河南奶山羊及其杂种羊泌乳早期乳成分动态变化

对河南奶山羊及其杂种羊泌乳早期初乳及常乳主要常规成分进行分析。结果表明:奶山羊和杂种羊乳中干物质含量分别在泌乳的第1天和第2天最高,分别达24.14g/100g和26.17g/100g,高峰后随着泌乳期的延长总体上呈下降趋势;乳糖含量在两组羊乳中随着泌乳期的延长总体上均呈上升趋势;乳脂率均在泌乳第5天和第4天时最高,分别达6.32g/100g和5.38g/100g,随着泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势。奶山羊前5d含量所泌初乳中,乳蛋白含量逐渐升高,常乳中乳蛋白含量基本稳定,杂种羊乳蛋白含量在初乳期随着泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势,常乳中含量基本稳定。乳中的灰分含量随着泌乳期的延长总体呈下降趋势,到常乳期有波动。乳中钙含量在实验期趋于稳定,磷含量在初乳期随泌乳期延长而稍有增加,常乳期平稳下降。河南奶山羊及其杂种羊乳中主要成分随着泌乳时间的变化而变化,各主要成分含量的变化与饲养管理条件和羊只营养状况等因素存在密切关系。     

不同泌乳期驴乳成分分析

通过对泌乳期不同阶段驴乳相关成分的检测分析,研究驴乳在泌乳期不同阶段成分的动态变化,为乳驴泌乳期不同阶段内的饲养管理、驴乳的加工贮藏及开发利用提供基础理论。对不同泌乳期所对应的生鲜驴乳的相关成分如总酸含量、蛋白质含量、乳糖及矿物质硒元素含量等进行检测并进行分析评价。结果表明,驴乳酸度随泌乳期延长呈现升高趋势,泌乳期6个月达到最高值,乳糖和脂肪含量随泌乳期呈现出下降趋势,均在泌乳期6个月达到最低值,蛋白质和水分变化呈现相反趋势,硒元素含量相对稳定,总的脂肪酸含量呈现下降趋势,其中饱和脂肪酸与短链脂肪酸呈现先上升后下降趋势。在泌乳期的不同阶段驴乳的成分含量存在一定差异。     

莎能奶山羊初乳化学组成成分的研究

对不同泌乳期的莎能奶山羊初乳的化学组成成分进行了分析。结果表明,莎能奶山羊初乳中总干物质、灰分、蛋白质、脂肪含量均随泌乳期延长呈下降趋势。分娩后第一次(3h)所挤初乳中各指标含量最高,其中总干物质含量为21.32%,灰分含量为1.57%,蛋白质含量为10.24%,脂肪含量为6.61%(12h),之后下降趋势都趋于平缓。分娩后第一次(3h)所挤初乳中乳糖含量最低,为1.93%,之后随泌乳期延长乳糖含量呈上升趋势。     

贮藏条件对驴初乳理化性质的影响

对新疆岳普湖驴乳37℃贮藏的理化性质进行研究。研究表明,随放置时间的延长,pH、相对密度呈下降趋势,而酸度则呈上升趋势;蛋白质、非脂乳固体含量均呈下降趋势;而乳糖含量及微生物数量则随放置时间的延长逐渐上升。      

贮藏条件对驴初乳理化性质的影响

对新疆岳普湖驴乳37℃贮藏的理化性质进行研究。研究表明,随放置时间的延长,pH、相对密度呈下降趋势,而酸度则呈上升趋势;蛋白质、非脂乳固体含量均呈下降趋势;而乳糖含量及微生物数量则随放置时间的延长逐渐上升。     

奶牛初乳的理化性质Ⅰ热稳定性和其化学组成

本文研究了奶牛初乳的热稳定性并对其加以改进,奶牛初乳的成分分析结果表明:奶牛初乳的蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、密度均高于常乳,并随泌乳期的延长而下降逐渐接近常乳水平,pH和乳糖的变化和它们相反;初乳中Ca、Na、Mg、Cl、Fe、Zn、Cu、的含量均高于常乳几倍甚至几十倍,但K、P的含量较常乳低。奶牛初乳不允许作为原料乳应用,除牛犊食用外大部分被废弃,已有研究表明初乳在常量、微量成分、生物活性物质的含量上均有不同于常乳的性质,如初乳中的免疫球蛋白、乳铁蛋白、溶菌酶、过氧化物酶、α-乳白蛋白,β-乳球蛋白、黄嘌呤氧化酶等生物活性物质含量要高于常乳几十倍～几千倍,其分离纯化后应用于食品添加剂和医药工业潜力很大,故有必要对初乳的理化性质作系统的研究和分析,为初乳的开发和利用提供依据。     

