建筑是地方的——地方建筑学研究初探

建筑从其产生之日起就具有地方性，地方性是建筑与生俱来的基本属性，建筑的地方风格是一个地区建筑形式与该地区的自然和社会条件相互作用并取得平衡的结果，讨论了在信息高度发达，社会生产力飞速发展的今天，建筑如何在更高层次上与环境达成切实的，并提出的“批判的地方主义”的设计思想。     

白俄罗斯村镇建筑发展简述

自然条件和历史社会条件在某种程度上决定了白俄罗斯发展至２０世纪中的仍然是一个农业国家，因此，村镇建筑是其创作的主要建筑类型。本文从白俄罗斯村镇建筑的发展历程，地方气候条件，地方建筑材料，传统建造工艺等方面简要论述了白俄罗斯村镇建筑在村镇地区运用适宜技术创造具有地方特色的居住环境，对于当今中国广大农村地区的建筑创作，无疑具有重要的启迪意义．     

互动平台

中标国外标志性建筑第一人马岩松：北京古代建筑研究所副所长侯兆年：我觉得中国古建筑不合理的地方在于抬梁架做不出大跨来，而桁架能够做出大跨，为什么呢？桁架它是把一个整木头有用的地方留下来，没用的地方掏空了叫桁架，这样受力的地方留了下来。     

重温城市记忆 感受古镇风情

美轮美奂的岭南青砖大屋建筑，凝聚了佛山传统民居的建筑格局，残缺破损的街额石刻、门牌、瓦当、陶瓷器皿，凝聚了佛山古镇的民俗文化与城市记忆。走进佛山市城市规划展馆，展馆一楼的佛山古镇民居民俗展览及建筑人文景观展区，集中体现了岭南传统的建筑文化，荟萃着佛山的地方风情，散发出浓郁的地方民俗风情。     

传统建筑的启示

通过典型实例的分析，从中国传统地方建筑在气候、材料、地形等方面具有可持续发展意义的技术策略进行了论述，深入探讨了传统地方建筑对当代可持续发展建筑设计的启迪。     

空间再生——旧建筑改造/复原住宅和定制家具而取胜的别墅与办公室

关于旧建筑内部空间如何活化再利用，在国内近些年的建筑与室内设计行业是特受关注的课题。而各地方对老建筑、老风情、老社区的魅力，以及地方文化的怀旧风潮，也促成了大盛空间再生。     

错位与拟合 文化景观视域下在地建筑实践的一般方法

在全球化语境中，地方建造习惯与外来建筑师的主体性创造构成了一种错位关系。一种解决途径是在认可建筑师创造性的同时，兼顾地方文化的差异性，这就带来了“如何科学地认知并合理地拟合地方文化进行在地建筑实践”的问题。文章认为，在建筑学领域以往的讨论中，地方建造习惯往往被当作客观研究对象，并被划分成平面布局、材料使用、立面语言等分而析之。这样虽能获得局部的知识，却未能形成对地方建造文化特征的整体性把握，从而在建筑实践中容易出现片段式地方要素堆砌的现象。基于此，文章引入了卡尔·索尔的文化景观概念，但修正了索尔给出的地方形态学要素框架，使之成为针对地方建造事实的描述系统。通过各要素之间关联意义的描述，文章力图帮助建筑师形成对地方建造习惯的整体性认知。通过追溯共有的形态学源头，文章进而将城市形态学和建筑类型学方法嵌入文化景观描述系统之下，形成了一种从区域到建筑单体的描述性结构框架，用于在地建筑实践的拟合。     

热带地方建筑

一、概要地方建筑受到国际建筑思潮的影响会产生出独特的适宜性建筑，这就是我报告的主题。适宜性建筑这个概念特别强调某些因素：自然环境、建成环境、地方材料、文化特征、情绪和奇妙的感觉、太阳的光亮和透明度、色泽耀眼的透明天空、暴风雨前素淡阴沉而又不失生动的光线，还有蓝色的群山，这些都是构成热带地区空间特征的要素。２０多年来，我结合这些要素研究哥斯达黎加建筑的重要性，并构思形成了环境融合的概念。这个概念是一种过程和态度的结合，在地方建筑中注入适当的外来价值，以便促进并加强地方特色。在对外来影响的分析过程中…     

