产地对富士苹果香气成分的影响

研究了河北省苹果栽培区中保定、承德、衡水、秦皇岛、石家庄、邢台6个地区富士苹果的香气成分,为了解富士苹果的香气成分受产地的影响提供理论依据。采用顶空固相微萃取和气相-质谱联用技术,测定了45个果样的香气成分及其含量,并对其中酯类、醛类、醇类含量的差异性进行了探讨。富士苹果的香气成分有酯类、醛类、醇类等4类35种化合物,其主要的香气成分为乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯、乙酸-2甲基丁酯、己醛、2-己烯醛、1-丁醇、2-甲基丁醇、1-己醇。酯类和醛类含量较高的地区为在河北省海拔较高的承德、石家庄、邢台,醇类含量较高的地区为海拔较低的秦皇岛、保定。     

SDE-GC-MS分析鲜山楂果肉中的挥发性成分

采用同时蒸馏萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对鲜山楂果肉中的挥发性成分进行提取、分离及鉴定,通过质谱、保留指数、标准品定性,共鉴定出61种挥发性成分,包括烃类16种、醇类16种、醛类10种、酯类9种、酚类4种、醚类3种、酮类2种以及酸类1种;其中含量较高(相对峰面积大于2%)的化合物主要是乙酸叶醇酯(16.08%)、糠醛(10.97%)、α-松油醇(7.02%)、1,4-丁二醇(5.92%)、乙酸己酯(3.55%)、丁香酚(3.55%)以及1-甲基-4-(2-丙烯基)(2.53%)。分析鉴定出的挥发性成分的香气特征可知,对新鲜山楂果肉香气贡献较大的是酯类、醇类和醛类。     

品种和后成熟对NFC苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分的影响

为了探讨果实品种和后成熟度对苹果浊汁风味的影响,采用顶空-固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,基于多元数据分析手段,非靶向分析了富士、嘎啦、华硕、金冠、澳洲青苹等5个品种,在3个后熟度下制成的NFC苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分差异。结果表明:醇类（2-甲基-1-丁醇、1-己醇等）、醛类（己醛、（E）-2-己烯醛等）和酯类（2-甲基乙酸丁酯等）为苹果浊汁的主要挥发性香气成分。品种和后熟度对苹果汁的特征性挥发性香气成分的含量和组成影响显著。澳洲青苹果汁挥发性香气成分总量少且含量低,醛类是其主要的挥发性香气物质;富士、嘎啦和金冠果汁则表现出相似的香气组分特征,酯类、醛类和醇类物质含量丰富,具有浓郁的香甜水果气味和青草味;华硕苹果汁的挥发性香气成分以醇类和醛类为主,整体具有清淡的香味和生青味。另外,随着不断后熟,不同品种苹果浊汁挥发性香气成分的变化呈现不同趋势。澳洲青苹和富士苹果汁中的香气成分逐渐累积,分别有15和28种挥发性化合物含量显著增加;嘎啦和金冠苹果汁香气物质含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在第二个后熟阶段风味最好;用采摘初期华硕苹果原料制成的苹果汁香气最浓郁,但随着不断后熟,挥发性香气含量显著降低。本研究开展的苹果汁风味特性研究,可为苹果浊汁加工的原料选择提供理论基础。     

