稻米中多氯联苯及多溴联苯醚残留及风险评估

通过分析稻米样品中指示型多氯联苯(PCBs)和12种代表性多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的存留状况及含量水平,通过膳食风险评估,阐明PCBs和PBDEs在稻米中的安全风险。稻米样品粉碎后,采用直接提取法–酸性硅胶净化法对样品进行前处理,通过气相色谱–串联质谱法对其中7种指示型PCBs和12种代表性PBDEs进行同时检测。45个稻米样品中,PCBs的检出率为42%,合计含量水平在0～78pg/g干重之间,稻米中PCBs主要检出单体为PCB-28和PCB-52,特征符合我国多氯联苯的生产历史情况;仅在一个样品中检出PBDEs,合计含量为41 pg/g干重。稻米中的PCBs和PBDEs污染水平低,经过风险评估,其未造成稻米的食品安全风险。     

中国部分地区猪肉中指示性多氯联苯污染水平和膳食暴露风险评估

目的 调查中国猪肉中指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染水平以及我国居民膳食暴露情况和风险。方法选取2020年中国13个省(自治区、直辖市)为监测点采集猪肉样品,采用同位素稀释-气相色谱-高分辨磁质谱联用法测定203份猪肉中7种指示性PCBs(PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB118、PCB138、PCB153、PCB180)的含量,并分析其指纹特征。依据各省(自治区、直辖市)猪肉的消费量数据,评估居民通过猪肉暴露指示性PCBs的健康风险。结果 猪肉中7种指示性PCBs(∑₇PCBs)的平均浓度范围为0.053(广西)～0.826 ng/g脂肪(浙江),P95浓度范围为0.091(广西)～2.702 ng/g脂肪(浙江)。PCB28和PCB52为主要的指纹特征。中国居民通过食用猪肉每日摄入∑₇PCBs的平均水平和P95水平分别为(0.062±0.076)ng/kg·BW和(0.158±0.207)ng/kg·BW,暴露风险指数(ERI)均小于1。结论 中国猪肉中∑₇PCBs的污染水平较低,居民通过猪肉膳食暴露指示性...     

我国部分地区猪肉、猪肝二噁英污染状况与风险评估

目的 分析来自A、B、C、D、E五省猪肉、猪肝二噁英污染状况,并针对人群膳食暴露量进行评价,为未来制定国家食品安全二噁英限量标准提供基础数据。方法 于2013年至2019年共采集146份猪肉和猪肝样品,参照国家标准方法《食品中二噁英及其类似物毒性当量的测定》（GB 5009.205—2013）,采用同位素稀释的高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用（HRGC/HRMS）技术,对样品中的17种二噁英单体进行准确定量分析检测。根据食物消费量数据,采用点评估方法进行人群膳食暴露量评估。结果 猪肉和猪肝样品中二噁英毒性当量浓度中位数分别是0.106、2.32 pg/g·fat;各地区猪肉二噁英浓度水平以A(0.859 pg/g·fat)>D(0.145 pg/g·fat)>C(0.097 4 pg/g·fat)>B(0.039 9 pg/g·fat)>E(0.023 pg/g·fat)依次降低,猪肝二噁英的浓度水平以A(3.616 pg/g·fat)>B(1.84 pg/g·fat)>D(1.313 pg/g·fat)>E(0.85 pg/g·fat...     

我国居民指示性多氯联苯膳食暴露分析

目的 通过开展第六次中国总膳食研究,获取我国代表性膳食样品中指示性多氯联苯（mPCBs）含量,开展我国居民对mPCBs的膳食暴露评估及时间变化趋势分析。方法 采用同位素稀释技术-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱（HRGC-HRMS）对全国代表性混合膳食样品中的mPCBs进行测定,以点评估方法对以标准人所代表的我国居民膳食暴露mPCBs开展评估工作。结果 膳食样品中mPCBs普遍检出,不同膳食样品的污染物含量不同,动物性膳食中含量显著高于植物性膳食,其中谷类含量最低（2.8 pg/g?湿质量（fw）,几何均数）,水产类含量最高（118.2 pg/g?fw,几何均数）。我国居民mPCBs膳食摄入量为0.25［0.11,0.62］ ng/kg?BW?d（几何平均数±几何均数标准差）。与第四次和第五次中国总膳食研究结果相比,我国居民膳食暴露水平显著下降（P<0.05）。结论 mPCBs虽在我国膳食样品中普遍检出,但我国居民膳食暴露水平持续下降,与欧美国家相关研究结果相比,我国居民膳食暴露处较低水平。     