关于召开“全国建筑废弃物资源化再利用经验现场交流会”的通知

各有关单位、各会员单位： 随着我国城镇化进程的进行，建筑废弃物排放和堆集，已成为各级政府亟待解决的难题。：近年来，全国有多家单位开展了建筑废弃物资源化的研究与应用，部分已实现了产业化；一些地方管理部门出台了鼓励建筑废弃物资源化的地方政策和法规；国家也通过多种形式资助了一批建筑废弃物资源化再利用项目，并将继续予以支持。     

名城特色与地方建筑—挽救一个正在消失的历史文化名城

以挽救一个正在消失的历史文化名城的实例，论证了保护传统地方建筑、历史街区和创作有地方特色的新建筑对形成名城特色的必要性。     

Heat and cold stresses in different climate zones across China: A comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Summer and winter discomfort in terms of heat and cold stresses in the nine major architectural climate zones and sub-zones across China in the 21st century were investigated using predictions from general circulation models for the low and medium emissions scenarios. For the six severe cold and cold climate zones in the north, reductions in cumulative cold stress outweighed the increase in cumulative heat stress resulting in an overall decreasing trend in the annual cumulative stress, and vice versa for the other three warmer climate zones in the south. Compared with the 20th century, significant reduction in the cumulative cold stress was observed across the six zones in severe cold and cold climates, ranging from 15.8 in cold-III to 42.3 in severe cold-II. There were modest increases in the cumulative heat stress from 0.3 in cold-II to 12.3 in cold-III. For the warmer climates in the south, reduction in cumulative cold stress ranged from 7.6 in hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) to 10.3 in hot summer and cold winter, while cumulative heat stress increased from 9.9 in the mild zone to 30.6 in HSWW. A reduction in cold stress would result in less winter heating and an increase in heat stress more cooling requirement.     

Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Indonesia

Small scale miners use mercury to extract gold from ore in many countries. An environmental and health assessment was performed in Indonesia in two regions, Galangan in Central Kalimantan and Talawaan in Northern Sulawesi. The environmental assessment showed severe mercury contamination of the sediments, and increased mercury levels in local fish. For the health investigation 281 volunteers were recruited and examined by a standardized questionnaire, a neurological examination and neuro-psychological tests. A medical score was used consisting of significant factors of mercury intoxication. Mercury exposed workers showed typical symptoms of mercury intoxication, such as movement disorders (ataxia, tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, etc.). Blood, urine and hair samples were taken from any participant and analyzed for mercury. The mercury concentration in the biomonitors was high, partly extreme high in the working population, increased in the population living in the same habitat and low in the control group. By a standard protocol which includes a combination of threshold values of mercury in the biomonitors and a medical sum score the diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxication was made for highly burdened workers (amalgam smelters) in 55% in Sulawesi and in 62% in Kalimantan. Less exposed mineral processors and the general population in the mining areas were also intoxicated to a high percentage.     

Alteration of arsenopyrite in soils under different vegetation covers

The weathering of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) has been monitored in soils using an in situ experimental approach. Arsenopyrite in nylon experimental bags was placed in individual horizons in soils in spruce (litter, horizons A, B, and C), beech (litter, horizons A, B, and C) and unforested (horizons A, B, and C) areas and left in contact with the soil for a period of 1 year. The individual areas on the ridge of the Krušné hory Mts., Czech Republic, had the same lithology, climatic and environmental conditions. Scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) was identified as a principal secondary mineral of arsenic (As) formed directly on the surface of the arsenopyrite. Scorodite was formed in all the areas in all soil horizons. The amount of scorodite formed decreased in the series beech, spruce and unforested areas. In forested areas, there was a larger amount of scorodite on arsenopyrites exposed in organic horizons (litter, A horizon). The greater rate of arsenopyrite alteration in organic horizons in the beech stand compared to spruce stand is probably a result of faster mineralization of organic material with resulting production of nitrate and better seepage conditions of soil in this area. Speciation of As determined using the sequential extraction technique demonstrated that As was bonded in the soils primarily in the residual fractions prior to the experiment. The As content in the mobile fractions increased in the organic horizon in the forested areas after the experiments.     

