景观基础设施探析

探寻了如何将基础设施架构视为一种综合的理解方式,并以此理解城市肌理中开放空间系统未来的载体。我们必须超越对基础设施的传统理解和单一的类型定义如道路、水电、桥梁等,并开始结合其它的网络系统工程,例如行人和自行车的流动、动植物和气候的关系,力图进一步拓展其多样性和分布范围,而这两者又是紧密结合的。通过分析景观都市主义和国内外范例项目,阐释了近年来日趋将城市规划和景观设计合为一体的设计实践,同时景观基础设施这一定义和设计导则将引领LA的转型,并成为解决现实问题和现实项目的指导原则。     

费城的城市生态基础设施规划及其对我国的启示

以费城生态基础设施规划研究为例,通过案例研究的方法从演进过程、规划方法、规划结构等三个方面对城市生态基础设施进行分析,总结并指出费城生态基础设施网络的构建和评价体系对于我国城市建设的借鉴意义。     

美国城市交通基础设施更新的景观实践与启示

当代城市交通基础设施的更新呈现出多样化特征,以景观途径为主导的更新策略成为一种新型模式。美国的波士顿“大挖掘”、新奥尔良拉斐特绿道以及纽约格瓦纳斯运河海绵公园均是以景观模式为主导对不同类型的城市交通基础设施进行更新的典型案例,文章研究了以上项目的更新背景、技术措施以及综合效应,并探讨了对我国同类项目的借鉴与启示。     

‘The planned city sweeps the poor away…’: Urban planning and 21st century urbanisation

In recent years, attention has been drawn to the fact that now more than half of the world's population is urbanised, and the bulk of these urban dwellers are living in the global South. Many of these Southern towns and cities are dealing with crises which are compounded by rapid population growth, particularly in peri-urban areas; lack of access to shelter, infrastructure and services by predominantly poor populations; weak local governments and serious environmental issues. There is also a realisation that newer issues of climate change, resource and energy depletion, food insecurity and the current financial crisis will exacerbate present difficult conditions. As ideas that either ‘the market’ or ‘communities’ could solve these urban issues appear increasingly unrealistic, there have been suggestions for a stronger role for governments through reformed instruments of urban planning. However, agencies (such as UN-Habitat) promoting this make the point that in many parts of the world current urban planning systems are actually part of the problem: they serve to promote social and spatial exclusion, are anti-poor, and are doing little to secure environmental sustainability. Urban planning, it is argued, therefore needs fundamental review if it is to play any meaningful role in current urban issues.     

城市绿色雨水基础设施规划和实施 以美国费城为例

生态雨水管理与城市绿色基础设施相结合已经成为可持续城市发展的重要途径。以费城绿色雨水基础设施规划为例,通过案例研究的方法对费城绿色雨水基础设施规划的背景、策略和实施进行阐述,指出费城以生态网络作为多样化的雨水基础设施载体,将雨水基础设施与城市需求和功能相融合,使用"绿色英亩"作为量化的建设标准,基于建筑用地总面积及不透水区域的面积收取雨洪管理服务费。这些经验可以为我国建设"海绵城市"提供参考和借鉴。     

Selecting independent measures to quantify Melbourne's urban–rural gradient

As cities and towns increase in population and size around the world, there is a growing interest in the impact of urbanisation on humans and the environment. The use of urban–rural gradients has proven to be a useful tool for studying changes in ecological patterns and processes across urbanising landscapes. Currently, there are a wide range of measures being used to represent changes in human demographic patterns, physical structures and landscape composition and structure along urban–rural gradients. The aim of this paper was to identify a suite of measures that can be used to define an urban–rural gradient in Melbourne, Australia. Using principal components analysis, we assessed 17 commonly used measures of urbanisation that included demographic variables, physical variables and landscape metrics. Four measures captured most of the variability in the patterns of urbanisation: (1) Index_combined; (2) the ratio of people per unit urban land cover; (3) landscape shape index; (4) dominant land-cover. We used these four measures to quantify Melbourne's urban–rural gradient and then explored their use in representing urbanisation as an environmental space rather than a geographic space. This study provides an example of how to objectively select a subset of measures to quantify urbanisation, and illustrates a novel way of combining the measures to obtain a richer understanding of ecological responses to urbanisation.     