苹果浓缩汁加工中香气回收成分分析

以同一苹果浓缩汁生产线上收集的300倍回收香精、预浓缩回收液水和浓缩回收液水为实验材料,分析了三个样品中香气物质成分,旨在确定苹果浓缩汁加工过程中香气物质的变化特性和浓缩回收冷凝水中香气物质的主要成分。顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用测定各样品香气成分的差异,共检测出47种香气成分。结果表明:a.300倍回收香精中富含酯类、醛类、醇类香气物质,苹果浓缩汁预浓缩过程中,香精回收工艺收集了主要的芳香酯类(乙酸-2-甲基-1-丁酯、乙酸-2-苯基乙酯、乙酸乙酯等)和醛类[(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛等]香气物质,芳香醇类香气物质相对较少。b.苹果汁预浓缩回收液水中苹果的典型醇类(1-己醇41.70%)香气物质含量高且丰富,同时预浓缩回收液水含有较高相对含量枯焦气息的苯酚类化合物(2,5-二叔丁基-对甲基苯酚13.26%、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚11.16%)。c.苹果汁浓缩回收液水富含苹果典型酯类香气物质(乙酸-2-甲基-1-丁酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸甲酯等)和醇类香气物质(2-甲基-1-丁醇等),由加工过程中苹果汁中香气物质进一步逸散产生。     

成熟度对芒果果实挥发物的影响

选用不同成熟度的海南小芒果为原料,以固相微萃取(SPME)技术为香气富集方法,气相色谱- 质谱联用(GC-MS)分析研究成熟度对芒果果实挥发物种类及其相对含量的影响。结果表明：芒果香气成分丰富,共检出56种香气成分,分为萜烯类、烃类、醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类6 类,其中萜烯类是主要成分,其随成熟度增加 而在果皮与果肉中相对含量降低,在半熟时最低,其中单萜相对含量大于倍半萜。果皮与果肉中酯类在绿熟时已经形成,并且在半熟时相对含量最高;随成熟度的增加果皮中醇类相对含量增大,但果肉中醇类则是在半熟时高度积累;醛类在果皮与果肉积累的成熟度不一样,分别是成熟和半熟;烃在果肉中逐渐降低,却在半熟果皮中含量最高。大多数芒果挥发物在半熟时形成,在此时对芒果果实进行调控,对提高芒果香气品质具有重要意义。     

静态顶空气质联用法测定霞多丽在酒精发酵过程中香气的变化

运用静态顶空-气相色谱质谱联用法,从霞多丽葡萄汁到酒精发酵结束,每隔12h对其香气成分进行检测。检测得到的香气成分通过质谱谱库进行定性,色谱峰面积归一化法进行定量。测定结果显示:霞多丽在酒精发酵过程中共检测出31中香气物质,其中醇类物质有11种,酯类物质有13种,其他物质(酸、醛、酮)有7种。发酵前后香气成分的种类和相对含量变化显著。其中酯类和醇类物质的种类和相对含量随着发酵的进行有所增加,而其他类(酸、醛、酮)物质的种类和相对含量随着发酵的进行急剧下降。发酵结束后,发酵液的主要香气成分为:乙醇、2-甲基丙醇、3-甲基丁醇、2,3-丁二醇、苯乙醇、正丙醇、己醇、乙酸己酯、辛酸乙酯、壬酸乙酯、2-苯基乙酸乙酯、十二酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、2-甲基乙酸丙酯、3-甲基乙酸丁酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸。     

鲜山楂不同部位挥发性成分分析

为研究鲜山楂不同部位的香气成分组成,采用热脱附提取鲜山楂果皮、果肉和果浆中的挥发性成分后,利用气相色谱-质谱联用对其进行分析。结果表明,三部位共鉴定出58种香气成分,其中果皮有44种,果肉和果浆分别有35种和38种,共有香气成分23种。不同部位香气成分和含量不同,使得果浆与果皮、果肉的香气差异明显。果皮和果肉中主要香气成分有乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸己酯等;果浆中主要香气成分有正辛醛、茴香脑、乙酸叶醇酯、叶醛等。果皮、果肉和果浆三部位都有果香、甜香、青香、酸香、蜡香香韵。但果皮与果肉多了木香、坚果香韵,果浆偏向汁感、花香及辛香。从相对含量及香比強值两个指标可以看出,酯类对果皮和果肉中香气贡献最大,而对果浆香气贡献最大的是醛类。     

氯化铵对苹果白兰地挥发性香气成分的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析添加氯化铵及无添加对照发酵苹果白兰地酒中的香气成分.经分析鉴定：在苹果白兰地的挥发性物质中,酯类和醇类相对含量较高,构成了苹果白兰地的主要香气成分;苹果白兰地发酵中添加氯化铵有助于提高主要酯类物质的相对含量,其中相对含量较高的香气物质为：乙酸乙酯、3-甲基-乙酸-1-丁酯、乙酸己酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、3-甲基-1-丁醇和乙醇等.     