我国不同泌乳期母乳的脂肪酸构成特征研究

本文总结近15年有关中国妇女母乳脂肪酸构成的现有证据,将大量分散的研究数据及课题组数据按地区和泌乳期进行整合,得到各省级行政区构成的全国汇总数据。共有17个省级行政区的4727例母乳脂肪酸数据被纳入分析,其中初乳1327例,过渡乳900例,成熟乳2500例。进一步对各脂肪酸随泌乳期的变化趋势及其原因进行了探究。结果显示,随着泌乳期的延长,我国母乳中总SFA的构成占比呈增长趋势,C6:0、C15:0和C18:0的含量较为稳定,受泌乳期影响不大,受泌乳期影响较大的SFA中,除C20:0、C22:0、C24:0外,其他SFA在初乳中的含量均显著低于过渡乳或成熟乳(P<0.05)。我国母乳中总MUFA的构成比随泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势,在过渡乳时期下降明显,随后趋于稳定,只有C17:1的含量不受泌乳期的影响,受泌乳期影响的MUFA中,除C16:1外,其他MUFA在初乳中的含量均显著高于过渡乳或成熟乳(P<0.05)。我国母乳中总PUFA的构成占比随泌乳期的延长呈先增高后降低的趋势,n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA的变化和此趋势一致。分析比较的结果有利于更加深入而准确地了解我国母乳脂肪酸的构成情况及随泌乳期的变化情况,为一定程度上探明我国人群母乳脂肪酸组成特点、婴幼儿生长发育相关研究及配方食品研发提供基础数据。     

不同泌乳期人乳与牛乳中游离氨基酸的对比

利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量技术结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术对不同泌乳期人乳与牛乳中游离氨基酸的种类及含量进行检测及对比分析。结果表明,人乳中游离氨基酸种类较牛乳更为丰富,含量也高于牛乳,且随着泌乳时间的延长其总量呈下降趋势。牛初乳、牛常乳、人初乳和人常乳中游离氨基酸总量分别为0.32、0.16、0.63?g/L和0.37?g/L。实验测定的42?种游离氨基酸中,人常乳中检出35?种,牛常乳中测得31?种,其中人常乳中有25?种游离氨基酸的含量高于牛常乳,人乳中组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸等含量显著高于牛乳（P＜0.05）,游离谷氨酸在人初乳、人常乳、牛常乳中含量均为最高,而牛初乳中游离牛磺酸含量最高。本研究分析了人乳、牛乳中游离氨基酸种类和含量的差异,可为详细的研究母乳氨基酸功能和氨基酸代谢组学提供了一定的理论依据,也可为生产婴幼儿奶粉和功能性乳制品提供参考。     

利用乳糖含量判定常乳中是否添加初乳的研究

通过对奶牛前4天初乳及常乳的比重、乳糖含量的研究,摸索出初乳的乳糖含量变化规律,总结出利用乳糖含量定性、定量分析判定常乳中是否掺杂初乳的方法。     

牛初乳特性初步研究

对不同泌乳期初乳进行初步研究,发现只有3天以内(最好是2天以内)初乳才具有较大开发价值。另外对初乳一般理化性质研究发现,初乳的密度、pH、酸度等都不同于常乳;随着泌乳期的延长,其初乳各方面指标逐步接近常乳。对初乳热稳定性研究发现,泌乳期越短、开发价值越大的初乳,其热稳定性越差。     

Composition, physiochemical properties, nitrogen fraction distribution, and amino acid profile of donkey milk

This study investigated the changes in chemical composition, nitrogen fraction distribution, and AA profile of milk samples obtained during lactation from the Jiangyue breed of donkey in Northwest China. Results showed that donkey milk contained 9.53% total solids, 1.57% protein, 1.16% fat, 6.33% lactose, and 0.4% ash on average, which is more similar to mare and human milk than to the milk of other mammals. Throughout the lactation investigated, pH and density were constant, protein and ash content showed an apparent negative trend (an increase in lactose content during 120 d postpartum, followed by a decrease), fat content exhibited wide variability, and variations in the content and percentage of whey protein, casein, and AA were small. The casein to whey protein ratio of 52:37 was between the lower value of human milk and the higher value of cow milk. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE results demonstrated that donkey milk is rich in β-lactoglobulin and lysozyme. The percentages of 8 essential AA in protein of donkey milk were 38.2%, higher than those of mare and cow milk; donkey milk also had higher levels of serine (6.2%), glutamic acid (22.8%), arginine (4.6%), and valine (6.5%) and a lower level of cystine (0.4%).     

