacture and a higher clotting time. No significant differences in cheese yield and protein recovery were observed for these levels of milk somatic cells. The cheese from high-SCC milk was higher in moisture and had a higher level of proteolysis during ripening, which could compromise the typical sensory quality of the product.     

Effects of ventilation rate and of dietary protein level in an intensive dairy sheep system on the features of Canestrato Pugliese cheese

Effects of ventilation rate and of dietary protein level in an intensive dairy sheep system on the features of Canestrato Pugliese cheese were studied. Cheeses were manufactured from the bulk milk obtained from ewes subjected to four different experimental treatments: (1) low dietary crude protein (CP) of 13% in dry matter (DM) at a low ventilation rate (23.5 m3/h per ewe) (LPLV); (2) low dietary CP at a moderate ventilation rate (47 m3/h per ewe) (LPMV), (3) moderate dietary CP of 16% DM at a low ventilation rate (MPLV); and (4) moderate dietary CP dietary at a moderate ventilation rate (MPMV). Bulk milk and cheeses (at 1, 15, 45 and 90 d of ripening) were analysed for chemical composition, N fractions and plasmin-plasminogen activities. The pH 4.6-soluble and insoluble N fractions were analysed by urea-PAGE. Bulk milk from ewes receiving the low CP diet displayed higher casein and lower urea contents. Ewes subjected to the low ventilation rate displayed a higher plasminogen activity in milk, whereas no differences emerged among treatments in the conversion of zymogen to plasmin. During ripening the plasmin-plasminogen system in cheese did not display significant changes across treatments. At 90 d of ripening, the cheese produced with milk from ewes receiving the low CP diet and exposed to the low ventilation rate displayed more markedly stained bands in the area of gamma-caseins in pH 4.6-insoluble N fraction. As from 15 d of ripening, the pH 4.6-soluble fraction showed a greater number of bands in the LPMV and MPMV than in the LPLV and MPLV cheeses. The results showed that Canestrato Pugliese cheese manufactured with milk from ewes fed the low CP diet and exposed to the moderate ventilation rate was characterized by higher protein and casein content in the fresh cheese and by a greater proteolysis after 90 d of ripening.     

热烫拉伸温度对Mozzarella干酪蛋白降解及质构特性的影响

不同的热烫拉伸温度对Mozzarella干酪的组织结构、凝块中微生物以及酶的活性有很重要的影响,进而会影响其成熟过程中蛋白质的降解以及最终品质的形成,该研究对不同热烫拉伸温度的Mozzarella干酪成熟过程中的蛋白降解及质构特性指标进行测定。结果表明,同一成熟期内,随着热烫温度（对照、70 ℃、90 ℃）的提高,干酪的pH 4.6可溶性氮（SN）显著下降（P＜0.05）,12%三氯乙酸-可溶性氮（TCA-SN）有所下降（P＞0.05）,而干酪的硬度、咀嚼性均显著增大（P＜0.05）,弹性增大而黏附性有所下降（P＞0.05）,融化性、油脂析出性均显著下降（P＜0.05）。因而采取70 ℃的热烫拉伸温度更有利于干酪成熟后形成良好的质构特性及充分的蛋白降解。     

Slower proteolysis in Cheddar cheese made from high-protein cheese milk is due to an elevated whey protein content

A growing number of companies within the cheese-making industry are now using high-protein (e.g., 4–5%) milks to increase cheese yield. Previous studies have suggested that cheeses made from high-protein (both casein and whey protein; WP) milks may ripen more slowly; one suggested explanation is inhibition of residual rennet activity due to elevated WP levels. We explored the use of microfiltration (MF) to concentrate milk for cheese-making, as that would allow us to concentrate the casein while varying the WP content. Our objective was to determine if reducing the level of WP in concentrated cheese milk had any impact on cheese characteristics, including ripening, texture, and nutritional profile. Three types of 5% casein standardized and pasteurized cheese milks were prepared that had various casein:true protein (CN:TP) ratios: (a) control with CN:TP 83:100, (b) 35% WP reduced, 89:100 CN:TP, and (c) 70% WP reduced, 95:100 CN:TP. Standardized milks were preacidified to pH 6.2 with dilute lactic acid during cheese-making. Composition, proteolysis, textural, rheological, and sensory properties of cheeses were monitored over a 9-mo ripening period. The lactose, total solids, total protein, and WP contents in the 5% casein concentrated milks were reduced with increasing levels of WP removal. All milks had similar casein and total calcium levels. Cheeses had similar compositions, but, as expected, lower WP levels were observed in the cheeses where WP depletion by MF was performed on the cheese milks. Cheese yield and nitrogen recoveries were highest in cheese made with the 95:100 CN:TP milk. These enhanced recoveries were due to the higher fraction of nitrogen being casein-based solids. Microfiltration depletion of WP did not affect pH, sensory attributes, or insoluble calcium content of cheese. Proteolysis (the amount of pH 4.6 soluble nitrogen) was lower in control cheeses compared with WP-reduced cheeses. During ripening, the hardness values and the temperature of the crossover point, an indicator of the melting point of the cheese, were higher in the control cheese. It was thus likely that the higher residual WP content in the control cheese inhibited proteolysis during ripening, and the lower breakdown rate resulted in its higher hardness and melting point. There were no major differences in the concentrations of key nutrients with this WP depletion method. Cheese milk concentration by MF provides the benefit of more typical ripening rates.     

Incorporation of Lactobacillus casei in Iranian ultrafiltered Feta cheese made by partial replacement of NaCl with KCl

Probiotic Iranian ultrafiltered Feta cheese was produced from ultrafiltration of milk with a volumetric concentration factor of 4.5:1. The heat-treated retentates were inoculated with 10(7) cfu of Lactobacillus casei LAFTI L26/mL. A mesophilic-thermophilic mixed culture of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, and Streptococcus thermophilus was also used. Three percent (wt/wt) salt with different ratios of NaCl:KCl (100% NaCl, 50% NaCl:50% KCl, 75% NaCl:25% KCl, and 25% NaCl:75% KCl) were used in cheese formulation. The viability of L. casei was determined in treatments during the ripening period (90d at 5°C) within 15-d intervals. The pH, titratable acidity, and redox potential changes were monitored throughout the mentioned period. The mean pH drop rate, mean acidity increase rate, and mean redox potential increase rate were calculated at the end of the storage period. Also, total nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, lactic acid, and acetic acid concentrations, and syneresis and sensory characteristics of the product were measured during the mentioned period every 30d. The maximum viability of L. casei was observed within d 15 to 30 of the ripening period in the treatment containing the lowest amount of sodium. Addition of KCl enhanced syneresis. Cheeses with NaCl alone and with only 25% replacement by KCl have the highest sensory acceptability.