激光表面原位合成TiB2/Cu复合涂层的性能

应用500 W Nd:YAG固体激光器在纯铜表面原位合成TiB2/Cu复合涂层,测定了熔覆层的显微硬度和导电性,研究了熔覆层的磨损行为和抗电弧烧蚀性能.结果表明,含熔覆层试样的显微硬度由外到里存在明显的梯度变化,其中熔覆层的硬度最高,约为450～490 HV;熔覆层的平均体积导电率约为82.7% IACS,原位合成的细小TiB2相对Cu基体的电导率影响不大;含熔覆层试样的磨损性能明显优于纯铜试祥,其主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损;熔覆层内激光原位合成的TiB2颗粒能明显改善Cu基体抗电弧烧蚀的性能.     

激光熔覆Cu-TiB2复合材料涂层及其耐磨性

采用500W YAG固体激光器，在纯铜表面成功地原位合成了Cu-TiB2复合材料层，测定了Cu-TiB2原位复合材料熔覆层的显微硬度，研究了熔覆层的磨损行为。结果表明，激光熔覆复合材料层组织完好，TiB2颗粒细小均匀，涂层与基体呈较好地冶金结合；熔覆层表面的显微硬度达480-580HV，耐磨性是纯铜的15～20倍；在保证界面良好的基础上，光斑直径一定，硬度及耐磨性随扫描速度的增大、激光功率的减小而增大。     

激光功率对TiB增强钛基涂层显微组织结构的影响

采用Ti和B的混合粉末在Ti-6Al-4V基体表面激光熔覆制备TiB/Ti复合涂层。通过XRD物相分析、形貌观察和硬度测试等方法研究了激光扫描速度2 mm/s时不同激光扫描功率下原位合成的TiB/Ti复合涂层的相结构、显微结构和硬度。不同功率下制备的涂层中只有α-Ti和TiB相;扫描功率为3000 W和3500 W下激光熔覆层与基体结合较好;随着激光扫描功率的增加,熔覆层的平均硬度提高;扫描功率为3000 W下制备的涂层硬度分布较均匀,其硬度值较基体提高了2~3倍,平均硬度值约为1000 HV。     

激光熔覆反应合成Cu-TiB2复合材料的工艺与组织研究

应用500W Nd:YAG固体激光器在纯铜表面原位合成了Cu-TiB2复合涂层.用XRD和SEM分析了熔覆层的组织和结合界面,研究了激光工艺参数对熔覆层组织的影响.实验得出了用Cu、Ti和B4C混合粉激光熔覆铜表面的优化工艺参数.结果表明,涂层与铜基体呈冶金结合,熔覆层中的TiB2颗粒细小均匀,颗粒尺寸约为300～500nm,形状接近球形.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆复合涂层的显微组织与性能

以Ti和B的混合粉末为原料,采用激光熔覆方法在Ti-6Al-4V基体表面激光熔覆制备了TiB/Ti复合涂层。采用XRD、扫描电镜、硬度测试和摩擦磨损分析等方法研究了不同激光功率参数下制备的TiB/Ti复合涂层的物相结构、显微组织、硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明:涂层的物相组成主要为Ti和TiB两相;扫描功率为3000 W和3500 W下激光熔覆层的组织较均匀;扫描功率为2500 W和3500 W制备的涂层硬度值约为基体硬度的2～3倍;扫描功率为3000 W下的熔覆涂层硬度相对较高,其平均硬度值约为1199.6 HV0.2,约为基体硬度的3～4倍,其摩擦系数大约为0.32,磨损率明显低于基体,约为基体的14.8%。     

TC4合金氩弧熔覆Ni60+B4C复合涂层组织及耐磨性

利用氩弧熔覆技术在TC4合金表面成功制备出TiC、TiB、TiB2增强Ti基复合涂层.利用SEM、XRD和EDS分析了熔覆涂层的显微组织;利用显微硬度仪测试了复合涂层的显微硬度;利用摩擦磨损试验机测试了涂层在室温干滑动磨损条件下的耐磨性能.结果表明:氩弧熔覆涂层组织均匀致密,熔覆层与基体呈冶金结合,TC4合金表面有颗粒状TiC、粗大棒状相TiB2、细小棒状相TiB生成;复合涂层明显改善了TC4合金的表面硬度,涂层的最高显微硬度可达1300 HV0.2;复合涂层在室温干滑动磨损试验条件下具有优异的耐磨性,磨损机制主要是魔力磨损,其耐磨性较TC4合金基体提高近10倍.     