宁波海产品中多氯联苯的残留与风险评估

为探讨多氯联苯(PCBs)污染物在宁波市售海产品中的组成规律及季节变化特征,按不同季节采集10种宁波居民主要食用海产鱼类,采用气相色谱法检测其中7种指示性多氯联苯残留量,并进行人体健康风险评价。结果表明,PCBs的残留质量分数为0.06~3.98μg/kg,其中PCB-52和PCB-153为主要组分。PCBs含量分布特征为秋季最高,冬季次之,夏季最低。宁波市售海产品中多氯联苯残留量水平在可接受的范围内。食用上层鱼的健康风险CV值小于食用下层鱼,PCBs监测是风险评估需要控制的关键因素。     

甘肃省3个非暴露地区居民母乳中二噁英负荷水平与影响因素分析

摘要：目的 调查甘肃省非暴露地区母乳中二噁英类化合物污染水平，分析影响当地人群二噁英类化合物污染的相关因素。方法 在甘肃省城区、近郊区和远郊区3个采样点各采集50份顺产初产妇产后第3-8周的母乳样品，以高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱分析仪分析样品中多氯代苯并二噁英和多氯代苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量，计算总毒性当量浓度（TEQ）。结果 （1）PCDD/Fs和 dl-PCBs在甘肃省母乳样品中普遍存在，dl-PCBs含量远高于PCDD/Fs，但按TEQ计时，PCDD/Fs贡献高于dl-PCBs；（2）甘肃省PCDD/Fs组分含量最高的OCDD，含量在102.08~195.18?pg/g脂肪之间，来源可能与垃圾焚烧导致污染有关；母乳中PCBs污染分布呈现出城市点（2436.88 pg/g）>近郊区（1118.16?pg/g）>远郊区（989.87?pg/g）的特征，可能与居民肉蛋奶等动物性食品摄入频次较高有关。结论 甘肃省非暴露区母乳中二噁英类化合物含量均低于全国水平，总体上城市高于农村，但个别同系物数值农村点与城市点接近甚至高于城市点，这提示甘肃省不同地区人体暴露情况有其独特性和复杂性。     

深圳市市售动物源性食品中氯霉素残留量暴露评估

目的 调查研究深圳市市售动物源性食品中氯霉素残留状况及暴露风险,为引导消费和开展安全监管提供借鉴和参考。方法 随机采集2018—2019年深圳市市售畜肉、禽肉、水产品共计511份,使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定样品中氯霉素的含量,采用点评估法计算深圳市居民通过食用动物源性食品的氯霉素暴露量,并采用暴露边界比(MOE)法对其健康风险进行评估。结果 160份畜肉和60份禽肉中未检出氯霉素,291份水产品(包括贝类、虾、淡水鱼)中氯霉素检出率为26.80%(78/291),其中贝类样品中氯霉素含量为0.05～205.00μg/kg,平均值为13.71μg/kg,检出率为37.21%(64/172);虾样品中氯霉素含量为0.05～2.20μg/kg,平均值为0.20μg/kg,检出率为13.64%(3/22);淡水鱼样品中氯霉素含量为0.05～1.90μg/kg,平均值为0.11μg/kg,检出率为11.34%(11/97),所有样品中氯霉素总检出率为15.26%(78/511)。膳食暴露风险评估结果表明,深圳市居民膳食动物源性食品摄入氯霉素的平均日暴露量为2.06×10^-3     

蔓越莓中天然苯甲酸膳食暴露风险评估

本文对蔓越莓中天然苯甲酸含量进行测定并进行膳食暴露风险评估,明确人群暴露风险水平。采用GB 5009.28—2016测定2020年9月—2021年4月采集的68份蔓越莓相关食品中的天然苯甲酸,运用基于蒙特卡罗（Monte Carlo）模拟技术的@risk 8.0软件对天然苯甲酸含量进行分布拟合,结合相关暴露参数,构建暴露评估模型,采用风险商表征人群通过食用蔓越莓相关食品摄入天然苯甲酸的风险。蔓越莓相关食品中苯甲酸检出率为100%,苯甲酸平均值为0.053 g/kg,最大检测量为0.20 g/kg。不同蔓越莓相关食品中天然苯甲酸分布符合LogLogistic分布,记为RiskLogLogistic(-0.003 642 5,0.048 101,3.801 7)。普通居民通过食用蔓越莓途径摄入天然苯甲酸的风险商平均值<1,高摄入量居民通过食用蔓越莓相关食品途径摄入天然苯甲酸的风险商是普通居民的10倍。居民仅通过食用蔓越莓相关食品途径摄入苯甲酸的膳食暴露不存在健康风险,虽然风险商均<1,但仍需日常监测,从而进一步降低高危人群的膳食风险水平。     