生态基础设施规划与城市规划的冲突协调途径研究 以霍州生态基础设施规划为例

在生态基础设施规划如火如荼的开展过程中不可避免与现行城市规划发生矛盾,基于对生态基础设施规划与城市规划的区别与冲突的探讨,将霍州作为例证,从城市发展方向、建设用地布局与绿地系统等几方面的具体冲突入手,探讨了协调途径。包括溯源城市传统聚落选址,推敲城市发展方向;保留廊道,补充冲突的建设用地;调整道路保证大型斑块的完整性;绿地建设结合EI,增加水系廊道。     

高密度亚洲城市的可持续发展规划香港绿色基础设施研究与实践

快速的城市扩张和人口增长给自然和人文环境带来了巨大的压力。绿色基础设施分析能成为有效的途径,帮助发现并缓解城市环境问题。从一个多尺度的视角,重估绿地并提出策略,将其整合成一个整体的绿色基础设施体系。宏观上,将自然保护区作为绿地系统的主要结构;微观上,减小城区绿地的破碎度。利用景观指数结合GIS的分析方法,重估香港的绿化总纲图,并分析香港在绿地管理上的策略,为其它高密度亚洲城市绿色基础设施的发展提供参考。     

Restructuring and repositioning Shenzhen,China's new mega city

Shenzhen, a new mega city founded under China's ‘open door’ policy, has experienced dramatic urban development over the past 30 years. From humble beginnings as a fishing village before the 1980s, it benefited from locational advantage next to Hong Kong, an autonomous city with a global role in finance and trade. Shenzhen was first among cities in China to adapt the capitalist world's urban development practices to an indigenous, centrally controlled land management system. As a new city, Shenzhen may best represent the role of planning in a time of economic transition. Urban planning in Shenzhen was ambitious in its reach, using ‘experimental reform’ as a vehicle for institutionalising changes in management of the land resource. These reforms became generalised in China, leading to a recent decline in academic investigation of Shenzhen. While the city as ‘reformer’ seems to have run its course, new challenges upset the old assumptions and call for more research. Today, as industry moves inland away from increasingly costly coastal areas, the city is grappling with the need to restructure its economic base. The city has undertaken major infrastructural projects in a bid to secure its role as a major transhipment hub and logistics command centre, while also developing a rail-based mass transit system. The regeneration of disused industrial land and ‘urban villages’, built up to accommodate at low cost a huge factory workforce, are important ongoing city programmes. While the city extends its infrastructure to connect more effectively with the rest of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and with Hong Kong, more fundamental questions surround its role within a restructuring regional economy. Ambitions for international stature, bolstered by a large and young population base, a world-class port and modern facilities are challenged by a rapidly evolving regional economy.     

绿道作为国家与地方战略 从国家生态基础设施、京杭大运河国家生态与遗产廊道到连接城乡的生态网络

绿道作为维护生态过程和生态系统完整性,发挥生态系统服务价值的土地网络系统,可以成为国家和地方战略,提供整合自然保护、文化与自然遗产保护、乡土遗产保护和旅游与休闲产业发展机会。以北京大学景观设计学研究院1998年以来完成的研究成果为例,阐述建立国家绿道系统——国家生态基础设施、京杭大运河国家生态与遗产廊道的构想,以中山市、杭州市、合肥市和北京市为例阐述连接城乡的绿道网络的规划与实施途径。     

大理市避灾绿地规划

在大理市主城区绿地系统规划的基础上,综合考虑绿地的避灾功能和大理市作为8度抗震城市的特点,提出了点、线、面的避灾绿地规划结构,指出大理市避灾绿地规划将构建合理的城市防灾绿地网络,有利于城市的防灾和减灾。     

The emerging role of visual resource assessment and visualisation in landscape planning in Switzerland

The evolution of our understanding of landscape planning and therefore of landscape as a visual resource occurred in parallel with the changes of perception of spatial planning (urban and regional planning), since landscape planning is part of spatial planning. Already in the 1970s the visual landscape was an issue in spatial planning. This can be traced back to the romantic period when the close emotional ties with one’s home country were very important.With the emerging discussion at the end of the 1970s about ecology and ecological planning, more and more the components of natural science of ecological planning were discussed, at the expense of the visual landscape and aesthetics. With the improvement of the possibilities of the digital 3-dimensional (3D) representation of landscape, it seems that landscape as visual resource has once again become more important in the discussion. 3D visualisation will support participation in the planning process and will become an important part of decision support systems in spatial planning. The use of virtual landscapes will help to study processes in the landscape such as fragmentation of landscape and/or urban sprawl.     

Urban landscape conservation and the role of ecological greenways at local and metropolitan scales

Greenways are promoted for land conservation in both rural and urban areas, but less attention has been paid to the potential of greenways to serve urban biodiversity conservation goals. This paper presents results of a biodiversity planning study of a highly urbanized environment in Washington, DC (USA) that demonstrate the critical role of ecological greenways and parks in urban species conservation. The Cameron Run study raises fundamental questions about the way biodiversity is defined in urban areas, the scale of analysis required in heterogeneous urban environments, the role of sociocultural factors in urban biodiversity conservation, and the importance of regional greenway connections across the urban gradient.The Cameron Run study is a pilot project for an urban biodiversity information node (UrBIN) in the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) program of the US Geological Survey (USGS). This paper draws connections between the rapidly expanding literature on biodiversity conservation and the smaller, but growing, body of research concerning the ecology of greenways and urban areas, and it does so through the lens of landscape planning. Findings on the Cameron Run watershed are reported, and biodiversity conservation in the watershed is discussed in the context of greenway efforts at local and metropolitan scales.     