氩弧熔敷原位合成TiC颗粒增强金属基复合涂层组织及耐磨性能

以Ni、Mo、Ti和B4C粉末为原料,采用氩弧熔覆工艺在Q345D钢基体表面原位合成TiC等颗粒增强金属基复合涂层.借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪对熔覆层显微组织进行分析;利用显微硬度计,摩擦磨损试验机对其性能进行分析.试验结果表明:熔覆层与基体呈冶金结合,熔覆层无裂纹、无气孔;原位合成的增强相弥散分布于熔覆层中,使熔覆层具有较高的硬度,最高硬度为1469 HV.随着颗粒的消失,基体硬度为202 HV,熔覆层最高硬度值是基体硬度值的7倍多.在室温干滑动磨损试验条件下,熔覆层具有优异的耐磨性能,其耐磨性约为基体的15倍.     

纯铜表面氩弧熔覆TiB2/Ni复合涂层组织及耐磨性能

通过氩弧熔覆技术在纯铜表面制备TiB₂增强 Ni 基复合涂层,以改善其耐磨性能. 将钛粉、硼粉和镍粉在球磨机中充分混合,采用氩弧熔覆技术将纯铜表面预置粉末熔化制备出陶瓷颗粒增强镍基熔覆层. 采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜分析涂层的物相及涂层中陶瓷颗粒相的组成、分布及结构,利用显微硬度仪和摩擦磨损试验机测试涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性能. 结果表明,熔覆层物相主要包括γ(Ni, Cu)和TiB₂;陶瓷颗粒增强相弥散分布于熔覆层中,其中颗粒相TiB₂以六边形存在,熔覆层内部与基体界面处均无缺陷产生;熔覆涂层具有较高的显微硬度,当(Ti+B)质量分数为10%时,涂层显微硬度高达781.3 HV,与纯铜基体对比,熔覆层显微硬度提高约11.7倍;在相同磨损条件下,随(Ti+B)质量分数的增加,熔覆涂层的摩擦系数及磨损失重先减小后增大;氩弧熔覆原位自生TiB₂陶瓷颗粒增强镍基熔覆层可显著提高纯铜表面的耐磨性能.     

TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆复合涂层的组织和耐磨性

采用5 kW横流CO₂激光器,在TC4钛合金表面熔覆TiC、TiB₂与Ni的混合粉末,制备了无气孔、无裂纹、组织均匀致密的复合涂层。用SEM、EDS、XRD、显微硬度计以及立式万能摩擦磨损试验机分析了激光熔覆层的显微组织、成分和物相,测试了激光熔覆层横截面显微硬度,以及覆层耐磨性能。结果表明,激光熔覆复合涂层与基体呈冶金结合;熔覆层组织从表层到结合区呈现出由棒状、块状向树枝状、颗粒状转变的趋势,且主要由Ti、TiC、TiB、Ti₂Ni、TiNi等相组成;熔覆层显微硬度最高可达863 HV0.2,为基体的2.5倍;熔覆层耐磨性能较TC4钛合金明显提高。     

Ni对钛合金表面稀土激光熔覆层中TiC生长的影响

利用同步送粉激光熔覆技术,在Ti811钛合金表面激光熔覆原位合成了TiC和TiB_2颗粒增强镍基复合涂层。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)分析了熔覆层的显微组织和物相组成,利用显微硬度计测试了熔覆层的显微硬度。试验结果表明,激光熔覆涂层与基体呈冶金结合,涂层的物相主要由α-Ti、TiC、Ti_2Ni和TiB_2组成,其中TiC呈树枝晶状和花瓣状,TiB_2呈长条状。平衡状态下TiC以正八面体晶体结构存在,但熔体中存在的Ni元素会影响TiC平衡状态,使其最终呈现六边形形貌。稀土氧化物Y_2O_3的加入有利于促进晶粒细化,提高熔覆层组织均匀性及表面硬度。熔覆层的显微硬度显著提高,最高硬度为900HV0.5左右,约为基底硬度的2.25倍。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。