相对效能因子法在有机磷农药慢性累积膳食风险评估中的应用研究

目的以有机磷农药为模式化学物,计算中国居民,包括普通人群,以及2~6岁、7~12岁、13~17岁(男,女)和18岁以上(男,女)等6个性别-年龄组经蔬菜摄入有机磷农药的慢性累积暴露水平及其潜在健康风险。方法有机磷农药的含量数据来自2011年全国范围内采集的蔬菜样品(N=11 171),消费量数据来自2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据。采用相对效能因子(RPF)法,以甲胺磷作为指示化学物,采用确定性暴露评估方法,计算全人群以及6个性别-年龄组人群12种有机磷农药的累积暴露水平。结果毒死蜱是蔬菜样品中检出率最高的有机磷农药,检出率为6.50%(726/11 171)。1.70%(190/11 171)的蔬菜样品中检出一种以上不同有机磷农药的组合。累积暴露评估发现,我国全人群平均暴露水平为0.49μg/kg BW,占指示化学物甲胺磷每日允许摄入量(ADI)的18.35%。高食物消费量人群(P95)的摄入量为1.28μg/kg BW,不同性别-年龄组人群P95暴露量范围为1.04~2.38μg/kg BW,均低于甲胺磷的ADI。个体分析发现,共有68例(0.10%)的个体摄入水平超过了甲胺磷的ADI。12种有机磷农药中,甲胺磷、乐果、甲拌磷、乙酰甲胺磷和杀扑磷对累积暴露的贡献最高,分别占总暴露的71.45%、6.03%、5.74%、5.46%和5.44%。结论中国居民经蔬菜摄入有机磷农药的慢性累积风险较低,不需要引起健康关注。     

吉林省主要食品中砷污染状况及居民膳食暴露风险评估

目的掌握吉林省主要食品中砷污染水平,评估吉林省居民砷暴露风险及对人体潜在的健康危害。方法 2012—2017年吉林省居民主要食品中砷的含量数据来自国家食品风险监测,共11种类别4 532份样品。食物消费量的数据来自2012年吉林省居民营养与健康调查。采用确定性评估方法 ,结合无机砷的原暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)和暴露边距(MOE),评价吉林省居民膳食中砷暴露情况。结果 11类食品中砷平均含量为0.030 mg/kg,谷物类、蔬菜类和水产类是膳食中砷的主要来源,三者贡献率之和为76.59%,其中谷物类贡献率高达54.44%。10个不同性别-年龄组平均摄入量为0.73～1.31μg/kg BW,一般人群暴露量MOE均1。结论吉林省居民膳食中砷暴露风险总体上是安全的。     

Comparison of PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels in Turkish foodstuffs: industrial versus rural,local versus supermarket products,and assessment of dietary intake

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like (indicator) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored in various foodstuffs of animal origin and edible oil samples obtained from two different cities in Turkey both rural and industrial. Total dioxin+dioxin-like PCBs and indicator PCB concentrations of pooled samples ranged 0.20–4.19 pg World Health Organization-Toxic Equivalency (WHO-TEQ)₍₁₉₉₈₎/g fat and 57.2–1710 pg/g fat, respectively. The dominant congeners were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDD and PCB126. Dietary intake of dioxin+dioxin-like PCBs and indicator PCBs from fish, dairy products, edible oil, egg and meat was 0.509 pg WHO-TEQ₁₉₉₈/kg bw (body weight)/day and 839 pg/kg bw/day in Afyon and 0.588 pg WHO-TEQ₁₉₉₈/ kg bw/day and 1070 pg/kg bw/day in Kocaeli, respectively. The major contributors to total exposure were dairy products and fish. Despite the unexplained high contamination level in an individual egg sample from Kocaeli, average concentration levels in Turkey, even in industrialized regions, were low compared to reported concentrations in Western Europe. Exposure levels were well below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 pg WHO-TEQ₁₉₉₈/kg body weight.     

