-Resolution principle based on lattice-valued propositional logic LP(X)

In the present paper, resolution-based automated reasoning theory in an L-type fuzzy logic is focused. Concretely, the -resolution principle, which is based on lattice-valued propositional logic LP(X) with truth-value in a logical algebra – lattice implication algebra, is investigated. Finally, an -resolution principle that can be used to judge if a lattice-valued logical formula in LP(X) is always false at a truth-valued level (i.e., -false), is established, and the theorems of both soundness and completeness of this -resolution principle are also proved. This will become the theoretical foundation for automated reasoning based on lattice-valued logical LP(X).     

Determination of α-resolution in lattice-valued first-order logic LF(X)

Key issues for resolution-based automated reasoning in lattice-valued first-order logic LF(X) are investigated with truth-values in a lattice-valued logical algebraic structure-lattice implication algebra (LIA). The determination of resolution at a certain truth-value level (called α-resolution) in LF(X) is proved to be equivalently transformed into the determination of α-resolution in lattice-valued propositional logic LP(X) based on LIA. The determination of α-resolution of any quasi-regular generalized literals and constants under various cases in LP(X) is further analyzed, specified, and subsequently verified. Hence the determination of α-resolution in LF(X) can be accordingly solved to a very broad extent, which not only lays a foundation for the practical implementation of automated reasoning algorithms in LF(X), but also provides a key support for α-resolution-based automated reasoning approaches and algorithms in LIA based linguistic truth-valued logics.     

On the algebraic structure of binary lattice-valued fuzzy relations

From a general algebraic point of view, this paper aims at providing an algebraic analysis for binary lattice-valued relations based on lattice implication algebras—a kind of lattice-valued propositional logical algebra. By abstracting away from the concrete lattice-valued relations and the operations on them, such as composition and converse, the notion of lattice-valued relation algebra is introduced, LRA for short. The reduct of an LRA is a lattice implication algebra. Such an algebra generalizes Boolean relation algebras by general distributive lattices and can provide a fundamental algebraic theory for establishing lattice-valued first-order logic. Some important results are generalized from the classical case. The notion of cylindric filter is introduced and the generated cylindric filters are characterized.     

Linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued propositional logic system ?P(X) based on linguistic truth-valued lattice implication algebra

In the semantics of natural language, quantification may have received more attention than any other subject, and syllogistic reasoning is one of the main topics in many-valued logic studies on inference. Particularly, lattice-valued logic, a kind of important non-classical logic, can be applied to describe and treat incomparability by the incomparable elements in its truth-valued set. In this paper, we first focus on some properties of linguistic truth-valued lattice implication algebra. Secondly, we introduce some concepts of linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued propositional logic system ?P(X), whose truth-valued domain is a linguistic truth-valued lattice implication algebra. Then we investigate the semantic problem of ?P(X). Finally, we further probe into the syntax of linguistic truth-valued lattice-valued propositional logic system ?P(X), and prove the soundness theorem, deduction theorem and consistency theorem.     

格值命题逻辑系统中广义文字的正规性

基于格蕴涵代数的格值命题逻辑系统能定性地刻画不可比较性和不精确性。广义文字是该系统中α-归结自动推理的核心概念,是α-归结中的最基本单元。公式的正规性是α-归结原理中保持完备性的重要条件,其语义性质是公式形式的重要反映。从语义角度研究了广义文字的正规性,给出了两种典型正规公式F1→F2和(F1→F2)'的真值情况。为讨论广义文字的形式及其α-可归结性提供了理论基础。     

IDSRadar: a real-time visualization framework for IDS alerts

Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS) is an automated cyber security monitoring system to sense malicious activities.Unfortunately,IDS often generates both a considerable number of alerts and false positives in IDS logs.Information visualization allows users to discover and analyze large amounts of information through visual exploration and interaction efficiently.Even with the aid of visualization,identifying the attack patterns and recognizing the false positives from a great number of alerts are still challenges.In this paper,a novel visualization framework,IDSRadar,is proposed for IDS alerts,which can monitor the network and perceive the overall view of the security situation by using radial graph in real-time.IDSRadar utilizes five categories of entropy functions to quantitatively analyze the irregular behavioral patterns,and synthesizes interactions,filtering and drill-down to detect the potential intrusions.In conclusion,IDSRadar is used to analyze the mini-challenges of the VAST challenge 2011 and 2012.     

