常风温无焰燃烧燃气锅炉特性的数值模拟研究

介绍了常温无焰燃烧技术在燃气锅炉上的应用,建立了炉膛内流动与传热的数学模型并进行了数值计算,给出了温度场和NOx浓度场分布。发现增大过量空气系数可以降低炉膛最高温度及平均温度,减小生成的NOx浓度。当过量空气系数为1.05时,锅炉热效率达到最高值,超过98%。当锅炉热负荷低于20%时,炉膛内燃烧方式接近传统有焰燃烧;当锅炉热负荷高于20%时,炉膛内燃烧方式为无焰燃烧,炉膛内温度分布均匀,NOx生成量极低,排放稳定。     

反应物喷入条件对常温空气无焰燃烧的影响

针对工业锅炉中气体燃料燃烧过程,采用数值模拟与实验相结合的方法,研究了C3H8燃料和常温空气通过平行圆管喷嘴类型的燃烧器在不同喷入条件下对炉膛内无焰燃烧的温度变化趋势和燃烧产物的影响.结果表明,在燃料和空气入口流量保持不变的情况下,空气喷嘴孔数或燃料喷嘴孔径增加将加剧炉内局部燃烧,导致燃烧峰值温度和出口NO浓度升高;随着燃烧器空气喷嘴与燃料喷嘴间距增加,炉内峰值温度和出口NO浓度下降;炉内峰值温度不超过1 900 K时,有利于实现低氮氧化物排放的常温空气无焰燃烧.     

无焰燃烧发展及研究现状

无焰燃烧是一种同时具备高效和低排放特点的燃烧技术,然而传统实现无焰燃烧所需的高温预热空气及高速射流两大重要条件,提高了整体工业设备实现无焰燃烧的复杂性,限制了该技术在更广阔领域的发展。本文综述了无焰燃烧燃烧机理与特性的研究发展,并提出了未来可能的发展趋势。分析发现：高温预热空气并不是实现无焰燃烧的必要条件,而通过高速射流提高炉内烟气循环率却必不可少;使用EDC模型结合GRI 3.0反应机理能在数值模拟中得到贴合实验数据的结果;气体、液体及固末燃料均可实现无焰燃烧,使用CH4/H2混合气体实现无焰燃烧可在提升燃烧稳定性的同时依旧保持低排放的特点;炉膛结构可很大程度上影响炉内流场进而影响无焰燃烧效果。因此,研究无需预热的无焰燃烧系统在降低工业成本的同时可增大燃料种类的选择性,通过设计合理的炉膛结构,营造良好的炉内流场在强化无焰燃烧效果的同时可一定程度降低对初始射流速度的要求,研究CH4/H2混合气体的燃烧机理具有十分重要的意义。     

燃油锅炉容积热负荷与射流位置对内循环速率影响的数值模拟

以Φ400 mm×1 920 mm大小的卧式燃油锅炉炉膛模型为研究对象,通过常温高速空气射流辅以烟气再循环的方式组织炉膛内空气动力场,对不同炉膛容积热负荷和多种空气射流位置进行了CFD模拟,并对炉膛内流场、温度场与组分场进行分析,研究炉膛容积热负荷与射流布置位置对内循环速率的影响。结果表明:当射流位置布置在炉膛内径0. 75处、炉膛热负荷为400 k W/m~3时,在炉膛内形成较大的回流区,内循环速率达到4以上,燃烧温度在1 400 K以下,温度场分布均匀,反应放热率明显降低,有利于形成燃油MILD燃烧。     

低气压条件下甲烷预混燃烧CO和NO生成机理研究

为研究低气压条件对甲烷预混燃烧中CO和NO_x生成特性与生成路径的影响,采用Chemkin软件进行详细数值模拟研究。通过采用Python语言自编程序调用最新光谱数据计算普朗克平均吸收系数,并导入Chemkin软件中来提升辐射传热的计算精准度。结果表明：采用Konnov0.6化学反应机理与所提出的辐射模型中普朗克平均吸收系数计算方法可以准确预测低气压条件下甲烷燃烧的温度、NO和OH质量浓度分布;随着气压的降低,甲烷与空气预混燃烧时炉膛前部温度逐渐降低,而炉膛后部温度逐渐增加;气压降低导致CO生成速率增加和消耗速率减小,两者共同作用导致CO生成量增加和燃尽率降低;甲烷与空气预混燃烧生成的NO主要来自快速型和NNH型,且快速型和NNH型路径的贡献随着气压降低略有增加。     

预热空气温度对丙烷无焰燃烧特性的影响

在20 kW燃烧实验台上,采用丙烷气体为燃料,研究了不同的空气预热温度对无焰燃烧下炉内温度分布和污染物排放的影响规律.结果表明,预热空气会提高炉膛平均温度并降低炉内温度波动;预热空气会使炉膛氧浓度峰值的位置提前,同时炉膛尾部氧浓度降低,整个炉膛氧浓度在0.4％～5％;预热空气会使炉膛尾部烟气中NOx排放增加;预热空气使...     

常温空气无焰燃烧在燃煤锅炉煤改气中的应用

在燃煤锅炉的炉膛内安装常温空气无焰燃烧反应器,可将燃煤锅炉改造为燃气锅炉。计算表明与其它燃气锅炉以对流换热为主的热交换方式不同,该锅炉强化炉内换热,辐射换热量提高。实测结果锅炉热效率达到92.92%,比改造前提高30%以上,比现有同吨位的燃气锅炉高4%以上。由于锅炉实现了无焰燃烧,反应器温度分布均匀,尾气污染物排放远低于国家标准。     

燃煤锅炉CO生成特性对锅炉效率及NOx生成的影响机制

以国内某600 MW墙式切圆燃烧锅炉为研究对象,在炉膛关键区域布置了高温CO在线监测系统,通过试验与数值模拟计算,研究了炉膛CO生成特性与锅炉效率及NO_x排放的关联特性,并建立了低氮综合燃烧指数,以平衡锅炉高效燃烧与低氮排放之间的矛盾。研究结果表明,该锅炉效率随监测的炉膛CO浓度增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,炉膛NO_x排放浓度随炉膛CO浓度的增大而逐渐降低;锅炉CO生成特性与锅炉效率及NO_x排放均表现出了显著相关性,优化炉膛CO生成特性能够使得锅炉燃烧效率与氮氧化物排放的综合性能实现优化。锅炉实际运行中,可通过监测与调控炉膛CO浓度,获得低氮综合燃烧指数最大值,以有效平衡锅炉效率与NO_x排放之间的矛盾,实现锅炉的高效、低氮运行。     

海外文献速递

WZ003091熔炼炉膛中氧化氮生成量的计算——《,》,2003,No.12,38-39(俄)炼钢炉内氧化氮的生成是高温冶金过程中的一个严重的生态问题,为此提出了计算NO生成量的方法。认为炉膛中的NO来源有三:一是燃料在空气中燃烧因空气含N2而生成的NO;二是燃料中含N而生成NO;三是向熔池吹氧因     

锅炉氧煤无焰燃烧技术分析

氧煤燃烧是一种全新燃烧方式,将氧煤燃烧器的表观氧气浓度从30％提高到50％、将O2/CO2混合气改变为纯氧气与再循环CO2烟气分离、将喷嘴速度从50m/s左右提高到200 m/s左右组织炉膛烟气形成高倍率内循环,从而在炉膛内实现高温低氧的氧煤无焰燃烧状态,氧煤无焰燃烧技术能实现煤粉高效燃烧和较低NO浓度排放的统一,锅炉...     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.