Surveillance of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food commercialized in Barcelona,Spain

This study explored the potential use of seven congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs-7) as indicator compounds for the presence of dioxins and PCBs in food samples, as part of the routine surveillance programme of a public health agency. Samples of 24 foodstuffs with high fat content were collected (ten fresh fish, six dairy products, five meat and three eggs). Duplicate analyses were performed. A research laboratory tested samples for seven polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), ten dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and twelve dioxin-like PCBs, with limits of detection in the range of ng kg^?1 (ppt). The public health services official control laboratory tested samples for PCBs-7, with a limit of quantification of 5 µg kg^?1 (ppb). The research laboratory detected the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in all samples; fish samples had the highest levels (0.04–10.3 pg WHO-TEQ g^?1). The public health service official control laboratory detected PCBs-7 only in five samples, which were all fish. Comparing the results in the two laboratories there seems to be an association between the detection of PCB-7 and the presence of higher levels of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs. The use of PCB-7 as an indicator compound may be a practical surveillance strategy for those foodstuffs with higher concentrations of dioxin-like congeners.     

Body loadings and health risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at an intensive electronic waste recycling site in China

This study is one of the very few investigating the dioxin body burden of a group of child-bearing-aged women at an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site (Taizhou, Zhejiang Province) (24 +/- 2.83 years of age, 40% were primiparae) and a reference site (Lin'an city, Zhejiang Province, about 245 km away from Taizhou) (24 +/- 2.35 years of age, 100% were primiparae) in China. Five sets of samples (each set consisted of human milk, placenta, and hair) were collected from each site. Body burdens of people from the e-waste processing site (human milk, 21.02 +/- 13.81 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g fat (World Health Organization toxic equivalency 1998); placenta, 31.15 +/- 15.67 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g fat; hair, 33.82 +/- 17.74 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g dry wt) showed significantly higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/ Fs) than those from the reference site (human milk, 9.35 +/- 7.39 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g fat; placenta, 11.91 +/- 7.05 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g fat; hair, 5.59 +/- 4.36 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g dry wt) and were comparatively higher than other studies. The difference between the two sites was due to e-waste recycling operations, for example, open burning, which led to high background levels. Moreover, mothers from the e-waste recycling site consumed more foods of animal origin. The estimated daily intake of PCDD/Fs within 6 months by breastfed infants from the e-waste processing site was 2 times higher than that from the reference site. Both values exceeded the WHO tolerable daily intake for adults by at least 25 and 11 times, respectively. Our results implicated that e-waste recycling operations cause prominent PCDD/F levels in the environment and in humans. The elevated body burden may have health implications for the next generation.     

Seasonal and geographical variations in levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in Polish butter fat used as an indicator of environmental contamination

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seasonal variation/geographical distribution of environmental concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) across Poland using butter fat as an indicator of the contaminants. The average concentration of six indicator PCBs determined in the studied samples was 1500?pg?g^–1 fat. The average concentration of 12 dioxin-like PCBs expressed as lower-bound dioxin-equivalent toxicity was 0.684 pg TEQ g^?1 fat. The average total concentration of 14 investigated PBDE congeners was 105?pg?g^?1 fat. Statistically significant concentration differences between summer and winter samples were found. The results of this study indicate also a significant geographical diversification of butter contamination reflecting regional differences in environmental contamination. The seasonal variation of PBDE profiles evidences transformation of PBDE within the environment.     

湖北省部分居民1982-2002年食物消费变化趋势

目的描述湖北省城乡居民食物消费现状及变化趋势。方法在全省选取960户2942,＆进行膳食调查。膳食调查采用连续3d称重法和24h回顾询问法调查居民所有摄入食物。结果居民平均每标准人日粮谷类食物摄入量为354．2g,蔬菜为361．9g。水果为14．4g,畜禽肉类为67．6g,水产品类为53．2g,蛋类28．3g,奶类及其制品为n．3g,豆类及其制品为20．2g,食用油摄入量为51．8g,食盐为10．6g,酱油为9．4g。结论湖北省城乡居民膳食质量有所提高,其中动物性、奶类食物、水果、豆类及油脂类的摄入量均有所增加。但膳食中水果、奶类、豆类摄入量仍然很低。城乡居民膳食中谷类食物、蔬菜的消费量出现了下降趋势,但动物性食物和油脂摄入量明显上升,出现了失衡的现象。膳食结构趋向“高能量密度”,部分人群的膳食已经偏离了平衡膳食的要求。当前营养改善工作应从营养状况的双重负担的特点出发,同时解决营养不良和营养失衡的问题。     

Dietary intakes of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Spain.