Notes on automata theory based on quantum logic

The main results are as follows: (1) it deals with a number of basic operations (concatenation, Kleene closure, homomorphism, complement); (2) due to a condition imposed on the implication operator for discussing some basic issues in orthomodular lattice-valued automata, this condition is investigated in detail, and it is discovered that all the relatively reasonable five implication operators in quantum logic do not satisfy this condition, and that one of the five implications satisfies such a condition iff the truth-value lattice is indeed a Boolean algebra; (3) it deals further with orthomodular lattice-valued successor and source operators; (4) an example is provided, implying that some negative results obtained in the literature may still hold in some typical orthomodular lattice-valued automata.     

ON SEMANTICS OF L-VALUED FIRST-ORDER LOGIC Lvft

Abstract

Many-valued logic system always plays a crucial role in artificial intelligence. Many researchers have paid considerable attention to lattice-valued logic with truth values in a lattice. In this paper, based on lattice implication algebras introduced by Xu (Journal of Southwest Jiaolong University (in Chinese), Sum. No. 89(1), 20-27, 1993, and L-valued propositional logic _vft, established by Xu et al. (Information Sciences, 114, 20S-235, 1999a), the semantics of a L-type lattice-valued first-order logic L_vft, with truth values in lattice implication algebras were investigated. Some basic concepts about semantics of L_vftsuch as the language and the interpretation etc. were given and some semantic properties also were discussed. Finally, a concept of g-Skolem standard form was introduced, and it was shown that the unsatisfiability of a given lattice-valued formula was equivalent to that of its g-Skolem standard form. It will become a foundation to investigate the resolution principle based on first-order logic L_vft     

命题逻辑提升到一阶逻辑上的子句消去方法

在基于命题逻辑的可满足性问题（SAT）求解器和基于一阶逻辑的定理证明器上，子句集简化一直是必不可少的步骤，而其中子句消去方法在这些子句集简化方法中是非常重要的组成部分。将命题逻辑中的子句消去方法归结隐藏恒真消去方法（RHTE）和归结隐藏包含消去方法（RHSE）提升到一阶逻辑上，并且利用蕴含模归结原则（IMR）证明了这种提升方式在一阶逻辑上具有可靠性（Soundness），即依据这两种子句消去方法删除一阶逻辑公式集中的子句，并不会改变公式集的可满足性或者不可满足性。此外，将这两个方法与一阶逻辑子句消去方法锁子句消去方法（BCE）和归结包含消去方法（RSE）进行组合推广，发展得到一阶逻辑上新型子句消去方法（BC+RHS）E、（RS+RHT）E和（RHS+RHT）E，并且证明了这3种子句消去方法在一阶逻辑上的可靠性。最后，分析比较了这些子句消去方法的有效性，并且证明了这3种新型子句消去方法比组成它们的原始子句消去方法均具有更高的有效性。     

基于格值一阶逻辑LF（X）的自动推理算法

基于谓词逻辑的归结推理方法是目前理论上较为成熟、可以在计算机上实现的推理方法之一。针对格值一阶逻辑LF(X)中归结自动推理问题,以格值一阶逻辑LF(X)的α-归结原理为理论基础,通过对例子进行分析,提出了LF(X)中简单广义子句集的归结自动推理算法,并证明了该算法的可靠性和完备性。     

格值模态命题逻辑及其完备性

文中以满足第一及第二无限分配律的完备格为工具,建立了格值模态命题逻辑的语义理论,并指出这种语义是经典模态命题逻辑语义理论及[0,1]值模态命题逻辑语义理论的共同推广.给出了QMR0代数的定义,并分别以Boole代数及QMR0代数为背景构建了Boole型格值模态命题逻辑系统B及QMR0型格值模态命题逻辑系统QML*,并证明了系统B及系统QML*的完备性.     