林芝松口蘑与红菇蜡伞子实体香气成分比较

研究采用顶空固相微萃取技术联合气质联用技术分别对松口蘑和红菇蜡伞子实体香气成分进行分析测定和比较分析,以期建立准确、快速、高效的鉴别方法。结果显示,松口蘑检测到74种香气成分,红菇蜡伞检测到72种香气成分,松口蘑相较红菇蜡伞检测到特有的香气成分14种,包括乙醛、庚醛等6种醛类,2(5H)-呋喃酮1种酮类,3-苯丙醇1种醇类,正己酸乙酯、丙位戊内酯2种酯类,萜品烯和异松油烯等4个烯烃类;红菇蜡伞相较松口蘑,检测到特有的香气成分16种,包括2-丁基-2-辛烯醛1种醛类,3-羟基-2-丁酮、甲基庚烯酮等4种酮类,丁醇等5种醇类,(1-羟基-2,4,4-三甲基戊-3-基) 2-甲基丙酸酯1种酯类,异丁酸、丁酸等3种羧酸类,邻甲酚1种酚类,乙二醇单丁醚1种醚类,N-甲基吡咯烷酮1种含氮化合物。经过主成分分析,得到红菇蜡伞中的主要特征性香气成分为:己醛、3-羟基-2-丁酮、3-辛烯酮、2-甲烯基丁内酯、异戊酸;松口蘑中为:异戊醛、庚醛、壬醛、2,5,2-三甲基吡嗪、2,6,2-三甲基吡嗪。同时对松口蘑与红菇蜡伞干品挥发性香气成分相对含量对比发现,松口蘑主要香气成分含量关系为醛类烯烃类醇类酯类,红菇蜡伞主要香气成分含量关系为醛类醇类烯烃类酯类。通过松口蘑与红菇蜡伞子实体干品香气成分的比较分析可为市售的2种产品的快速检验鉴别奠定理论基础。     

不同成熟度乍娜葡萄挥发性香气成分分析

采用固相微萃取法,分别使用50/30μmCAR/DVB/PDMS和100μmPDMS萃取头萃取了乍娜葡萄的香气成分。通过比较萃取物质的种类和含量,选定50/30μmCAR/DVB/PDMS为最佳萃取头,并利用该萃取头结合气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定了3种不同成熟度乍娜葡萄的挥发性香气成分。结果表明:乍娜葡萄的香气成分主要由酯类、醇类、醛类和酸类组成,其中含量较高有乙酸乙酯、1-己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯醛等。随着成熟度的增加,香气成分的总量增加,其中酯类、醛类和酸类总量和相对含量均下降,醇类含量升高。     

金枕榴莲果实各部位挥发性物质成分GC/MS分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取方法提取,气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC/MS)分析金枕榴莲果实各部位的挥发性物质成分,经峰面积归一法通过G1701BA化学工作站数据处理系统得出各部位挥发性成分的相对百分含量。结果表明,榴莲果肉中鉴定出20种的化合物,其含量占总挥发油含量的78.53%,其中主要为含硫类化合物(50.79%)、酸类(19.20%)、酯类(2.99%)、烃类(4.08%);榴莲内果皮中鉴定出49种化合物,占总挥发油含量的93.94%,其中主要是酯类(53.73%)、其次酸类(26%)、烃类(6.22%)、酮类(3.87%)、醇类(2.92%);榴莲外果皮中鉴定出14种化合物,其含量占总挥发油含量的97.00%,其中主要是酯类(59.71%)、酸类(26.56%)、醛类(6.42%)、硫醚类(4.31%)。     