The effects of changing water flow velocity on the formation of biofilms and water quality in pilot distribution system consisting of copper or polyethylene pipes

We studied the effects of flow velocity on the formation of biofilms and the concentration of bacteria in water in copper and plastic (polyethylene, PE) pipes. The formation of biofilms increased with the flow velocity of water. The increase in microbial numbers and contents of ATP was clearer in the PE pipes than in the copper pipes. This was also seen as increased consumption of microbial nutrients in the pipeline system. This indicates that the mass transfer of nutrients is in major role in the growth of biofilms. However, the increased biomass of biofilms did not affect microbial numbers in the water. Rapid changes in water flow rate resuspended biofilms and sediments which increased the concentrations of bacteria and copper in water. The disturbance caused by the changing water flow was also seen as an increase in the particle counts and water turbidity recorded with online instrumentation.     

Ecological succession in mountain lake ecosystems of Southern Siberia after the introduction of the peled – Coregonus peled (Gmeli, 1778)

Abstract

This article summarizes a long-standing study of the process of introduction of the peled to the Southern Siberian mountain lake ecosystems. The peled has adapted to changes in food supply. Pressure of the euryphagous peled caused the substitution of larger forms of zooplankton by smaller ones. Similar changes occurred in the content of phytoplankton. Succession of zoobenthos in the littoral part of the lakes manifested itself as the decrease in the total biomass, in its part of zoobenthos (Gammarus) and as the increase in the biomass of other groups. The opposite changes were encountered in the profundal zone of zoobenthos (the decrease in the total biomass owing to the existence of larger forms of alpha-polysaprobes). The restructuring observed in various communities signifies the substantial changes in the whole process of generation and transformation of organic substance in the mountain ecosystems with the dominance of the introduced peled.     

在革新与现代主义之间:夏昌世与德国(英文)

夏昌世,中国第一代建筑师,1920年代在德国卡尔斯鲁厄留学。1932年,他在图宾根完成了博士论文之后重返祖国。1940年代后期,他在广州成为教授,1973年与妻子一同重返德国,并在那里生活直至1996年逝世。他的设计方法不仅受到那个时代欧洲现代主义运动氛围的熏陶,还来自他对中国传统景观与建筑艺术历史的研究。他是引领岭南区域形成岭南学派建筑的主导力量之一。同时,作为一建筑学教授,他在广州培养了新一代青年建筑师。     

Accumulation of cadmium in livers and kidneys in Greenlanders

In the Arctic, the traditional diet exposes its people to a very high intake of cadmium because it is highly concentrated in the liver and kidneys of commonly eaten marine mammals. In one study in Greenland, the cadmium intake was estimated to 182 microg/day/person in the fall and 346 in the spring. To determine whether the cadmium is accumulated in humans, we analyzed autopsy samples of liver and kidneys from 95 ethnic Greenlanders (aged 19-89) who died from a wide range of causes. The cadmium concentration in liver (overall mean 1.97 microg/g wet wt) appeared to be unrelated to any particular age group, whereas the concentrations in the kidneys peaked in Greenlanders between 40 and 50 years of age (peak concentration 22.3 microg/g wet wt). Despite the high cadmium levels in the typical Greenlander diet, we found that the cadmium concentrations in livers and kidneys were comparable to those reported from Denmark, Sweden, Australia and Great Britain. Furthermore, even though the mean cadmium intake from the diet was estimated to be 13-25 times higher in Greenlanders than in Danes, we found similar cadmium levels in the kidneys of both. Seal livers and kidneys are the main source of cadmium in the diet of Greenlanders, but these tissues are not eaten in Denmark. Thus, our results suggest that the accumulation of cadmium from Greenlander's marine diet is very low.     

现代影院中的流线设计初探

针对电影院流线设计的重要性,分祈了现代影院中流线设计的主要内容,并指出了当前我国现代影院中人员流线存在的不足,对现代影院中的流线设计提出了一些建议,以完善电影院的设计。     

探究“虚实”空间关系，创造个性化的城市空间场所

作者利用空间的“虚、实”概念,结合格斯塔心理学的“图底”关系,类比分析中国水墨画的留白艺术手法及生态系统中的细胞繁衍规律,通过张家界城市绿化广场周边地段的概念设计的创作实践,提出创造个性化的城市空间场所工作中虚实空间的理念与原则目标。     

未来高校图书馆建筑空间构成及设计特点初探

从高校图书馆发展的外部动因,使用主体的心理、行为特征和现代化设备对图书馆的影响三个方面来分析研究图书馆建筑发展的趋势和特点,归纳出未来高校图书馆建筑的功能布局及空间组织结构特点,总结出设计中要考虑的诸多因素,以期更好地指导高校图书馆的设计与建设。