Congener-specific analyses of seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs, three non-ortho and 8 mono-ortho dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were performed on 258 Spanish foodstuff samples, mainly of animal origin, for 2000--03. Daily dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, expressed as toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs), were estimated by combining food consumption data from the Spanish National Institute Statistics survey and concentration levels measured in individual samples, using upper bound determination values (not detectable = limit of detection). The calculated dietary intake of PCDD/Fs for a person weighing 70 kg was 1.35+/-0.11pg WHO-TEQs kg(-1) bw day(-1), and 3.22+/-0.75 pg WHO-TEQs kg(-1) bw day(-1) if dioxin-like PCBs (non- and mono-ortho PCBs) were included, showing the importance of their inclusion in monitoring studies. Both values were within the range of tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the WHO (1-4pg WHO-TEQs kg(-1) bw day(-1)). The current levels are lower than earlier intakes estimates conducted in Spain. Meat and meat products accounted for more than 35% of the intake, followed by milk and milk products (29%), vegetables oils (19%), fish and seafood (11%) and eggs (4%). Dioxin-like PCBs are an important component in the total WHO-TEQs in foodstuffs. This is particularly true for the fish food group, where the total WHO-TEQs is dominated by dioxin-like PCBs (up to 80% of WHO-TEQs in some cases).     

Comparison of dioxin and PCB concentrations in human breast milk samples from Hong Kong and the Netherlands

The adverse effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on human health are of increasing concern. These lipophilic compounds are concentrated through the food chain and are present in human milk. This study compares PCB levels in human milk samples from Hong Kong and Dutch mothers. Ten breast milk samples from Hong Kong and 10 from the Netherlands were collected during home visits between 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Total toxic equivalence (TEQ) of dioxin and PCBs were determined using the DR-CALUX® bioassay. The total dioxin and PCB levels in breast milk samples for Hong Kong ranged from 3.1 to 29.9 pg TEQ g^-1 lipid and for the Netherlands from 8.9 to 89.5 pg TEQ g^-1 lipid. Despite Hong Kong's high degree of industrialization, the levels of dioxin and PCBs were fourfold lower in the Hong Kong than in the Dutch samples. This may be due to a lower dietary intake of dioxins and PCBs in Hong Kong because of lower background levels of these contaminants or to different food habits.     

Dietary intakes of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins, dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in Finland

Samples of cow milk, pork, beef, eggs, rainbow trout, flours and vegetables were analysed for 17 polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and 36 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Daily dietary intake of PCDD/Fs as toxic equivalent (I-TEq) and PCBs (PCB-TEq) was assessed using food consumption data from a 24-h dietary recall study for 2862 Finnish adults. The calculated intake of PCDD/F was 46pg I-TEq day -1 . The current level was about half of the earlier estimation of intake in Finland made in 1992. The assessed PCB intake was 53pg PCBTEqday -1 . Thus, the total intake of PCDD/Fs and PCBs was 100pg TEqday -1 (1.3pg TEqkg -1 b.w.day -1 ), which is within the range of tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the WHO (1-4pg TEqkg -1 b.w.day -1 ).     

Exposure of the adult population resident in Ireland to dioxins and PCBs from the diet

Irish monitoring data on PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs and marker PCBs were collated and combined with Irish adult food consumption data to estimate dietary background exposure of adults (18–90 years of age) living in Ireland to dioxins and PCBs. The average upper-bound daily intake of dioxins total WHO TEQ (2005) (PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs) from food contaminated via the environment was estimated as 0.3 pg kg^–1 bw day^–1 and at the 95th percentile at 1 pg kg^–1 bw day^–1. The average upper-bound daily intake of sum of six marker PCBs from food contaminated via the environment was estimated at 1.6 ng kg^–1 bw day^–1 and at the 95th percentile at 6.8 ng kg^–1 bw day^–1. Dietary background exposure estimates for both dioxins and PCBs indicate that the Irish adult population has exposures below the European average, a finding which is also supported by the relatively lower levels detected in breast milk of Irish mothers compared with breast milk levels reported for other European countries. Exposure levels are below health-based guidance values and/or body burdens associated with the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) (for dioxins) or associated with a no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) (for PCBs). Given the current toxicological knowledge, based on biomarker data and estimated dietary exposure, the authors consider that general background exposure of the Irish adult population to dioxins and PCBs is not likely to be of human health concern.