Beyond fragmentation: new concepts for urban–rural development

Dutch spatial policy has typically been characterised by striving for developing town and country as separate spatial entities. Spatial fragmentation has always been an anathema for planners. Leading plan concepts like the compact city and the Green Heart reflect the idea of separate cities surrounded by green, open space. However, there is a widening gap between these spatial concepts and spatial reality. The current policy has not effectively addressed the dynamics of the network society and what occurs is different from the policy itself. Therefore, another type of process-oriented concept is needed. In this paper we discuss a set of process-oriented concepts, defined as network concepts. These concepts give rise to a much more complex spatial organisation. That does not imply that there is no longer any well-organised space. The network approach has well defined principles for spatial organisation. This paper thus makes the argument for the reconsideration of the idea of fragmentation.     

关于城市绿色建筑规划设计中的若干问题分析

简要介绍了绿色建筑的设计理念,并以此为出发点,阐述了城市绿色建筑规划设计中存在的问题,提出要确立规划设计目标、考虑规划设计的综合性等策略,以实现城市绿色建筑规划,满足时代发展的需求。     

平遥古城环城地带景观设计

解读了世界文化遗产平遥古城的历史、空间、城市依存关系,梳理了自然、人文、现状建设、景观视廊各要素之间的关系,通过生态、文化和游憩等功能的织补,从而为我们展现出平遥古城环城地带在记忆与梦想中的愿景。     

Underground landscape: The urbanism and infrastructure of Toronto’s downtown pedestrian network

Beneath the surface of the streets of Toronto lies a sprawling labyrinth that serves over 100,000 people every day and countless tourists and visitors. One of the city’s most under-valued urban spaces, Toronto’s underground is remarkably the largest underground shopping complex in the world according to the Guinness Book of World Records with more than 30 km of shopping tunnels and retail nodes. Since the 1970s, this underground system has grown and multiplied beneath the surface of the city with relatively little intervention from city planners. This article discusses the development pattern of the underground as a network and the future it holds as an important urban infrastructure.     

Avifaunal Richness and Abundance Along an Urban Rural Gradient with Emphasis on Vegetative and Anthropogenic Attributes in Tiruchirappalli,India

Urban expansion and human migration from rural to urban locations have complex relationships with environmental change. Habitat fragmentation, loss of biodiversity and vegetation changes are some of the most common impacts of urbanisation. In many Indian cities, the urban core is characterised by historical human settlements with narrow lanes and packed commercial establishments, while urbanisation that occurred after 1970s preferred spacing between the dwellings with more greenery or urban forestry. As urbanisation progresses, the urban fringes have more scope for incorporating environmental concerns and conservation. In this study, we measured species richness and abundance of birds within varied urban habitats and landscapes along the urban–rural gradient in Tiruchirappalli, India. We also tried to determine the linkage between bird diversity and landscape attributes including anthropogenic factors. Our observations showed that within urban areas, certain landscapes favoured species richness while many habitats are unfriendly for species but encouraged homogenisation. As we move from urban core towards rural gradient, the species richness increased; however, it is not uniform in all peripheral directions. Interestingly, the urban fringes at certain pockets had richness equivalent to rural locations. Species richness positively correlated with vegetation cover while built cover, noise, vehicular movement and pedestrians had negative impacts. As the urban fringes are in various stages of development, they have more scope for integrating ecological and biodiversity considerations and in this aspect wetlands, riverine farmlands and urban forests may play a crucial role in retaining native birds and also supporting migratory bird species.     

论城市绿地系统的规划设计

从城市绿地系统功能的重要性出发,提出了城市绿地系统规划设计的目的及需满足的几点要求,并对在规划设计过程中需加以注意的几个问题进行了详细阐述,为城市绿地系统的规划设计积累了经验。     

荷兰国家基础设施与空间规划战略的评估与启示

荷兰的空间规划作为公共政策的典型,其规划评估体系十分先进成熟,覆盖了规划的编制与运行的全过程。与此对照,我国城镇规划的实施评估刚刚起步,尚未形成连续动态的评估系统。本文介绍了荷兰于2012年出台的《国家基础设施与空间规划战略》的制定过程,并对其实施前后的规划评估体系进行了深入研究,重点评述了实施前评估中的预评估和战略环评的内容、方法及程序,探讨了各阶段评估的意义及对规划的影响,并对我国规划评估机制的完善提出若干建议。