Short communication: Monitoring nutritional quality of Amiata donkey milk: Effects of lactation and productive season

Milk nutritional characteristics are especially interesting when donkey milk is aimed at consumption by children and the elderly. The aim of this study was to monitor the nutritional quality of Amiata donkey milk during lactation and productive season to provide information on the milk characteristics and to study action plans to improve milk yield and quality. Thirty-one pluriparous jennies belonging to the same farm were selected. Individual samples of milk from the morning milking were taken once per month starting from the d 30 of lactation until d 300. Milk yield and dry matter, fat, and ash content were constant throughout the experimental period. Milk total protein content showed a progressive decrease during the first 6 mo of lactation; after this period, the protein percentages remained constant (1.50%). Caseins and lactose were lower until d 60 of lactation and remained constant thereafter. During summer and autumn, milk yield and casein and lactose contents were higher, whereas during the spring season, higher protein and ash contents were found. The percentages of fat and dry matter were stable as were most of the minerals in the milk, except for calcium, which was higher in the spring. In conclusion, Amiata donkey milk was found to be relatively stable during lactation. This is an advantage in terms of the production and trade of a food product with consistent characteristics. The different milk yield and quality during the productive seasons were probably related to better adaptability of the animals to warm and temperate periods.     

舍饲新疆褐牛初乳产量及乳成分测定

测定10头全舍饲新疆褐牛母牛分娩后2，24，48，72，96，120h的初乳产量、常规营养成分、IgG和矿物元素含量。结果表明，母牛分娩后2h(第1次)所挤初乳产量平均为4.73kg，72h内初乳平均总产量为46．6kg，占成母牛305d平均产奶量的0．9％；120h内初乳平均总产量为85．1kg，占305d平均产奶量的1．65％。2h挤出的初乳其蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、灰分的含量分别为12．59，6．5，2．87，1．11g／100g，是常乳的3．93，1．76，0．57，1．48倍；IgG质量浓度为60．56g／L，是常乳的108．14倍；Ca，P，Na，Mg，Fe，Zn的含量分别为186．03，167．10，89．65，23.31，0．30，2．25mg／100g，是常乳的1．66，2．01，1．81，2．05，2．14，6．43倍。随泌乳期的延长，初乳中除乳糖以外的各种成份均迅速下降，在48h以内，以蛋白质和IgG的下降幅度最大，分别达62.27％和93．40％。至第120h，除蛋白质及矿物元素的Zn以外，各种成分已和常乳相接近。新疆褐牛分娩后不同时间段初乳成分的变化规律和荷斯坦牛相似。     

母乳中宏量营养成分含量与新生儿相关因素的分析

实验采用队列研究的方法,收集华北地区和中南地区共四个城市乳母分娩后3~5 d、12~14 d、1月、2月、3月、4月和6月的母乳,测定中国现阶段健康乳母不同泌乳阶段母乳中脂肪、总蛋白质、乳糖、干物质、总能量和真蛋白质等宏量营养成分的动态变化,同时研究分娩方式和婴儿性别与各宏量营养成分之间的关系。母乳中宏量营养成分含量的测定采用MIRIS HMA母乳分析仪。结果表明初乳中顺产组的母乳中总蛋白质和真蛋白质含量显著高于剖宫产组的(p<0.05),过渡乳中脂肪、总蛋白质、乳糖、干物质、总能量和真蛋白质等宏量营养成分含量在顺产、剖宫产两组间均无显著性差异(p>0.05),成熟乳(6月时)中剖宫产组的母乳中乳糖和干物质含量显著高于顺产组的(p<0.05)。此外,初乳和过渡乳中脂肪、总蛋白质、乳糖、干物质、总能量和真蛋白质等宏量营养成分含量在男孩、女孩两组间均无显著性差异(p>0.05),但是成熟乳中女孩组3月时的母乳中脂肪和总能量含量,4月时的总蛋白质和真蛋白质含量显著高于男孩组的(p<0.05)。不同分娩方式及婴儿性别对母乳中宏量营养成分的含量有一定影响。      

The nutritional ingredients and antioxidant activity of donkey milk and donkey milk powder

The aim of this work was to shed light on the nutritional ingredients and antioxidant activity of donkey milk and powder. It indicated that basic components of donkey milk were closed to human milk, especially lactose. The fat content of donkey milk was lower than that of cow milk and human milk. The essential amino acids, fatty acids and taurine in donkey milk and powder were richer. The whey protein content of donkey milk was 49.08 g/100 g. The ratio of casein to whey protein in donkey milk and powder was 70.3:100. The cholesterol of donkey milk was 8.6 mg/100 g. Therefore, donkey milk and powder are typical low-fat and low-cholesterol foods. The precious values of donkey milk and powder are suitable calcium and phosphorus proportion, and strongly resistant to oxidation. In conclusion, donkey milk and powder are good supplementary of cow milk and powder, would be better for infant dietary.     