Logical inference of Horn clauses in Petri net models

Petri net models for the Horn clause form of propositional logic and of first-order predicate logic are studied. A net model for logical inconsistency check is proposed. Algorithms for computing T-invariants of Petri net models of logical inference systems are investigated. The algorithms are based on the idea of resolution and exploit the presence of one-literal, pure-literal, and splitting clauses to lead to faster computation. Algorithms for computing T-invariants of high-level Petri net (HLPN) models of predicate logic are presented     

命题逻辑的子句集中文字的分类

检测和消除命题逻辑公式中的冗余文字,是人工智能领域广泛研究的基本问题。针对命题逻辑的子句集中子句的划分,结合冗余子句和冗余文字的概念,将命题逻辑的子句集中的文字分为必需文字、有用文字和无用文字3类,并分别给出其定义。讨论3种文字与无冗余等价子集的性质,给出其等价子集的等价描述方法。得到题逻辑的子句集中必需文字、有用文字和无用文字的判定方法,借助子句集的可满足性得到3种文字与子句集的可满足性的等价条件。上述结果对命题逻辑中文字属性的判断提供了多种可选择方法,同时为命题逻辑公式的化简奠定了理论基础。     

集合代数是经典命题演算形式系统的语义解释

经典命题演算形式系统(CPC)中的公式只是一些形式符号,其意义是由具体的解释给出的.逻辑代数和集合代数都是布尔代数,都是CPC的解释.集合代数是CPC的集合语义,其中对联结词的解释就是集合运算;对形式公式的解释就是集合函数;对逻辑蕴涵.逻辑等价的解释就是集合包含和集合相等=.标准概率逻辑是在标准概率空间上建立的逻辑体系,命题表示随机事件,随机事件是集合,概率空间中的事件域是集合代数,概率逻辑就是CPC集合语义的实际应用.CPC完全适用于概率命题演算.     

格值命题逻辑系统L9P(X)中的自动推理算法

给出了格值命题逻辑系统L₉P（X）上的放缩原理和放缩归结原理,基于放缩归结原理,给出了一种判断L₉P（X）上子句集S为M－可满足的自动推理算法（这里M为L₉上的中界元）,并证明了其可靠性和完备性。     

直觉模糊逻辑的(α,β)-准锁语义归结方法*

为了提高直觉模糊命题逻辑的(α,β)-归结效率,将准锁语义归结策略应用于(α,β)-归结原理,得到直觉模糊命题逻辑的(α,β)-准锁语义归结方法,证明方法的可靠性与完备性.给出直觉模糊命题逻辑系统的(α,β)-准锁语义归结和(α,β)-准锁语义归结演绎的概念.讨论直觉模糊命题逻辑系统中的(α,β)-准锁语义归结式和锁子句的合并规则.最后,给出直觉模糊命题逻辑系统的基于(α,β)-准锁语义归结的自动推理算法步骤,并通过实例说明算法的有效性.     

Maximal contractions in Boolean algebras

In the present paper,the concepts of deductive element and maximal contraction are introduced in Boolean algebras,and corresponding theories of consistency and maximal contractions are studied.An algorithm principle is proposed to compute all maximal contractions for a consistent set with respect to its refutation in Boolean algebras.It is pointed out that the quotient algebra of the first-order language with respect to its provable equivalence relation constitutes a Boolean algebra,and hence the computation of R-contractions for closed formulas in first-order languages can be converted into the one in Boolean algebras proposed in this paper.Furthermore,the concept of basic element is introduced in Boolean algebras,which contributes to the definitions of clause and Horn clause transplanted from logic to a special type of Boolean algebras generated by basic elements.It is also pointed out that the computation of R-contractions for clauses in the classical propositional logic can be converted into the one in Boolean algebras generated by basic elements proposed in this paper.     

Lattice implication ordered semigroups

From the viewpoint of semantics, lattice implication algebras provide a basis to establish lattice-valued logic with truth value in a relatively general lattice. In this paper, we first introduce two notions of lattice implication n-ordered semigroup and lattice implication p-ordered semigroup, which induced by lattice implication algebras. Secondly, we study some of their basic properties and prove that a lattice implication n-ordered semigroup is a residuated semigroup, and a lattice implication p-ordered semigroup is an arithmetic lattice ordered semigroup. We also define the homomorphism mapping between lattice implication n-ordered semigroups. Finally, we discuss some properties of filters and sl ideals in lattice implication n-ordered semigroups and lattice implication p-ordered semigroups.