Cold storage of apples (cv. Granny Smith) and changes in phenolic compounds

 The Granny Smith variety of apple behaves differently to other apple cultivars, in that it needs an abnormally long time to ripen at room temperature. Its maturation has been accelerated by low-temperature stress. Fruit collected at commercial maturity were chosen and submitted to storage at 4 °C for 10 days and rewarming at 22 °C, to assay the influence of cold storage on their content of phenolic compounds. The behaviour of phenolic compounds was different in peel and in pulp. In the pulp, apple phenolic compounds decreased during the development period and during the cold treatment. In the peel, the quantity of phenolic compounds increased with time after the cold treatment, reversing their normal behaviour during the development period. Received: 11 March 1996     

Composition of the surface waxes of apple fruits and changes during storage

The hydrolysed surface waxes of Dougherty, Granny Smith and Sturmer apples at harvesting consisted of 57 to 62% acids, 21 to 26% hydrocarbons, 7% primary alcohols, 3 to 5% secondary alcohols and 4 to 7% of other constituents. The hydrocarbon homologues ranged from C₁₈ to C₃₁ with n-nonacosane comprising 84 to 92% of the total hydrocarbons. The primary alcohols (C₁₄ to C₂₈) were mainly n-hexacosanol in Sturmer and n-tetracosanol in Dougherty and Granny Smith cultivars, the amounts of these alcohols being, respectively, 53.4, 32.4 and 35.6% of the total alcohols. In all three cultivars the secondary alcohols consisted almost entirely of one component, possibly nonacosan-10-ol. The Sturmer waxes were distinguished from those of the Dougherty and Granny Smith by a lower content of linoleic and by a generally higher content of palmitic acid. During storage the amount and composition of the waxes of Sturmers did not change appreciably. The wax content of the Granny Smith cultivar increased up to 268 days and that of the Dougherty up to 70 days of storage. Changes in fatty acid composition also occurred during storage, the most remarkable being the up to 11-fold elevation of the linolenic acid content of the Granny Smith apples.     

龙眼真空微波干燥过程中香气成分的研究

以真空微波干燥设备制备龙眼干,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)提取不同干燥阶段龙眼干果肉的香气成分,用GC-MS联用仪对香气成分进行分析鉴定。实验结果表明:干燥0、1、2、3h龙眼果肉分别鉴定出27、32、31和39种香气成分,主要由烯类、酯类、醇类组成,有16种共有成分。烯类是香气成分中最主要的组成成分,占总香气成分的74%以上。在微波真空干燥过程中,香气成分由27种增加到39种,酯类物质由7种减少到5种,醇类物质由3种增加到10种,相对含量由2.139%增加到12.371%。     

Development of an Ingredient Containing Apple Peel,as a Source of Polyphenols and Dietary Fiber

Abstract: Apple peel is a waste product from dried apple manufacture. The content of phenolic compounds, dietary fiber, and mineral are higher in apple peel, compared to other edible parts of this fruits. The objective of this study was to develop an ingredient from Granny Smith apple peel, using a pilot scale double drum-dryer, as drying technology. The control of all steps to maximize the retention of phenolic compounds and dietary fiber was considered. Operational conditions, such as drying temperature and time were determined, as well as important preprocessing steps like grinding and PPO inhibition. In addition, the physical–chemical characteristics, mineral and sugar content, and technological functional properties such as water retention capacity, solubility index, and dispersability among others, were analyzed. A simple, economical, and suitable pilot scale process, to produce a powder ingredient from apple peel by-product, was obtained. The drying process includes the application of ascorbic acid at 0.5% in the fresh apple peel slurry, drum-dryer operational conditions were 110 °C, 0.15 rpm and 0.2 mm drum clearance. The ingredient developed could be considered as a source of phenolic compounds (38.6 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry base) and dietary fiber (39.7% dry base) in the formulation of foods. Practical Application: A method to develop an ingredient from Granny Smith apple peel using a pilot scale double drum-dryer as drying technology was developed. The method is simple, economical, feasible, and suitable and maximizes the retention of phenolic compounds and dietary fiber present in the raw matter. The ingredient could be used in the formulation of foods.     