Characteristics of Milk,Cheddar-Like and White Cheese Obtained from Three Goat Phenotypes during Three Lactation Periods

Goat's milk from three phenotypes: Shami, Local, and Mixed was collected during three lactation periods in 2002. The milk was analyzed for moisture, protein, fat, ash, and lactose content. Also milk was examined for yeast, mold and bacterial content. Cheddar and white cheese were manufactured from goat's bulk milk and examined for chemical composition and evaluated for color, taste and flavor, appearance, and texture and aroma. Results showed that the chemical composition of goat's milk varied significantly during the whole year and also among the three goat phenotypes. Local goats produced milk at the first lactation period with highest (44.6%) fat content: the lowest fat content was 29.8% for the Mixed color phenotype at the end of the year. Protein showed the same trend. Shami goat produced milk lower in lactose and ash content than the mixed color breed, whereas the Local (black) produced milk having intermediate content of lactose and ash. Cheddar and white cheese were highly acceptable. Their composition varied—cheddar cheese was higher in protein and NSF but slightly lower in fat content. White cheese retained more lactose. Goat's milk of Shami, Local (black) and Mixed color phenotypes were found to be highly contaminated with bacteria and mold due to lack of hygiene. Milk contained low number of pathogenic bacteria. Using a pasteurization temperature at 73°C for 16 seconds was found to eliminate them.     

Donkey Milk for Manufacture of Novel Functional Fermented Beverages

The aim of this work was to investigate on the functional features of a donkey milk probiotic berevage as a novel food. Particularly, it was to study the decrease of lactose content and the antioxidant activity of standard yogurt (YC) and probiotic yogurt (YP; Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei) from donkey milk during the storage up to 30 d at 4 ºC. The evolution of lactose content using enzymatic‐spectrophotometric kits was analyzed. Antioxidant activity of yogurt was measured using 2,2’‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and thiol assays. Parallel consumer sensory studies were carried out as consumer test in order to gain information about the impact of these novel fermented beverages on sensory perceptions. The statistical analysis has shown significant effect of studied factors. The results showed that the lactose content gradually decreased during storage in both yogurts, reaching values of 2.36% and 2.10% in YC and YP, respectively, at 30 d (P < 0.05). During storage of both yogurt types, the antioxidant activity increased, but YP showed a higher antioxidant activity than YC. The results suggest that the antioxidant activity of yogurt samples was affected by cultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). We conclude that the fermented donkey milk could be configured as health and nutraceutical food, which aims to meet nutritional requirements of certain consumers groups with lactose or cow milk protein intolerance.     

Lysozyme activity in donkey milk

Lysozyme activity of donkey milk in relation to the lactation stage, age of the animals and pasteurisation treatment was studied. Raw and pasteurised bulk milk samples were collected monthly for one year and were analysed in relation to lysozyme activity. Individual raw milk samples were collected from 12 jennies, at three lactation stages: three, six and nine months. The results showed that the lactation stage and the age of the animals influenced the lysozyme activity of donkey milk. The highest lysozyme activity values were found at early lactation and in animals older than 15 years. We confirm that low-temperature long-time pasteurisation of donkey milk does not reduce the activity of this enzyme. In addition, calcium, ash and some fatty acids, and, in particular, the saturated fatty acids, are linked to a higher lysozyme activity of donkey milk at early lactation.     

Milking of cows in late pregnancy: milk production during this period and during the succeeding lactation.

Fifteen lactating cows were milked throughout pregnancy, and the effects on milk performance were studied during this period and during the succeeding lactation, relative to 11 conventionally managed cows (2 months dry before calving) as controls. During the last 2 months of pregnancy, only nine cows did not dry off spontaneously. Protein and fat concentrations in milk increased rapidly, but the concentration of lactose, corrected for milk yield, did not change. The ratios of individual caseins to total protein decreased with the quantity of milk produced, but only for yields below approximately 6 kg/d. The relative proportion of kappa-casein tended to decrease in the last milkings. During the succeeding lactation (first 15 weeks after calving and first 6 weeks of grazing) continuously milked cows yielded 4 kg milk/d less than the cows of the other group. The protein content of their milk was higher (2-3 g/kg depending on the period) than that of the control group, and the lactose content tended (P less than 0.10) to be lower. Changes in the relative proportions of nitrogenous fractions with time were not different in the two groups. Differences between the two groups in the concentration of protein in milk, and in the concentration of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids in the plasma, suggest a better energy balance for the continuously milked cows during the succeeding lactation.