COMPARISON OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN TWO SEASONS IN APPLES: GOLDEN DELICIOUS AND GRANNY SMITH

Fruit of varieties Golden Delicious and Granny Smith, were harvested at commercial maturity in two consecutive years (1993 and 1994). The aroma components obtained were analyzed by the dynamic headspace method and quantified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. In Golden Delicious the total esters represented more than 80% of the total volatile components in both years, consistent with Drawert's classification (1975). However, Granny Smith did not, since the esters made up 72 and 88% of total volatiles in the years 1993 and 1994, respectively. The aroma components are different in class and quantity and give a characteristic sensorial perception for each type of fruit and variety. In Golden Delicious, ethyl propionate and butyl acetate gave a fruity aroma in 1993 and ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate and propyl acetate were the predominant compounds in 1994. In Granny Smith the aroma composition was slightly different in the two years. In 1993 the aromatic profile did not show the predominance of any compound, while in 1994 it was more fruity due to the higher content of ethyl propionate and propyl acetate.     

苹果酒、醋中香气物质分析

采用GC-MS法对'95-54'、'95-117'苹果酒、醋中的香气物质的种类与含量进行检测分析.95-54苹果酒中检测出48种香气物质,占总峰面积的90.36％.95-54苹果醋中检测出42种香气物质,占总峰面积的98.66％.95-117苹果酒中检测出43种香气类物质,占总峰面积的86.59％.95-117苹果醋中检测出49种香气物质,占总峰面积的99.37％.这些香气物质主要是醇类、醛类、酮类、酸类、酯类、缩醛类和萜烯类.分析得出不同品种的苹果酒和苹果醋都存在一定的共性和差异,苹果酒和醋之间的香气差异也均符合酒醋基本特征.     

秦冠、富士、澳洲青苹生长发育期间品质特性分析

对秦冠、富士、澳洲青苹3 个品种生长期间的品质特性进行分析。参照国标测定可溶性固形物、VC 含量;参照行标测定总酸;采用QTS-25 质构仪测定硬度;采用固相微萃取结合气质联用测定成熟后香气成分。结果显示：3 个品种在生长期间各指标差异显著。3 个品种在生长期间,总酸、VC 含量、硬度指标均呈现下降趋势,可溶性固形物和固酸比均呈上升趋势。秦冠和富士可溶性固形物和固酸比均高于澳洲青苹,秦冠硬度变化较小,澳洲青苹总酸和VC 含量显著高于秦冠和富士。3 个品种成熟后香气分析共检测出43 种物质,各品种香气差异显著：秦冠、富士主要香气为酯类和醇类,属果香型;澳洲青苹主要香气为醛类和醇类,属青香型。富士和秦冠中己酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、2- 甲基-1- 丁酯差异较小,而乙酸-2- 甲基-1- 丁酯与澳洲青苹相比差异显著,澳洲青苹香气中(E)-2- 己烯醛含量37.042%,显著高出秦冠。     

采用主成分分析法对六个苹果品种果实香气分析及分类

全面分析六个苹果品种果实香气成分特点和主要差异。采用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用检测香气成分。确定了六个苹果品种特征香气成分,采用主成分分析法确定出乙酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸己酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸己酯和己醛是苹果香型分类的重要判定变量,将六个苹果品种香气分为三类。各品种均以醛类青香气为主,第一类"醛类浓青香型",酸王香气浓度很高,是其它品种约2～4倍,属于此类;第二类"醛类淡青香型",香气成分比较单纯且含量低,澳洲青苹、国光、瑞丹和瑞林属于此类;第三类"青香蕉香型",酯类香蕉香气化合物含量较高,青香蕉属于此类。